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At present, it is recognized that Tuotuo River, which originated from Gladen's winter snow-capped mountains, is the source of the Yangtze River. The criteria for determining the source of a big river are: the source is far, the water quantity is large, and it corresponds to the main direction of the river. Some people, including experts in geography and surveying, think that the water flow of Dangqu is 5 to 6 times that of Tuotuo, and the drainage area is 1.8 times that of Tuotuo. Dangqu should be regarded as the source of the Yangtze River. The dispute over the source of the Yangtze River will have a substantial impact on the calculation of the length of the Yangtze River. 200 1 Under the auspices of Liu Shaochuang, an expert from the Institute of Remote Sensing Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences, satellite remote sensing images were used for measurement, calculation and measurement.
The quantitative results of the Atlas of Geographic Information in the Yangtze River Basin (22 sheets) are accurate to the decimal point. The new data of the length of the Yangtze River is 6211.3km.. Its research team used nearly 40 satellite images covering the main stream of the Yangtze River, which were taken by the American Earth Resources Satellite with a resolution of 30 meters. The calculation method is that the center line along the Yangtze River is measured three times in the forward direction and three times in the reverse direction, and the result is obtained after many computer operations and geometric corrections. This study is based on the calculation of Dangqu as the source of the Yangtze River. Specifically, the focal location of Dangqu is 94 degrees 35 minutes and 54 seconds east longitude, 32 degrees 43 minutes and 54 seconds north latitude and 5042 meters above sea level. Dangqu (source to Nangji Balong) is 360.8 kilometers, Tuotuo is 357.6 kilometers, Tongtian River is 787.7 kilometers, Jinsha River is 2322.2 kilometers, and Yibin is 2740.6 kilometers below.
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Tanggula Shan
The depth of the Yangtze River varies, and the following is the main channel depth: Yibin-Lanjiatuo 1.8m Lanjiatuo-Louxigou 2.5m Louxigou-Yangjiaotan 2.7m Yangjiaotan-Baixu 2.9m Baixu-Wuqiao 3.2m The sources of the Yangtze River are Tongtianhe and Jinsha River in turn. Below the Jinsha River, from the Minjiang Estuary to the Yangtze Estuary, the total length is 2,884 kilometers (after the Jingjiang River is cut and straightened, the voyage is shortened by 80 kilometers to more than 2,800 kilometers), commonly known as the Yangtze River. Every section of the Yangtze River has its own name. Wuqiao-Wanjiangkou 4.0m Wanjiangkou-Yanziji 4.5m Yanziji-Longzhaoyan10.5m 1958, the water depth in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River is over 30m in Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, 40m in Xiaguan Pukou and 65438 in a place called Niuguanji at the border of Jiangxi and Hubei.
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In China ancient literature, the word "Jiang" is often used to refer to the Yangtze River. Wang Xizhi and Sun Chuo used the name "Yangtze River" earlier in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Wang Xizhi wrote to Yin Hao and said, "Today's army is broken from the outside and exhausted from the inside. The ambition to protect the Huaihe River is beyond our power. There is nothing better than protecting the Yangtze River! " (Biography of the Book of Jin and Wang Xizhi); Sun Chuo said to me, "Heaven has not changed, and Zhongzong is a dragonfly. This is not just a matter of obedience and harmony between man and nature. It depends on the ears of the Yangtze River. " (Biography of Sun Chuo in the Book of Jin)
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Map of the Yangtze River Basin (including administrative areas)
The Yangtze River basin is about 32 19 kilometers long from east to west and more than 966 kilometers long from north to south. The Yangtze River flows through: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau-Qinghai-Sichuan-Tibet-Yunnan-Chongqing-Hubei-Hunan-Jiangxi-Anhui-Jiangsu-Shanghai-East China Sea. Originated in the west of China, all or part of it flows through 1 1 provinces including Xizang Autonomous Region. The population distribution in the Yangtze River basin is uneven; The most densely populated area is in the plain area adjacent to the Yangtze River and its tributaries in central and eastern China, and the western plateau of the basin has the least population. More than 3/4 of the process goes through the mountains. There are Yalong River, Minjiang River, Jialing River, Tuojiang River, Wujiang River, Xiangjiang River, Hanjiang River, Ganjiang River, Qingyi River, Huangpu River and other important tributaries. Among them, the Hanjiang River is the longest, and the Yalong River, Minjiang River, Jialing River and Hanjiang River are north of the main stream. To the south of the main stream are Wujiang, Xiangjiang, Yuanjiang, Ganjiang and Huangpu rivers. Danjiangkou Reservoir in the middle and upper reaches of Hanjiang River is the water source of the Middle Route Project of South-to-North Water Transfer. This valley is a huge granary in China, which produces almost half of the country's grain, of which rice accounts for 70% of the total. In addition, many other crops are planted, including cotton, wheat, barley, corn, beans and so on. Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan, Chongqing, Chengdu and other big cities with a population of more than one million are all in the Yangtze River basin. The main stream of the Yangtze River flows through 1 1 provincial administrative regions. From west to east are Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang Autonomous Region, Yunnan, Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shanghai. Finally, it flows into the East China Sea from Chongming County, Shanghai. Its tributary basins also include parts of Gansu, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Guangxi, Henan, Zhejiang and Guangdong provinces.
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The genuine detachment of the Yangtze River originated from the Gladdan Winter Snow Mountain, the main peak of Tanggula, also known as the Jianggen land on the west side of Gladin Cave. For example, glaciers are called Jianggu as snow-capped mountains. Jiangnan at the border of Qinghai-Tibet meets Dangqu and is called Tongtian River. Tongtianhe meets the Chumar River, the northern source of the Yangtze River, which originated in the hinterland of Hoh Xil, and then flows southeast to the Batang estuary in Yushu County. Since then, the main stream of the Yangtze River between Yibin City, Sichuan Province is called Jinsha River; Yibin is called the Yangtze River, formerly Jingjiang in Jingzhou, and Yangzhou is called the Yangtze River. It joins the East China Sea in Shanghai.
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There are tributaries such as Yalong River, Minjiang River, Tuojiang River, Chishui River, Jialing River, Wujiang River, Xiangjiang River, Yuanjiang River, Hanjiang River, Ganjiang River, Qingyijiang River and Huangpu River, as well as important lakes such as Dianchi Lake, Caohai Lake, Honghu Lake, Dongting Lake, Poyang Lake, Chaohu Lake and Taihu Lake. It intersects the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal in Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province.
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The names of the main stream of the Yangtze River are different: the name from the source to Dangqukou (called "Qu" in Tibetan) is the main source of the Yangtze River, with a total length of 358 kilometers; From Dangqukou to Batang Estuary in Yushu County, Qinghai Province, it is called Tongtianhe, with a length of 8 13 km; Batangkou to Minjiang Estuary in Yibin, Sichuan, known as Jinsha River in ancient times, is 2308 kilometers long; The Minjiang Estuary in Yibin is about 2,800 kilometers from the mouth of the Yangtze River, commonly known as the Yangtze River, in which Yibin to Yichang in Hubei is called "Chuanjiang" (the Three Gorges section from Fengjie to Yichang is also called "Xiajiang") and Zhicheng in Hubei to Chenglingji in Hunan is called Jingjiang (Jingjiang is called "Jiuqu Ileum"). Yangzhou and Zhenjiang in Jiangsu Province are also called below the Yangtze River. Plateau and mountainous areas account for 65.6% of the basin area; Hills account for 24%; Plains and lowlands account for 10.4%. The Yangtze River has developed shipping and is known as the golden waterway.
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There are many rapids in the upper reaches between the source of the Yangtze River and Yichang City, Hubei Province. Yichang to Hukou City in Jiangxi Province is the middle reaches, where meanders are developed and there are many lakes (Poyang Lake is the largest, followed by Dongting Lake). From the mouth of the lake to the mouth of the sea, it is downstream, with a wide river and Chongming Island formed by accumulated water in the estuary. The Yangtze River is rich in water resources. During the flood season, 10,000 tons of steamboats can reach Wuhan, and small steamboats can be traced back to Yibin. The Yangtze River Basin is the most densely populated and economically prosperous area in China. Under the general name of "Yangtze River", some sections have their own names. This is a remarkable difference between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. From the source of the Yangtze River to the Dangqu estuary in the south of the Yangtze River, it is commonly known as Tuotuo, the source of the Yangtze River, with a total length of 358 kilometers. From the mouth of Dangqu River to the mouth of Batang River in Yushu County, Qinghai Province, commonly known as Tongtianhe River, the total length is 8 13 kilometers. From Batang estuary to Minjiang estuary in Yibin City, Sichuan Province, commonly known as Jinsha River, with a total length of 2,308 kilometers; From Yibin City to Nanjinguan, Yichang City, Hubei Province, commonly known as Chuanjiang, the length is 1033 km. From Zhicheng, Yidu City, Hubei Province to Chenglingji, Yueyang City, Hunan Province, this section of the river flows through the ancient Jingzhou area, commonly known as Jingjiang River, with a total length of 337 kilometers; "The Yangtze River is a thousand miles long, and the danger lies in Jingjiang River" refers to this section, and it is also the first section of the Yangtze River that flows through the mountains and hills and enters the plain area. The second half of Jingjiang River is called "Plain Face". A section of the Yangtze River near Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province, commonly known as shrewd, was named Xunyang because of Jiujiang City. The Yangtze River in Zhenjiang and Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, was called the Yangtze River in ancient times, and it was named after the Yangtze River ferry that leads to Zhenjiang in the south of Yangzhou. In the late Qing Dynasty, the Yangtze River gateway was forced to open under the imperialist gunboat policy. Foreign ships went upstream from Wusongkou and first crossed the Yangtze River. Foreigners regard it as a synonym for the Yangtze River, transliterated as "Yangtze River", which is widely circulated.
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The Yangtze river basin is well irrigated; The average annual rainfall is about 1 100 mm (43 inches). Rainwater is mostly brought by monsoon, mainly in summer. In the mountainous areas of the river basin, most of the precipitation appears in the form of snow. The flood caused by monsoon rainfall in the middle and lower reaches of the basin usually starts from March to April and lasts for about 8 months. The water level dropped in May, but then rose sharply and continued to rise until it reached its highest level in August. After that, the water level gradually fell back to the level before the arrival of the monsoon, and the water level continued to decline for most of the autumn and winter, until it reached the lowest level of 1 year in February. The annual water level fluctuates greatly, averaging about 20 meters (65 feet), and in dry years it is 8 ~ 1 1 meter (26 ~ 35 feet). In the canyon, the water level caused by flood reaches a huge scale of 40 ~ 46 meters (130 ~ 150 feet). The regulation of the lake reduces the influence of the downstream water level change; Tides have a great influence on the water level. The daily tidal amplitude near Wusong is 5m (15ft), and the annual tidal amplitude is 6m (20ft). The analysis of the water transported to the Yangtze River estuary shows that the plateau area of the basin provides 10% of the flow, while the rest of the water in the river is provided by the middle and lower reaches of the basin, and Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake provide about 40% of the water. The Yangtze River has a large amount of water. Even in the upstream area, the average flow rate exceeds 1 1,982 cubic meters per second (70,000 cubic feet per second). After the confluence of Yalong River, the largest tributary, the flow of the Yangtze River increased sharply, reaching an average of 5,493 cubic meters per second (194,000 cubic feet per second). Further downstream, the Yangtze River receives many tributaries, and its flow gradually increases, reaching 14980 cubic meters per second (529000 cubic feet per second) at the end of the Three Gorges near Yichang, 23984 cubic meters per second (847000 cubic feet per second) near Hankou and 3 1 near Nanjing. The average discharge of the Yangtze River estuary is about 33,980m3/s (1.200 million m3/s), and the total amount of water injected into the sea every year is 1.072 m3/s(244 m3/s), making the Yangtze River the fourth largest river in the world. In ancient literature, there is a lot of information about the legendary flood, which is believed to have occurred in 2297 BC. The flood was caused by a large-scale continuous heavy rain. The Yellow River, Weishui River and Yangtze River almost flooded the whole North China Plain, turning it into Zeguo and Wang Yang. In the lowest place, the flood lasted for many years. There have been many serious floods since that disaster. Historical records show that from 206 BC to 1960 BC, China experienced more than 1030 severe floods. Especially large-scale floods, the Yangtze River occurred more than 50 times, and its tributary Hanjiang River occurred more than 30 times; On average, every 60~65 years, there will be a catastrophic flood in the Yangtze River Basin. Large-scale floods may also occur in a short time. This has been the case since 1870. During this period, floods occurred in the Yangtze River Basin 1870, 1896, 193 1, 1949 and 1954. The floods in 193 1 and 1954 are universal and national disasters. 193 1 The flood originated from the violent and continuous monsoon rainfall covering most of the middle and lower reaches of the basin. From May to June, six huge flood peaks flowed down the river, destroying protective dams in 23 places and flooding 90,650 square kilometers (35,000 square miles) of land. 40 million people lost their homes or suffered other hardships. Many population centers, including Nanjing, Wuhan and other cities, were flooded. In Wuhan, the flood lasted for April, with a depth of more than 2 meters (6 feet) and in some places more than 6 meters (20 feet). 1954 In the summer, due to the continuous monsoon rainfall, another serious flood occurred. The water level rises sharply, sometimes exceeding the annual flood level of193/kloc-0 by almost 2 meters (5 feet). However, due to effective flood control measures, many potential flood consequences have been avoided. Central cities along the Yangtze River
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Yangtze river
The Yangtze River basin is one of the areas where human beings have lived for the longest time. Homo erectus fossils were found in Jiangbei, Anhui Province, and several sites containing human remains were also found, especially around Taihu Lake. Although most of China's political history centers on North China and the Yellow River Basin, the Yangtze River region has always been of great economic significance to successive dynasties because of its agricultural potential. The Grand Canal is a metropolis built to transport grain from the Yangtze River basin to the north. Perhaps the southernmost section of the canal was used as early as the 4th century BC, and many sections were built in the 7th century AD. In the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, except Chengdu Plain, there are the Three Gorges area in the east, Ganzi and Aba in the northwest, and the ruins of the Anning River and Yalong River basins in the southwest. According to preliminary statistics, there are dozens of sites, the most famous of which is Wushan Daxi Cultural Site. After 1959 and 1975 excavations, a total of 265,438 tombs were excavated. Pots, cans, cups, bowls and other household utensils, as well as earrings and ornaments, represent three different stages of development from the middle to the late Neolithic age. Neolithic sites in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River are almost all over Jianghan area, especially Jianghan Plain. More than 450 Neolithic sites have been discovered in Hubei alone, and more than 60 sites have been excavated, mostly in Jianghan Plain where the middle and lower reaches of the Han River meet the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Qujialing culture has three stages of cultural characteristics: early, middle and late, characterized by small painted pottery as thin as eggshells, painted pottery spinning wheels and cross beans. A large number of rice and animal remains have also been unearthed, and animal husbandry has developed accordingly. The species of animals raised have increased, and fisheries have been established. The influence of this culture is very extensive. Located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, Jiangxi Wannian Xianren Cave and Diaotonghuan site have complete and clear stratigraphic accumulation from the late Paleolithic to the early Neolithic. Especially in the 1990s, Sino-US cooperative agricultural archaeology discovered rice planting silica 6,543,800 years ago in the early Neolithic strata of the site, which advanced the world rice planting history by 6,543,800 years and became one of the earliest known rice planting origins in the world. At the same time, a large number of fragments of primitive pottery developed in order 17000 years ago were found in this stratum, which is the earliest known birthplace of primitive pottery in the world. The Neolithic cultural sequence in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River can be represented by Hemudu culture, Majiabang culture and Liangzhu culture. Hemudu cultural site in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
Hemudu Cultural Site in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province, near Hangzhou Bay, found at 1973. It was excavated twice. Among about 7,000 precious cultural relics unearthed, there are piles of rice and rice husk remains, and a large number of "bones" have been unearthed, which proves that it has left the "fire farming" and began to dig the ground with bones. Large-scale wooden structures have also been unearthed, with mortises and tenons, which is the earliest known "dry-column" wooden structure. In 1950s, a number of cultural sites of Yin and Shang Dynasties were discovered in the Yangtze River valley. The cultural relics unearthed from the Guanyin site in Xinfan, Sichuan Province show that there was a close cultural exchange between Shu and the middle period of Yin and Shang Dynasties, which laid the foundation for future scientific investigation. The site of Panlongcheng in Huangpi, Hubei Province in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River is the first ancient city of Shang Dynasty in the Yangtze River basin, which is more than 3,500 years ago. The ruins of cities and palaces are spectacular and complete, and the ruins, relics and relics clearly reflect the class grouping of slave society. The Tonglushan ancient copper mine in Daye belongs to the late Shang Dynasty, and it is the oldest, largest and most well-preserved ancient copper mine found in China. Wucheng site in Qingjiang, Jiangxi Province is an important Shang Dynasty site in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. During the period of 1989, a large number of Shang bronzes, jades and pottery dating back about 3,200 years were unearthed in Xingan, Jiangxi Province, with obvious southern characteristics. These remains have important gold content and scientific value for understanding the Shang culture in the Yangtze River basin, which is still in a vague state.
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shipping
The Yangtze River is the main transportation river in China, with dense passenger and cargo transportation. The Yangtze River is a continuation of sea routes, connecting inland and coastal ports with other major cities into a transportation network, in which Nanjing, Wuhan and Chongqing play a major role. The Yangtze River is connected with navigable Yellow River and Weishui River through the Grand Canal, which is also connected with seaports in Hangzhou and Tianjin. Due to the sustained and rapid development of China's economy and the continuous improvement of the waterway along the Yangtze River, the Yangtze River shipping has developed rapidly in 2 1 century. In 2005, the freight volume of the Yangtze River trunk line reached 795 million tons, surpassing the Rhine River in Europe and the Mississippi River in the United States, becoming the largest and busiest navigable river in the world. In 2006, the freight volume of the trunk line of the Yangtze River increased to 990 million tons, and in 2007 it exceeded 654.38+065.438+23 million tons, twice that of the Mississippi River and three times that of the Rhine River. At present, with the formal completion of the Three Gorges Project, 5,000-ton ships and 10,000-ton fleets can sail to Chongqing all the year round, but only smaller ships can reach Yibin, Sichuan. Even so, the development of shipping capacity of the Yangtze River is still very limited due to the limitation of navigation channels in some sections of the Yangtze River.
fishery
The Yangtze River and its tributaries and lakes, including Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake and Taihu Lake, are rich in fish. Fishery has been widely developed and is the main livelihood of many people in this area. As many as 500 species of fish can be found in rivers in China, most of which inhabit the Yangtze River and its tributaries. About 30 species of river animals are of economic significance, especially carp, European Sparus, perch, horse clam (a large burrowing clam) and lamprey; The most economically valuable are white and black Amur fish, flounder and spotted flounder. Sturgeon is also important; The canyon is a good spawning area. Further downstream, you can find a large number of fish eggs, which are collected and scattered all over the country for artificial reproduction. There are also uses such as water and electricity.