European Communities
Western European countries have certain supranational mechanisms and functions to promote economic and political integration in Europe. European coal and steel isomorphism, European atomic energy isomorphism, European economic isomorphism. Also known as the European market, referred to as the European body.
The idea of establishing and developing European unity has a long history and reached its climax after the Second World War. 1950 on may 9th, French foreign minister R. Schumann put forward the European isomorphism plan of coal and steel (Schumann plan), aiming at binding Germany. 1951April 18, France, Italy, the federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg signed the 50-year-old Treaty on the Homomorphism of Coal and Steel in Europe. On June 1955 and 1, the foreign ministers of six countries participating in the isomorphism of coal and steel in Europe held a meeting in Messina, Italy, and proposed to extend the isomorphism principle of coal and steel to other economic fields and establish a common market. 1957 On March 25th, the foreign ministers of the six countries signed two treaties in Rome, namely the Treaty of Rome, which established the European economic isomorphism and the European atomic energy isomorphism and took effect on June 25th, 1958 and 1. 1On April 8, 965, the six countries signed the Brussels Treaty, and decided to unify the European coal and steel isomorphism, the European atomic energy isomorphism and the European economic isomorphism, collectively referred to as the European isomorphism. The treaty entered into force on July 1967. Eurovision is headquartered in Brussels, Belgium. 1991121The European Maastricht Summit adopted the Treaty on European Union and established the European Economic and Monetary Union and the European Political Union (commonly known as the Maastricht Treaty, referred to as Mayo). 1 992 February1day, foreign ministers of various countries formally signed the Mayo. With the approval of EU member states, the Maastricht Treaty came into force on June 1 993165438+10/0, and the EU began to make a transition to the EU.
The founders of European members are France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. 1973, Denmark, Ireland and Britain joined the EU; 198 1 year, Greece joined the EU. 1986, Spain and Portugal joined the European Union. The Edinburgh Prime Ministers' Meeting held in February 65438 decided to start formal negotiations with Austria, Sweden, Finland and Norway on their accession to the European Community from 1993. 1993 1 October 29th, the EU * * * Brussels special summit is scheduled to conclude the negotiations before1March 9941,so that the four countries can join the EU on June 1995 1.
Purpose and organization: The basic document of Europe, the Treaty of Rome, stipulates that its purpose is to establish a continuous, increasingly close and United foundation among the people of all European countries, remove the barriers that divide Europe, ensure the economic and social progress of all countries, continuously improve people's living and employment conditions, and promote international exchanges through trade policies. In the single European document amending the Treaty of Rome, it is emphasized that Europe and European cooperation are aimed at promoting the development of European unity and making due contributions to maintaining world peace and security. European institutions include: ① Council. Including the Council of the European Union and Council of Europe. The Council of the European Union, formerly known as the Council of Ministers, is the decision-making body of the European Union and holds most of the legislative power of the European Union. As the Maastricht Treaty entrusts the Council of Ministers with the responsibility of intergovernmental cooperation within the EU, the Council of Ministers has been renamed as the Council of the European Union since1993165438+1October 8. The Council of the European Union is divided into a General Council and a Special Council, with the former being attended by foreign ministers and the latter being attended by other ministers. Council of Europe, that is, the summit meeting of EU member states, formulates the major policies of EU internal construction and external relations. 1974 In February, the European Summit decided to institutionalize the summit from 1975, and formally called the Council of Europe. 1The single European document, which came into effect in July 1987, stipulates that the European Council consists of heads of state or government of member States and the President of the European Commission, and meets at least twice a year. Mayo clarified the core position of the European Council in the EU. The chairman of the Council is rotated by member States for a term of six months. The order is basically arranged according to the letters of country names written in their own languages. 2 Committee. Council of Europe is a permanent executive body. Responsible for implementing EU treaties and decisions made by the EU Council, submitting reports and suggestions to the Council and the European Parliament, handling the daily affairs of the EU, and conducting foreign relations and trade negotiations on behalf of the EU. The Committee consists of 17 members, including 2 members from France, Germany, Britain, Italy and Spain, and 1 member from other member countries. The chairman is appointed by the summit for a term of two years; Members are appointed by the Council of Ministers for a term of four years. ③ European Parliament. European monitoring and advisory body. The European Parliament has certain budgetary decision-making power and can impeach the Committee by a two-thirds majority, forcing it to resign collectively. Members of parliament are 5 18, France, Germany, Britain, Italy 8 1 0, Spain 60, Netherlands 25, Belgium, Greece, Portugal 24, Denmark 16, Ireland 15 and Luxembourg 6. The term of office of the speaker is two and a half years, and the term of office of members is five years. The parliamentary secretariat is located in Luxembourg. The regular plenary session of the parliament is held once a month in Strasbourg, France, and the special plenary session and the meetings of various party groups and committees are held in Brussels. (4) European Court of Justice. European arbitration institutions. To be responsible for hearing and adjudicating various disputes arising from the implementation of European treaties and relevant laws and regulations. ⑤ Audit College. The European Audit Institute was established in 1977 10, and is composed of 12 people, all of whom were appointed by the board of directors with the consent of the European Parliament. The Audit Bureau is responsible for auditing the accounts of European entities and their institutions, reviewing the income and expenditure of European entities and ensuring the normal financial management of European entities. Its seat is Luxembourg.
In addition, the EU also has the Economic and Social Committee, the European Coal and Steel Advisory Committee, the European Investment Bank and other institutions.
Europe is an important economic force in the world. 12 has an area of 2.363 million square kilometers and a population of 346 million. 1992 the GDP of the EU 12 countries is $6841200 million (at the current exchange rate and price). Europe * * * is the largest trading group in the world, with a total foreign trade volume of199.2 million USD, of which exports10.45186 million USD and imports/kloc-0 1.52027 billion USD.
The main activity is internal construction, and the EU has implemented a series of policies and measures. (1) realize customs union and foreign trade policy. From 1967, the European Union began to implement a unified tariff rate, and from 1 July 9681,commodity tariffs and quotas among member States were abolished, and a customs union was established (after Spain and Portugal joined 1986, after a transition period of 10 years, they could not be completely abolished with other member States. From 65438 to 0973, the European Union realized a unified foreign trade policy. After the entry into force of the Maastricht Treaty, in order to further establish the EU single market trading system, European foreign ministers unanimously agreed on February 8 1994 to cancel more than 6,400 import quotas previously implemented by various countries and replace them with some measures aimed at protecting low-tech industries. (2) Implement the agricultural policy of * * *. In July 1962, 1, Europe began to implement the * * * agricultural policy. The unified price of agricultural products1968 was implemented in August; 1969 cancel internal tariffs on agricultural products; Starting from 197 1, the monetary subsidy system will be implemented for agricultural products trade. ③ Establish a political cooperation system. Established in June 1970. The single European document was signed in 1986 and came into effect in 1987, which formally incorporated political cooperation in the diplomatic field into European treaties. To this end, the Council of Ministers has set up a Secretariat for Political Cooperation, which regularly holds political cooperation meetings attended by foreign ministers of member States to discuss and decide the EU's position on various international affairs. After the entry into force of the 1 993165438+1October1Maastricht Treaty, the political cooperation system has been included in the activities of the European political union. ④ Basically build a unified internal market. 1In June, 1985, the EU summit adopted a white paper on the establishment of an internal unified big market.1In February, 1986, all member States formally signed a single European document amending the Treaty of Rome to establish a big market. The goal of unifying the big market is to gradually eliminate various non-tariff barriers, including physical barriers (customs checkpoints, transit procedures, health and quarantine standards, etc.). ), technical barriers (laws and regulations, technical standards) and financial barriers (differences in taxes and tax rates), so as to realize the free circulation of goods, people, capital and services from 1993 1. To this end, the European Sports Commission issued 282 directives, demanding to achieve the above objectives before April 1990. Up to 1993 12 10, 264 projects have been approved by the board of directors, and 18 projects have yet to be approved. Of the 2 19 laws that have to be translated into the domestic laws of 12 countries before they can take effect in the whole union, 1 15 laws have been incorporated into the domestic laws of 12 countries. On average, 87% of the laws that need to be translated into the domestic laws of member States have been completed. 1 99365438+1October1,Europe announced that its unified market was basically completed and officially put into operation. ⑤ Establish a political alliance. 1in April, 1990, French President Mitterrand and Federal Chancellor Kohl jointly proposed to hold an intergovernmental conference on political alliance at the end of that year. In the same year, in June 5438+10, the special summit in Europe and Rome further clarified the basic direction of political alliance. In February of 65438+, the intergovernmental conference on establishing political union in Europe began. After 1 year negotiation, 12 countries adopted the treaty of political union at the Maastricht summit in February. Its main content is that 12 countries will implement the same foreign and security policies and eventually the same national defense policies.
In addition, measures such as unified fishery policy, establishment of European monetary system and establishment of economic and monetary union have been taken.
In terms of foreign relations, the EU has established and developed relations with many countries and regions in the world. By 1993, 157 countries have sent diplomatic missions to the European Community, and the European Commission has also sent delegations to 107 countries and international organizations. Europe has signed trade agreements, economic and trade cooperation agreements or other agreements with most of these countries, and has established close relations with some regional organizations. 1975 In May, Europe established formal relations with People's Republic of China (PRC).
The main publications of the EU are: Official Journal of the EU, Monthly Report of the EU, European Literature, European News-Foreign Relations and European Economy.
The EU flag: 1986 was officially hoisted on May 29th. The national flag has a sky blue background with 12 golden stars on it, representing 12 member States of the European Union. The purpose of making the Olympic flag is to show that we want to build a unified Europe and enhance people's impression of the EU and their sense of European identity.
Emblem of the European Union: 1988 1. The bottom of the emblem is blue, and the 12 stars on it form a circle, symbolizing the 12 member States of the European Union, with the names of the member States in the middle of the circle.