Keywords: project bidding project bidding bill of quantities cost management
With China's accession to the World Trade Organization, it is the general trend to fully implement the bill of quantities quotation for construction projects. First, the bill of quantities and its quotation 1. Bill of Quantities Bill of Quantities, also known as Bill of Quantities, refers to the documents that relevant professionals (such as quantity surveyors) convert design drawings and technical specifications and descriptions into itemized descriptions and quantities according to certain engineering quantity calculation rules (included in contract documents). The fineness of the bill of quantities mainly depends on the design depth, which corresponds to the drawings and is also related to the contract form. The total project price is the sum of the amount of each BOQ. BOQ generally includes: a) preliminary requirements; B) Measurement method of contract quantities; C) Bill of Quantities (measurement work); D) Specify the project and provisional amount (main cost and provisional amount); e)。 Total amount (f) List of daily wages (g) List of drawings (2) Bill of Quantities Quotation Bill of Quantities Quotation is based on the content of Jian 'an project fee, and the tender quotation is divided into four parts: Bill of Quantities Quotation List, Material Equipment Quotation List, Legal Fee Quotation List and Independent Fee Quotation List. According to the construction drawings, the itemized characteristics and calculation rules of the current budget quota, the pre-tender estimate preparation unit lists all the projects and contents of the project to be tendered according to the parts and nature of the project, which is an integral part of the tender documents for bidders to fill in the price item by item. The quotation includes all direct engineering costs such as direct costs within the quota, budget price difference of materials, price index adjustment and other direct costs. The quotation sheet of materials and equipment refers to the quotation of large equipment and special bulk materials. Legal expenses include indirect management fees, profits of construction enterprises and taxes. Such expenses claim that the construction unit should pay enough according to regulations to ensure the normal operation and legitimate economic interests of the enterprise. There are many independent expenses: flushing expenses, pollution and noise expenses, wall reform funds, scattered funds, three-material market price difference, commercial concrete price difference and other special expenses. Bidders can determine such fees according to relevant regulations or actual conditions. The total project cost is a summary of the above four quotations. On this basis, the bidder can offer preferential treatment by comprehensively considering the strength of the enterprise and the market situation, and get the final total quotation. Second, the role of the bill of quantities quotation 1. The quotation of bill of quantities adopts the form of comprehensive unit price, including the direct cost of the project, the indirect cost of the project, the profit and various taxes and fees payable. Among them, "project direct cost" can be understood as the direct cost in the quota. In a word, comprehensive. Unlike the previous quota pricing, there is a quota direct fee table, a material price difference table and probably an independent fee table. Finally, the cost is known in the billing program table. In contrast, the bill of quantities quotation is simple and clear, which is more suitable for project bidding. 2. Using the bill of quantities quotation, the bidder can concentrate on the unit price analysis and the preparation of the construction scheme, which avoids the same construction drawing and the far difference in the quoted quantities caused by the poor level and quality of the budget personnel of each bidding unit, which is not convenient for bid evaluation and calibration, and is not conducive to the owner to choose a suitable contractor. If the calculation is underestimated or omitted, if the bid is won, it will definitely reduce profits or even cause losses; Multiple calculators will lose the chance of winning the bid. This pricing rule provides bidders with the basis of equal competition, and conforms to the principle that commodity exchange should be based on value and quantity, and exchange at equal value. The bill quotation of engineering quantity (physical quantity) is essentially the competition between different enterprises producing the same use value in the same period and their respective labor consumption. 3. In this process, the monthly and quarterly settlement basis can be allocated according to the contents and sub-items listed in the bill of quantities, with the contract unit price and relevant contract terms; In case of engineering change or claim, you can also refer to the unit price in the bill of quantities to determine the unit price or claim price of the new project. 4. In the transitional period when the development of the current construction market is not perfect, this quotation method has solved the contradiction between "government management and stimulating market competition mechanism" and effectively combined the budgeting method under the planned economy with the requirements of marketization of bidding quotation under the market economy. According to the current budget quota and compilation method, the market prices of materials and some construction measures that fluctuate greatly and account for a large proportion in the project cost are quoted by enterprises independently, and the market competition mechanism is introduced to determine the project contract price acceptable to both parties through competition, which conforms to the operation law of market economy. 5. The bill of quantities quotation requires bidders to quote according to the market situation and their own strength, and gradually implement the lowest price winning method, thus breaking the singularity and monopoly of the project cost formation and showing high and low diversity. Like other industries, the bidding of construction projects should largely be the competition of project unit price. If the previous single quota pricing model is still adopted, competition will not be reflected, and bidding will lose its meaning. Thirdly, the measures to promote the quotation of bill of quantities are discussed. Bill of quantities quotation is currently in the initial stage of combining theoretical research with practice. After more than a year's implementation, it can basically meet the requirements of the market economy for the quotation mode, and has been widely recognized by various market entities. However, there are still many problems to further improve and develop the bill pricing method and gradually integrate with international practices, which are worth further discussion. In order to ensure the effective implementation of the valuation method of bill of quantities, the following measures should be taken: 1. Do a good job in pre-control. Its core content is the management of the qualification of the unit compiling the bill of quantities.
The quality of the list will directly affect the correctness of the valuation project, and then affect the preparation of the pre-tender estimate by the tender unit, the accuracy of the bidder's quotation, and even affect the investment control in the construction process. The list must be compiled by a bidding agency with corresponding qualifications. The qualification of bidding unit and the qualification of listing unit are two relatively independent meanings in the bidding organization conditions: ① You can organize the bidding work, but you don't have the qualification to prepare the bill of quantities. Mainly refers to some construction units with insufficient budget manpower. (2) Bidding can be organized or bill of quantities can be compiled, such as some engineering supervision and cost consulting institutions. While actively cultivating and developing intermediary institutions, we should strictly examine and approve the qualifications to ensure the quality of the list. 2. Pay attention to process supervision.
In the process of implementation, the compiling unit is responsible for the accuracy of the valuation of the bill of quantities, and the construction administrative department mainly exercises macro-control functions: ① It is responsible for reviewing the pre-tender price, participating in the supervision of bid evaluation in the bidding process, asking questions in time, urging the tendering agency to make corrections, and checking the rationality of bidding. (2) Formulate relevant policy documents and regulations, regularly publish the project cost index, the adjustment coefficient of labor and machinery unit price in the budget quota and the information price of materials, and establish the project cost information network for the reference of various market entities. (3) Establish the annual review system of tendering agencies and strengthen the industry management of budget work. Regularly check the budget work, and disqualify those who have poor work quality and overestimate risks; Strengthen law enforcement and standardize industry behavior; Organize professional training courses in time, organize the national examination for registered cost engineers, implement the system of holding certificates, and comprehensively improve the quality of employees. 3. Strengthen follow-up afterwards.
Its core content is dispute settlement and contract management. For example, if the winning bidder questions the bill of quantities, it should check with the listing unit within one month after winning the bid. If it is indeed a missing item or a wrong item, it shall be adjusted according to the facts. If it is difficult for both parties to make a decision, the construction administrative department (cost management station) shall be responsible for the review and handling. Another example is that the contract price is determined on the basis of the winning bid price and shall not be adjusted at will. However, if the physical quantity changes due to design changes, or the construction period exceeds 12 months and the risk fee is not included in the cost, it can be adjusted according to the actual situation and the "dynamic contract price" can be implemented. ? 4. Prepare the comprehensive price of construction units as soon as possible. The current quotation method of bill of quantities is to calculate the direct cost, legal cost and independent cost of the project respectively, and its unit price is still reflected in the form of unit valuation table, which is not intuitive and cumbersome to calculate, which is not conducive to investors and bidders to sign the contract unit price. And the cost quota is divided according to the nature of the enterprise, resulting in the same unit project and different prices, which is not conducive to fair competition. Bill of quantities quotation method will eventually realize full-cost quotation according to international practice, and each subtitle quotation table includes all due expenses including labor, materials, equipment, management, taxes, risks and responsibilities included in the contract. The contract unit price is determined by the winning bid unit price, and the change of engineering quantity caused by design changes and other factors is adjusted according to the actual situation. To achieve this goal, the core problem should be to work out a set of full cost quota according to the principle of separation of quantity and price, that is, the comprehensive price of construction units.
5. Establish a bill of quantities quotation clarification system. At present, the bid evaluation and calibration methods of Jian 'an and municipal engineering construction mostly adopt the percentile scoring method, which is comprehensively scored according to eight sub-items: bidding quotation, bidding time limit, engineering quality, bidding grade evaluation, enterprise reputation inspection, enterprise comprehensive performance, project management team equipment and construction organization design. Among them, the main tender offer points are scored according to the deviation of the total offer from the bid evaluation standard price. After the bid opening meeting, bid evaluation and calibration will be conducted immediately. Adopting this method of bid evaluation is very beneficial to contain and avoid the interference of external factors in the process of bid evaluation and maintain the independence of the whole process of bid evaluation and calibration. However, when dealing with some large and medium-sized projects and decoration projects, especially those whose construction scheme directly affects the quotation, its disadvantages have also been exposed. For example, the decoration project is based on the market price, so there is often a phenomenon that the quotations of the bidding units are far apart. Due to the advanced construction technology, the bidder saves the cost, but it may also fail to win the bid. In the process of bid evaluation and calibration, in case of various situations, a list quotation clarification system should be established with reference to international practice to give bidders an opportunity to explain and clarify. Explain and clarify, mainly in the scheme and quotation. For advanced technology, bidders should be allowed to explain their opinions and give due high marks. The project quotation should be clarified to eliminate unreasonable elements. Add clarification procedures to ensure that the bid evaluation is reasonable and fair, and finally win the bid at a reasonable low price.
6. Strengthening the Audit and Management of Contract Cost The draft of the "Interim Provisions on Contract Price of Construction Projects" recently issued by the Ministry of Construction pointed out: "The project cost management department should be responsible for the certification of project contract price within the prescribed scope or participate in the visa work of construction contracts." Strengthening contract audit management is one of the important contents of "after-the-fact tracking" by construction administrative departments and cost management departments using "bill of quantities pricing method". Winning the bid is a stage for the construction unit to choose the cost and construction conditions. In order to implement the cost and construction conditions, the contract visa is very important. Construction supervision and cost management departments shall conduct audit and certification before signing the contract, in order to check whether the two parties check after winning the bid, make adjustments if there are any mistakes, determine and adjust the price according to relevant regulations, and whether the project quality, construction period and construction guarantee measures are reasonable and advanced. Overcome the unreasonable and unequal clauses in the contract, so as to ensure the legitimacy of the subject and content of the contract, the rationality of the contract terms, safeguard the economic interests of both parties to the contract and improve the performance rate of the contract. 7. Strengthening the quality management of the budget team The bill of quantities quotation method is a new project quotation method. With the deepening of reform, this method has become more scientific and important. Keeping up with the pace of development, strengthening and improving the quality management of the budget team is our top priority. First of all, we should strengthen the professional ethics education of budget personnel. Let the budget staff know that the bid quotation largely determines the construction behavior after winning the bid, and reasonable cost is the life of the enterprise. Therefore, the budget personnel should work out the project quotation in strict accordance with the relevant regulations and the actual situation of the enterprise, prevent the behaviors of unlimited price suppression, collusive bidding and bid-rigging, investigate and deal with the phenomenon that the certificate of budget officer is flying all over the sky and privately undertakes the budget preparation task, which harms the interests of the owner and the state, and ensure the healthy and orderly implementation of the bill of quantities. ? Secondly, it is necessary to strengthen the professional quality education of budget personnel. Regular training in contract management, design specification, construction technology, basic knowledge of budget and microcomputer application. Budget personnel should be given, examination and certification should be strictly controlled, and the system of holding certificates and annual examination of certificates should be implemented. For those who have obtained certificates but are not engaged in budget work and the quality of budget work is poor, their qualification certificates will be withdrawn to purify the budget team. Finally, it is necessary to strengthen the qualification inspection of the bidding agency and the budget and final accounts management department of the construction unit, give play to its positive role in managing the project cost, manage the budget personnel of the unit well, and improve the level of budget and final accounts preparation. Four. Conclusion The bidding method of bill of quantities is still seldom used in domestic engineering bidding. We should actively and steadily carry out pilot work, refer to international mature practices, gradually accumulate experience, creatively try new methods and accumulate new experience in combination with the reform of China's engineering cost system and engineering construction system, so as to create a good environment for establishing an open, fair and equal competition construction market order and ensuring the smooth progress of engineering construction. Moreover, with the continuous implementation of bill of quantities quotation, the rigid mode of traditional quota pricing will be gradually broken, but it will inevitably bring many new problems. As a project cost management, it will also develop with the development of the situation. Therefore, it is an urgent task to cultivate a group of talents who know both engineering technology and engineering economy and management.
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