1. The development of economic globalization
Economic globalization refers to the integration trend of economies in various fields of production, distribution and consumption in the world. Economic globalization has promoted the development of multinational companies and made international business activities frequent, and international trade has become an important part of the economic development of various countries. Economic globalization urges people to find suitable ways to meet this kind of business activities, so e-commerce emerges as the times require, and has become an important force in this revolution with its unique advantages, playing an increasingly important role in international business activities.
2. The development, popularization and wide application of computer and network technology In the past 30 years, computers have been running faster and faster, their processing power has been stronger and stronger, their prices have been lower and lower, and their applications have been more and more extensive, which have provided a foundation for the application of e-commerce. With the Internet gradually becoming the medium of global communication and transaction, the number of online users in the world has increased exponentially. The characteristics of fast, safe and low cost provide application conditions for the development of e-commerce.
3. Promotion and application of credit cards and electronic finance.
Credit card has become an important means of people's consumption and payment because of its convenience, quickness and safety, and thus a perfect global credit card computer network payment and settlement system has been formed, making it possible to travel around the world with one card and becoming an important means of online payment in e-commerce. Major banks have also seen the development prospect of e-commerce and launched e-finance services to support online transactions. Under the guarantee of security technology, the development of e-banking has solved the payment problem in business activities and become a powerful driving force for the development of e-commerce.
4. Formulation of electronic security transaction agreement and development of security technology.
1997 May 3 1, an electronic secure transaction protocol (secure electronic transfer) jointly designated by VISA and mastercard international.
The protocol (SET) has been approved and supported by most manufacturers, which provides a key security environment for e-commerce activities on the network. The development of computer and network security technology provides technical and security guarantee for the development of e-commerce. These technologies include HTML, XML, database technology, dynamic webpage technology, SSL protocol, SET protocol, encryption technology, firewall technology and digital signature technology.
5. Government support and promotion
Since 1997, the European Union issued the European Electronic Commerce Agreement, and the United States subsequently issued the Global Electronic Commerce Outline, electronic commerce has attracted the attention of governments all over the world, and many governments have begun to try "online procurement", which has provided strong support for the development of electronic commerce. At the same time, governments all over the world attach great importance to the development of e-commerce, providing a good living environment for the development of e-commerce, and at the same time formulating legal norms and technical standards for e-commerce to ensure the legal conduct and long-term development of e-commerce.
Database technology from birth to now, less than.
For half a century, a solid theory has been formed.
Basically mature commercial products and wide applications.
The field attracts more and more researchers to join. database
The birth and development of has brought to computer information management
A great revolution. For more than 30 years, both at home and abroad.
After the development and construction of thousands of databases, it has
Become the daily work and production of enterprises, departments and even individuals.
And living infrastructure. At the same time, with the expansion of applications
With the development and deepening, the number and scale of databases are increasing.
The research field of database has also been greatly expanded.
Broaden and deepen. In the past 30 years, the database field has made great progress.
Three computer Turing Awards (C.W. Bachman,
E.F.Codd, J.Gray), explain more fully.
The database is full of vitality and innovative spirit.
Field. Let's follow the track of history and trace it back to a place.
The development process of database under.
A brief history of database development
1. The birth of data management
The history of the database can be traced back to fifty years ago.
Data management at that time was very simple. Through a large number of
There are hundreds of machines used for classification, comparison and tabulation.
10,000 punched cards to process data and perform calculations.
The results are printed on paper or made into new perforations.
Cards. Data management is about all these perforations.
Cards are physically stored and processed.
However, Remington Rand Company announced on September 5, 1 year.
(Remington Rand Company) is called.
Univac I's computer was launched for a second.
Enter hundreds of records into the tape drive, thus
Triggered a revolution in data management. 1956 IBM students
Production of the first disk drive-model
No.305. This drive has 50 disks.
Each disk is 2 feet in diameter and can store 5MB.
Data. The biggest advantage of using disk is that it can be used with
Machine access to data, punched cards and paper tapes can only
Sequential access data.
The germination of database system appeared in the 1960s.
At that time, computers began to be widely used in data management.
Higher and higher requirements are put forward for the enjoyment of data.
The traditional file system can no longer meet people's needs.
Yes A database that can manage and share data in a unified way.
Management system (DBMS) came into being. data model
Is the core and foundation of the database system, all kinds of
DBMS software is based on some data model.
Therefore, according to the characteristics of the data model, the traditional
Database system is divided into mesh database and hierarchical data.
Libraries and relational databases.
The first network database management system appeared, especially in America.
Bachmann and others of General Electric Company opened it at 196 1.
Successful IDS (Integrated Data Storage).
196 1 year General Electric Company (GE
Company's Charles buckman) developed successfully.
The first mesh DBMS in the world is also the first one.
Database management system integrated data storage
(Integrated Data Storage IDS), which lays a network.
It formed the basis of the database and was widely used at that time.
The distribution and application of. IDS has data patterns and dates.
Characteristics of ambition. But it can only be run on the GE host.
There is only one file in the database, and all the databases
The table of must be generated by manual coding.
After that, a customer of General Electric Company-
BF goodrich Chemical Company shall not be allowed in the end.
Rewrite the whole system. Rewrite the system.
It is named Integrated Data Management System (IDMS).
Hierarchical and non-hierarchical grid database model
The structure of things can be simulated more naturally, in customs.
Before the database appeared, the mesh DBMS was more than just a hierarchy.
Database management system is widely used. In the history of database development, network
Form database occupies an important position.
Hierarchical DBMS is a network-based database.
And appeared. The most famous and typical hierarchical database
This system is IMS developed by IBM in 1968.
(Information Management System), 1
Hierarchical database suitable for its host. This is IBM
The earliest large-scale database system program developed by the company
Products. Since the late 1960s, it has developed.
Spread to IMSV6, providing cluster and N-way data sharing,
Message Queuing * * * enjoys the support of advanced functions. this
Database products with a history of 3 0 years are now
WWW application connection, business intelligence application playback.
Play a new role.
1973 Cullinan company (that is, after
Come to Cull L L I N ET software company) and start selling.
An improved version of IDMS in goodrich, and
It gradually became the largest software company in the world at that time.
2. The origin of relational database
Mesh database and hierarchical database are already very good.
195 1: Univac I system uses magnetic tape.
Punched cards are stored as data.
Management and development story
Database development history
Programmer 2004.06 47
Successfully solved the problem of sharing with * * * in the data set, but
There is still a big gap between data independence and abstraction.
Lack. When users access these two databases,
It is still necessary to clarify the storage structure of data and point out the storage
Take the path. The relational database that appeared later was better.
These problems have been successfully solved.
1970, IBM researcher E.F.Codd
Doctor of Publishing Communication, American Computer Society
Published an article called "Relationship Model"
Data from a large shared database "
This paper puts forward the concept of relational model and lays the foundation.
Theoretical basis of relational model. Although it was in 1968 before.
Childs proposed a set-oriented model,
However, this paper is usually considered as a database system.
An epoch-making milestone in history. Codd
My wish is to create a beautiful data for the database.
Model. Later, Codd published many articles one after another.
This paper discusses the normal form theory of measurement relation system and the project 12.
Standard, laid the foundation of relational database with mathematical theory.
Foundation. The relational model has a strict mathematical foundation and is abstract.
The level is relatively high, and it is simple and clear, easy to understand and
Use. But at that time, some people thought that the relational model was
The idealized data model used to implement DBMS is
Unrealistic, especially worried about the performance of relational databases.
It's hard to accept. At that time, some people regarded it as an ongoing project.
A serious threat to grid database normalization.
In order to promote the understanding of the problem, 1974 ACM introduction.
The person in charge organized a seminar, at which a seminar was held.
Supported and led by Codd and Bachman respectively.
Oppose the debate between the two factions of relational database. this time
The famous debate promoted the development of relational databases,
Make it finally become the mainstream of modern database products.
1970, IBM public
The division added more research in the San Jose laboratory.
Researchers study this project, which is very famous.
The goal is to show a fully functional barrier.
Feasibility of database management system. The project ended on 1979.
In, the first database management system to realize SQL was completed. In that way
And IBM's commitment to IMS prevented system R.
It was not until 1980 that system r was put into production.
Officially put the product on the market. IBM productization
Three reasons for the slow speed: IBM attaches great importance to reputation and emphasizes
Depending on the quality, try to reduce failures; IBM's bureaucracy
It's huge; There are already hierarchical database products within IBM.
Products, related personnel are not active, or even opposed.
At the same time, however, 1973 University of California, Berkeley.
Michael stonebraker and Eugene on campus
Wong started with the information released by System R.
Develop your own relational database system Ingres. he
The Ingres project developed by scientists was finally developed by Oracle.
Ingres and other manufacturers in Silicon Valley sell goods.
Change. Later, system r and Ingres system
ACM won 1988 "Software System Award".
1976 Honeywell
Developed the first business relationship database system—
Multi-relational data storage-Relationship type number
The database system is based on relational algebra,
After decades of development and practical application, more and more technologies
More and more mature and perfect. Its representative products are Oracle Bone Inscriptions,
DB2 of IBM, MS SQL of Microsoft.
Server, Informix, ADABASD and so on.
3. Structured Query Language (SQL)
1974, Ray Boyce and Don of IBM.
Chamberlin put 12 into the Codd relational database.
The mathematical definition of this standard is based on a simple keyword grammar table.
Now, S Q L is proposed as a milestone.
(Structured Query Language) language.
The functions of SQL language include query, operation, definition and
Control is a comprehensive and universal relational database.
At the same time, language is a highly non-procedural language.
Words, only ask users to point out what to do, without pointing fingers.
How to do it. Realization of database life cycle by SQL integration.
All operations during this period. SQL provides for relational data.
Library interaction method can be compiled by standard.
Cheng Yu's works together. Since the date of its birth, SQL language
Words have become the touchstone for testing relational databases, and
Every change of SQL language standard guides this relationship.
The development direction of database products. However, until the age of twenty.
In the mid-1970s, relational theory surpassed SQL.
Used in commercial databases Oracle and DB2.
In 1986, ANSI uses SQL as relational data.
American library language standards published in the same year.
1969: Edgar F. Cod
Invented the relational database
Database development history
1976, IBM E.F.Codd published an article.
Cheng Bei's paper "R System: Database Relation Theory",
This paper introduces relational database theory and query language SQL.
Ellison, the founder of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, read it very carefully.
This article, shocked by its content, is the first time.
People use comprehensive and consistent solutions to manage data and information. work
Author E.F.Codd published the relational database ten years ago.
Theory, and develop prototypes in IBM research institutions.
One project is the R system, which accesses the language of data tables.
It's SQL After reading it, Ellison was keenly aware.
Based on this research, a software system can be developed.
At that time, most people thought that relational databases didn't.
It will have commercial value. Ellison thinks this is theirs.
Opportunity: They decided to develop a general commercial database system.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the name comes from their love for the Central Committee.
Name of the project reported to the bureau. In a few months, they will be driving.
Oracle 1.0 has been sent. But it's just a toy,
You can do nothing but complete a simple relationship query.
It took them a long time to make Oracle available.
The use and maintenance of the company's operations mainly depends on receiving some data.
Library management projects and consulting work.
And IBM has no development plan, why is it blue?
The colossus gave up this product worth tens of billions.
There are many reasons: IBM researchers are mostly studying.
Artistic background, they are most interested in theory, not
From an academic point of view, products that are put on the market need to be studied.
The fruit should be made public, and it can be achieved by publishing papers and speeches.
Become famous, why not? There is another very important one.
The reason was that IBM had a sales company.
A good hierarchical database product IMS. Until 1985
I B M released the relational database D B 2 in 1998.
Ellison is already a multimillionaire.
Ellison once chose IBM for Microsoft.
Compared with the operating system of IBM-PC, MS-DOS
In favor: "The most serious mistake in the history of enterprise management in the world."
Wrong, it's worth more than hundreds of billions of dollars. "IBM hair.
Table r system papers, and fast has nothing to do.
Errors in database products may be second only to.
The market value of Oracle Bone Inscriptions reached 28 billion in 1996.
Dollars.
The origin of Oracle Bone Inscriptions
48 Programmer 2004.06
SQL text. At present, there are three versions of SQL standard. basis
This SQL definition is ANXIX 3 135-89, "database.
Language-make it complete
Enhanced "[ANS89] 89], commonly known as SQL-
89。 SQL-89 defines schema definition, data manipulation
And transaction processing. S Q L-8 9 and beyond
ANSIX3 168- 1989, "Database Language-
-Embedded SQL "constitutes the first generation of SQL standard.
Quasi. Ansix3135-1992 [ans92] describes a method.
This enhanced SQL is now called the SQL-92 standard.
Quasi. SQL-92 includes schema operation, dynamic creation and
Dynamic execution of SQL statements, network environment support, etc.
Strong characteristics. After completing the SQL-92 standard, ANSI and
ISO began to cooperate to develop SQL3 standard. SQL3
The main feature is support for abstract data types, which is
The new generation of object-relational database provides a standard.
4. Object-oriented database
With the development of information technology and market, people
It is found that although the technology of relational database system is mature,
But its limitations are obvious: it can be very good.
Processing so-called "tabular data", but more and more.
The more complex the data type, there is nothing we can do. Ninety years
A generation later, the technical community has been studying and seeking new models.
Database system. But what is the new database system?
The development direction of the industry was once quite confused. suffer
Influenced by the trend of technology, for quite some time,
People spend a lot of energy on "object-oriented"
database system
Database) "or" OO database system "for short.
It is worth mentioning that Professor Stonebraker of the United States mentioned
Ceng Yi, object-oriented relational database theory.
Degree is optimistic by the industry. Stonebraker Ben
People were also hired as skills by Informix at that time at a high price.
Chief of surgery.
However, several years of development show that object-oriented
Market development of relational database system products
Not ideal. Theoretical perfection did not bring
The enthusiastic response of the market. The main reasons for the failure are
Yu, the main design idea of this database product is
Try to replace the existing data with a new database system.
Database system. This is very important for many database systems that have been used.
Customers who have accumulated a lot of work data, especially
Is a big customer, can't afford the conversion between old and new data.
The huge workload and huge cost brought by the conversion.
In addition, the object-oriented relational database system makes
Query languages have become extremely complex, which makes any query language impossible.
Whether it is a database developer or an application customer.
Its complex application technology is afraid of going on the road.
5. Changes in data management
In the late 1960s, there was a kind of
A new database software: Decision Support System (DSS),
Its purpose is to make managers more effective in the decision-making process.
Make good use of data and information. So at 1970, the first one
A on-line analytical processing tool-Express was born.
Yes Other decision support systems followed closely, many of which were
Developed by the company's IT department.
1 9 8 5, the first business intelligence system.
(business intelligence) metaphor.
Computer System Co., Ltd. is Procter &; take a risk
Developed by the company, it is mainly used to connect sales information.
And retail scanner data. In the same year, the pilot software
The company began to sell its first commercial client/server.
Executive information system-command center.
Also in this year, the University of California at Berkeley.
The Ingres project developed into Postgres, and its goal was to open up.
Send out an object-oriented database. The following year,
Graphael developed the first business object.
Database system.
1988, researcher Barry of IBM.
Devlin and Paul Murphy invented a new kind.
Term-information warehouse, which IT vendors began to use.
Establish an experimental data warehouse. 199 1 year, w.h.
Inmon published a book on how to build a data warehouse.
This book really started the application of data warehouse, so
Inmon is also known as the "father of data warehouse".
In the 1990s, with the development of customers/services
The server computing mode and the widespread adoption of enterprise software packages,
The transformation of data management is basically completed. Data management will not
It only stores and manages data, but uses data.
Various data management methods required by users. internet
The sudden appearance of XML and the appearance of XML language, given the number.
The development of database system has opened up a new world.
Future development trend of database
With the continuous expansion of information management content
There are various data models (hierarchical model, network).
Shape model, relational model, object-oriented model, semi-knot
Structured model, etc. ), new technologies emerge one after another (data
Streaming transmission, Web data management, data mining, etc. ).
At present, every few years, some international advanced
Database experts will get together to discuss databases.
Research status quo, existing problems and problems that need attention in the future.
The focus of new technology. There used to be several similar newspapers.
The report includes: 1989 future direction.
Research on Database Management System-Laguna Beach
Participants, 1990 database
S y s t e m s : A c h i e v e m e n t s a n d
Opportunity, 1995 database.
1991:w.h. yingmeng hair
Table "Building Data Warehouse"
Database development memorabilia
195 1: Univac system uses magnetic tape and punched cards.
Slices are stored as data.
1956: IBM's 305 RAMAC
Disk drives were first introduced in 2008.
196 1: Charles of General Electric Company.
Buckman developed the first database.
Management system -IDS
1969:CODD invented the relational database.
1973: John J. Cullinan leads Cullinan
The organization developed IDMS and became the target.
Number of IBM hosts based on network model
According to the library records.
1976: Honeywell launches Multics.
Relational data storage priority
Business relationship database products.
1979: Oracle Bone Inscriptions launches its first commercial product.
Relational database management system.
1983: IBM introduced DB2 database products.
1985: proctor &; Gambling system design
The first one is based on.
199 1: W.H. Inmon released "Building Data"
Warehouse.
Management and development story
Programmer 2004.06 49
Research; Achievements and opportunities
Entering 2 1 century, 1996
Strategic direction of database
System-break away from convention
Asilomar report on 1998
Database research. The party in 2003 was held in May.
Mass in Lowell at the beginning of the month, ***25-year-old senior.
A database scholar who focuses on information storage,
Organization, management and access.
The nature and sources of information are constantly changing.
Internet, network, natural science and e-commerce are
A great source of information and information processing. And cheap
Micro-sensor technology makes most objects real.
Report their position and status. This information may
Support for monitoring the status and location of moving objects should
Use. The processing of sensor information will produce many new rings.
A very interesting database problem in the world.
In the application field, the Internet is the main one at present.
The driving force, especially the support of "cross-enterprise" should be.
Use it. Historically, applications have been internal to the enterprise, but
In order to make a perfect design in the management field.
Optimization. But now, most companies are interested in such things.
How to communicate more closely with suppliers and customers?
Enjoy information to provide better customer support.
This application needs security and information integration.
With. As a result, new problems related to databases have emerged.
Another important application field is natural science,
Especially physical science, biological science, health science and
Engineering field. These fields have produced a large number of complex
Datasets need to be higher than existing database products.
Level database support. These areas also need
Support of information integration mechanism. In addition, you need to
Manage the data pipeline generated by the data analyzer,
Need to store and query ordered data (such as time
Sequence, image analysis, grid computing and geographic information),
This requires integrating the global data grid.
In addition to these challenges in the field of information management,
On the traditional database management system, such as data model, access
Keywords problem method, query processing algebra, concurrency control, recovery,
Query language and DBMS user interface are also facing challenges.
Great changes have taken place. These problems have been solved in the past.
After full research, the development of technology is constantly changing.
Its application rules. For example, disk and RAM capacity.
The increasing cost of storing every bit of data.
Constantly decreasing. Although the traffic and bandwidth are also different.
Break up, but they don't develop like the former.
Rapidly changing ratios require re-evaluation of storage.
Management and query processing algebra. Furthermore, the processor
The need to improve the size and level of cache
The DBMS algorithm can adapt to the change of cache size.
The above is only because of the technical changes of the original algorithm.
Two new cases were evaluated.
Another driving force to promote the development of database research
It is the maturity of related technologies. For example, in the past few decades, several
According to data, mining technology has become an important part of database system.
Divide into several parts. Internet search engines lead to information retrieval.
Commercialization, and with the traditional database query technology
Integration. Many research results in the field of artificial intelligence also
And database technology, these new components make
We must deal with pronunciation, natural language and uncertainty.
Sexual reasoning and machine learning. Generally speaking, these are all necessary.
Seeking a completely different information management from what we are now.
Architecture, and reconsider information storage, organization and management.
And access.
In recent 40 years, database research has focused on
Core areas of database management system development
The research scope of data management is much wider than this. such as
If we ignore the data pipes faced by some new application fields.
Management problems, which will limit database research to tradition.
On the application of data management.
In the application of many new technologies, database research
Investigation is the most influential, pushing database research into a new stage.
This era will undoubtedly be the era of information technology development.
Internet has made great contributions to database technology in depth and breadth.
Surgery brings challenges. In depth, the internet ring
In the environment, some basic assumptions of data management are no longer valid.
Li, we need to reconsider the traditional figures in the new situation.
Improvement of database technology. In terms of breadth, new problems
We need to explore new ideas and seek innovative technologies.
Breakthrough.