Mental health, also known as mental health, contains two meanings: (1) refers to the state of mental health, in which individuals are not only in good self-condition, but also live in harmony with society; (2) refers to the principles and measures to maintain mental health and reduce behavioral problems and mental illness. Mental health is also divided into narrow sense and broad sense: the narrow sense of mental health mainly aims at preventing psychological obstacles or behavioral problems; Mental health in a broad sense aims at promoting people's psychological adjustment and developing greater efficiency, enabling people to live healthily in the environment and maintain and constantly improve their mental health level, so as to better adapt to social life and make more effective contributions to society and mankind.
The word mental health is put forward by people in the process of understanding and dealing with psychological obstacles. In the early days, in some countries, all eccentric people were regarded as aliens, treated inhumanely, some were handcuffed, and some were exhibited as exhibits on weekends. Especially when socialism changes or natural and man-made disasters occur, the suspicion, contempt, hatred and persecution of aliens will intensify. With the emergence and development of psychological science, people's views on aliens have gradually changed, and it is found that these eccentric people can be treated, so various institutions specializing in accommodating aliens have emerged, and treatment has replaced punishment. However, most of the treatment institutions at that time were located in monasteries, and their methods were only based on providing sunshine, air, freedom and biological needs for these people. It is in this medical process that people find that the psychological activities of these eccentric people are a major cause of mental discomfort and behavioral heresy, and these psychological activities that cause obstacles sometimes appear in normal people and even doctors, such as anxiety, tension, depression and so on. This shows that it is important for everyone to correctly understand and evaluate themselves.
Normal intelligence
People's intelligence can be divided into three levels: supernormal, normal and low. Normal intelligence level is the most basic psychological condition for people to live, study, work and work.
Emotional stability and happiness
Emotional stability and happy mood are important signs of mental health, indicating that a person's central nervous system is in a relatively balanced state, which means the coordination of physical functions. If a person is often sad, depressed and moody, it is a sign of mental health.
Behavior coordination and unification
A mentally healthy person, his behavior is dominated by consciousness, his thought and behavior are unified and coordinated, and he has self-control ability. If a person's behavior and thoughts are contradictory, his attention is not focused, his thoughts are confused, his treatment is fragmented, and his work is chaotic, this is the performance of mental health.
Good relationship
People living in society should be good at getting along with others, helping others and establishing good interpersonal relationships. People's communication activities can reflect people's mental health. Normal and friendly communication between people is not only a necessary condition to maintain mental health, but also an important way to obtain mental health.
Good adaptability
People live in a complex and changeable world, and they will encounter various environments and changes in their lives. Therefore, a person should have good adaptability, no matter what changes in the real environment, he can adapt, which is also one of the signs of mental health.
The above are the main characteristics of mental health, but mental health is not an extraordinary state of superman, and a person's mental health may not be manifested in every aspect. As long as he can correctly understand himself, consciously control himself, correctly treat external influences, and maintain a balanced and coordinated mentality in life practice, he already has the basic characteristics of mental health.
Mental health education is an important basis for schools to carry out all-round quality education for students, and students can develop healthily both physically and mentally through teaching. In recent years, vocational school students are affected by social environment factors, pre-service education and cultural quality, bad behavior habits, intelligence level and psychogenic mental illness or psychological disorder, and there are problems in intelligence, emotion, will, behavior and non-intelligence to varying degrees. According to the spirit of "Outline of Moral Education in Vocational Schools" and "Guiding Outline of Mental Health Education in Vocational Schools" of the Ministry of Education, the Party Committee of the school should revise the implementation plan of school-based moral education, strengthen education, and ensure that the work of mental health education in schools is put in place and achieved practical results.
We believe that mental health education is valuable for students' psychological development.
First, the basic theory of mental health education in vocational schools
First of all, schools should implement the educational concept of grand moral education and bring mental health education into the construction of school moral education.
The second is about the basic theory of school education. School mental health education is a kind of help and consultation activity for school education, which cannot be divorced from the reality of school education. These include pedagogy, educational management, educational philosophy, specialized pedagogy, teaching materials and methods of various subjects and so on.
Third, the basic theory and technology of mental health education, psychological consultation and consultation. The main task of school psychologists is to carry out mental health education, promote the development of students' cognition, emotion and self-understanding, and solve the development problems of students' growth. This requires not only collective or individual psychological counseling for students, but also educational consultation and suggestions for school teachers and parents of students. As teachers in all vocational schools, mastering the theory and skills of educational psychology should be a compulsory part of continuing education. Make every worker engaged in school education master the basic principles and simple methods of psychological consultation and consultation.
2. Basic methods of mental health education in vocational schools
In view of the practical problems of current students, our school has summarized a set of corresponding countermeasures in recent years and gained some experiences, which are as follows: (1) exploring the concept of "one combination"; Activate "two enthusiasm"; Draw lessons from the theory of "three-level intervention" and adopt the method of "four-ring infiltration" Through this research and practice, the school mental health education has always operated normally in the school "big moral education" environment, and some problems have been initially solved.
The discussion of "one combination" mainly refers to the combination of ideological and moral education and mental health education in schools. Psychological education refers to the use of psychological professional methods such as behavior correction, diagnosis and evaluation, consultation and guidance to educate students' physical and mental health according to the laws of psychological activities. Through the education and behavior guidance of teenagers' mental health, friendship, love, family and career, we can cultivate students' indomitable, brave and fearless qualities and the ability to bear setbacks, and cultivate students' excellent qualities of self-esteem, self-love, self-improvement, optimism, pioneering and innovative, and enterprising. In the past, for various reasons, the ideological and moral department often partially replaced the function of mental health education, ignoring the role of psychological education. With the development of educational science and social progress, educators increasingly feel that educational concepts must be updated, and moral education is a three-dimensional and all-round systematic project. Due to the improvement of students' academic ability, new scientific and technological factors put forward higher requirements for students' knowledge structure, and the influence of social competition, parents' expectations and multiculturalism, students have all kinds of psychological discomfort. With the development of society, the changes of social labor structure, industrial structure and consumption structure, and the changes of interpersonal relationship, more people in society have one kind or another of ideological or psychological problems, which have more influence on the all-round development of students. The purpose of psychological education is to improve students' psychological quality and cultivate students' healthy lifestyle and sound personality.
At present, secondary vocational schools have taken a series of measures and done a lot of work in strengthening students' ideological and political work. For example, the school party committee has established the responsibility system for ideological and political work, and established the school moral education work committee, forming a moral education work team which is managed by schools and departments at different levels, with teachers, class teachers and all staff as a whole. Schools and departments regularly analyze and study students' ideological trends and practical problems, and put forward specific ideas and methods to strengthen students' ideological education. The school has also formulated the Implementation Plan of School Moral Education Project, which brings ideological and moral education, psychological education and vocational guidance into the category of moral education. Schools should intensify the reform of political courses and integrate the contents of mental health education; Implement the responsibility system of 45 minutes in class and make full use of the main channel of class to educate students; Hold amateur party schools and regularly educate students on the basic theory of the party, socialist ideals, world outlook, outlook on life and values; Establish a "law school" (students who have been punished or seriously violated discipline) to educate students to abide by the law, especially those who violate school discipline. Finally, according to the situation and actual performance of the students who violate discipline, decide on the treatment opinions for the students who violate discipline; Through lectures, reports and other forms, students are educated on the Party's major policies and national conditions, hard work, diligence and thrift, career ideals and adolescent health education, law-abiding crackdown on campus violence, and excellent traditional education on campus. Through the * * * Youth League work, the second class and the class meeting on moral education, students are educated in patriotism, collectivism and socialist ideology and morality, and their political and ideological quality is comprehensively improved.
From this perspective, school ideological and moral education and mental health education are both components of school moral education. Ideological education is an education that establishes political orientation, ideals and beliefs, and shapes students' world outlook, outlook on life and values. Mental health education enables students to form an educational mechanism that adheres to the truth, establishes values and embodies the internalization of social subject consciousness by cultivating moral cognition, moral emotion, tempering moral will and standardizing moral behavior. Practice has proved that only a healthy psychological quality and a sound personality can truly establish and strengthen the correct political direction; Similarly, only under lofty and lofty ideals can we have a sound psychological quality, and it is possible to form an indomitable will and a spirit of hard struggle. The direction and goal of ideological education and psychological education are the same, and both aim to cultivate modern people with high moral character, law-abiding, mental health and sound personality. But there are differences in the connotation and methods of work. They are interrelated, infiltrated, influenced, restricted and interacted with each other. Ideological education and psychological education should be based on their own characteristics, follow their own work rules, and do their work in detail, rather than seeking quick success and instant benefit. At the same time, ideological education and psychological education should be organically combined. In the same general direction, it will get twice the result with half the effort to educate students in a way that conforms to their psychological characteristics and is easily accepted by students.
The exertion of "two positivity" mainly refers to the cooperation and cooperation between school education and family education. The purpose of students' mental health education is to realize the educational function and responsibility of the school. But in practice, the cooperation between students' family education and school education is an indispensable factor. So we actively communicate with parents in the form of parent-teacher conferences and parent-teacher conferences. At the parent-teacher meeting every semester, the psychological teacher gives lectures or seminars and questionnaires to parents, which provides the basis for the school's educational decision-making and the realization of the "home-school combination" of education. According to the difference of students' family background and preschool education every year, corresponding adjustments are made to keep the family and school education consistent.
The theory of "three-level intervention" refers to guiding and helping students' learning, psychology, personality, adaptation and social development through school mental health education. This kind of guidance and help mainly involves psychological counseling or consultation, which can be divided into three levels. The "intervention" mentioned here refers to a positive psychological help, or a positive intervention on students' psychological problems, so that they can develop on the normal track of school education.
The first level is developmental psychological counseling. Develop students' psychological health care and improve the psychological quality of all students. It mainly includes education development and psychological consultation such as school life guidance, adaptation guidance, learning method guidance, class interpersonal relationship handling and how to become a popular vocational school student.
The second level, preventive psychological counseling. It faces some students who have the potential or may have maladjustment problems or just problems in study, psychology and life. Counseling methods are mainly to cultivate interest in learning, including role-playing, game therapy, exercise therapy, music therapy, relaxation therapy and so on.
The third level, therapeutic psychological counseling. They are faced with specific students who have serious problems in psychology, study and social adaptation, or have abnormal state or personality deviation, and they need psychological counseling very much. Its manifestations are various, such as school phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, depression, truancy, self-mutilation, suicidal tendency and so on. Serious cases must be referred to the medical department for treatment.
According to the three-level intervention theory, we adopted "four-link infiltration"
The first link is the main channel of moral education. The Ministry of Education plans to incorporate mental health education in vocational schools into moral education. In 2003, our school adopted the trial teaching materials planned by our school and jointly compiled by Beijing Normal University, Liaoning and Guangxi Liuzhou Vocational Education Center, and formally incorporated professional mental health education into freshmen's moral education and other grade elective courses, which really played a certain role in students' psychological education. At present, schools are using school-based moral education curriculum standards. First of all, we will shift from classroom teaching objectives to professional demand objectives; From the development of teachers' teaching methods to the development of students' learning methods; From paying attention to subject knowledge system to paying attention to student development system; From imparting knowledge standard to stimulating ability standard; Refine the ability standard to the skill standard. Secondly, we should expand the original meaning of teaching resources from teachers, classrooms and textbooks to students, enterprises and society; Optimize the original teaching links and upgrade the traditional teaching methods. Thirdly, ideology and morality, mental health, vocational guidance, laws and regulations, political economy, philosophy, social life, national education, current affairs education, school culture, etc. They are gradually incorporated into teaching according to different grades, which breaks through the original practice of matching specific teaching materials according to grades and realizes the overall, comprehensive and all-round moral education for students. Fourth, adhere to the coordinated infiltration of moral education, intellectual education, aesthetic education and physical education in schools; Keep in line with the school moral education theme class meeting and campus culture construction, and offer elective courses; Formulate and improve the evaluation system and management, based on students' independent learning to be human and do things. As a whole, curriculum standards have formed a complete and open operating system for educational management and implementers to control.
The second link is other educational subjects. The school has formulated the implementation plan of psychological education, and defined the key points and contents of psychological education in different majors and grades. As early as 1996, the school introduced teachers from the psychology department of Beijing Normal University. After strict training of some teaching staff, the school psychological counseling room is composed of attending doctors, secretary of the Communist Youth League Committee, chairman of the trade union and part-time teachers of psychological counseling, providing students with psychological knowledge popularization, psychological counseling and counseling, and training graduate classes for psychological counseling professionals. Establish a "youth education classroom", where boys and girls learn to watch educational CDs produced by the school respectively, and provide special books for the head teachers of the whole school. Put forward the reference standards of gender roles, mental health standards and correct venting methods for boys and girls in our school.
Selection of reference standards for gender roles
Goal: learn to be a man in the right place and be accepted by family and society (male gender role)
Strong but not stubborn, brave but not rude, passionate but not frivolous, firm but not willful.
Rigorous but not blunt and unrestrained but not rude, agile but not suspicious, easy-going but not blind obedience.
Handsome, not frivolous, seeking difference, not strange, ordinary, not mediocre, bold and not impulsive.
Self-improvement, pride, modesty, inferiority, self-esteem, narcissism, dependence and dependence.
Rough-minded but not careless, eloquent and not entangled, not troubled and lovelorn, but not frustrated.
Goal: identify with the role and try to experience the behavior.
Build a healthy network (interpersonal relationship)
Relationship with teachers: respect parents, teachers, masters and people with high status, obey with reservations and communicate properly.
With classmates (of the same sex): be friendly and not jealous, seek common ground while reserving differences, do not engage in brotherhood or small groups, maintain their own personality in groups, do not bully others, and be good at resolving contradictions. Know that friends are conditional, not specific (not exclusive). (opposite sex): normal friendship, not too close at school, and no physical contact (holding hands, hugging, kissing and touching) in emotional expression; Don't take care of female classmates beyond the boundaries of classmate relationship, and try to avoid touching female classmates alone, especially at night; Advocate civilized heterosexual communication, don't make friends with heterosexuals at will, learn to refuse, and never have sex when you are a student; Enthusiasm should be moderate to avoid misunderstanding; Do not rely on others economically, do not rely on girls or catch up with "fashion" by making girlfriends; Develop a variety of interests and hobbies, and reasonably adjust the emotional needs.
With strangers: pay attention to the necessary manners, but learn to protect yourself and respect yourself (pretend, look, language, etc. ), and learn to refuse, call the police, get away and collect evidence. Don't be greedy and cheap, trusting others; Pay attention to the choice of information and network ethics, and don't do what students can't do.
The principles and skills of managing interpersonal relationships, on the premise of distinguishing right from wrong, are known to be the forbidden areas for students' behavior during their study. It is the objective requirement of law, morality and students' physical and mental development.
Be a lovely boy (discussion)
Although I am not handsome enough, I am very amiable;
Although I am not smart enough, I am diligent;
Although I am not strong enough, I am healthy;
It's not perfect, but I'm trying.
Handsome, smart and strong are mainly inherited by parents, and kindness, diligence, health and hard work can be grasped. With it, you have the charm of a man.
A woman's taste will be favored and accepted by her family and society (a girl's gender role).
Gentle but not cowardly, quiet but not artificial enthusiasm, not frivolous, virtuous but not timid.
Cautious but not timid, meticulous but not petty, alert but not suspicious, easy-going but not blind obedience.
Beautiful but not coquettish, not strange, ordinary but not tacky, brave but not rude.
Self-improvement is not proud, modesty is not inferior, self-love is not narcissistic, and dependence is not dependent.
Can talk without much, can talk eloquently regardless of feelings, don't bother yourself, and fall in love without losing ambition.
Goal: identify with the role and try to experience the behavior. The above character characteristics can be experienced step by step.
Build a beautiful network (interpersonal relationship)
Relationship with teachers: respect parents, teachers, masters and people with high status, obey with reservations and communicate properly.
With classmates (same sex): be friendly and not jealous, seek common ground while reserving differences, and do not engage in harmony or small groups. Know that friends are conditional, not specific (not exclusive). (opposite sex): normal friendship, don't be too close at school, don't have physical contact (holding hands, hugging, kissing and touching) in emotional expression, and generally try to avoid personal contact with male students, especially at night; The school stipulates that you are not allowed to enter the boys' dormitory at will without the permission of the management; Advocate civilized chastity, do not tease, do not make friends with the opposite sex at will, learn to refuse, and do not have sex; Enthusiasm should be moderate to avoid misunderstanding; Do not rely on others economically, do not rely on boys as backers or catch up with "fashion" by making boyfriends; Develop a variety of interests and hobbies, and reasonably adjust the emotional needs. With strangers: pay attention to the necessary manners, but learn to protect yourself and respect yourself (dress, expression, language, etc. ), and learn how to protect yourself by refusing, delaying, calling the police, getting away and taking evidence. Don't be greedy and cheap, trusting others; Pay attention to the choice of information and network ethics, and don't do what students can't do.
Objective: To learn the principles and skills of correctly handling interpersonal relationships, and to know that this is a forbidden area for students' behavior during their study under the premise of clearly distinguishing right from wrong. It is the objective requirement of law, morality and students' physical and mental development, and the guarantee of female students' social protection and self-need.
If you are unhappy with boys and girls, vent (reasonable vent).
1). Conversation method: Find friends, teachers, parents or other trustworthy people to "complain" and "pour out depression" through conversation. Of course, try to pay attention to the occasion and the way.
2) Writing method: vent unpleasant emotions by keeping a diary or writing words on paper at will, and then keep or tear them up.
3). Sports: playing ball, running, stepping on balloons, tearing paper, throwing pillows or quilts, hitting walls, shopping, singing, reciting and shouting. Exercise should have intensity, achieve the purpose of consuming energy, and try not to affect others.
4). Crying method: crying (silent tears), crying. Pay attention to the choice of environment.
5). Compensation method: imagine your own advantages or strengths and find a psychological balance. This method is better.
6). Sublimation method: reciting, counting, drawing, calligraphy, raising small animals or putting forward a task to complete. This method is the best.
Drinking, smoking, self-abuse, using force, running away, playing truant, self-isolation, violating discipline, seeking excitement, and wearing strange clothes are all improper ways to vent. Even if you are comforted temporarily, it may aggravate unpleasant emotions and cause adverse consequences, which is not desirable.
Objective: To master skills and practice methods.
Be a good girl that people like (discussion)
Although not beautiful enough, I am very cute;
Although I am not smart enough, I am diligent;
Although I am not fit enough, I am healthy;
It's not perfect, but I'm trying.
Beauty, intelligence and bodybuilding mainly depend on parents. Cute, diligent, healthy, hard work is something you can grasp. With it, you have the charm of a girl.
Establish a psychological assistance network
Peer counselors-parents, class teachers, psychological counseling teachers-social formal psychological assistance institutions. Don't wait until the problem is serious to vent, psychological garbage should be removed in time.
In order to give full play to various social resources to serve the school health education, students from the Department of Psychology of Beijing Forestry University are invited to come to the school regularly to participate in psychological consultation, strengthen the school mental health education by arranging psychological dramas, individual guidance and intervention, and special counseling, and set up the "April Day Psychological Assistance Hotline"; Invite experts from the Institute of Developmental Psychology of Beijing Normal University to give lectures to school teachers regularly; Establish a cooperative relationship with the psychological counseling room of the High School Attached to Tsinghua University, and use the "2 1 JK network" for online psychological counseling and education. The school formulates "one theme per month" class meeting activities, and professionally trained teachers guide professional disciplines and class teachers to provide students with various psychological counseling; Conduct a two-class lecture on professional psychology and professional knowledge once a month to provide students with regular professional-related education; The brand of Luning Chatroom, a school psychological consultation institution, makes psychological education more professional and systematic, and improves the effectiveness of education. The psychological consultation room of our school mainly carries out the following aspects of consultation and guidance:
First, consultation on learning problems. Help students find the root causes and solutions of learning difficulties, such as poor ability, physical fatigue, memory decline, or lack of interest, phobia, bad study habits, improper methods, etc. Intellectual problems, basic learning problems and non-intellectual factors have also become the reasons for students' learning difficulties. According to the causes of students' problems, psychological counseling teachers should put forward methods to solve the problems, such as making reasonable study plans, learning objectives, learning methods, taking notes, answering questions in exams, memorizing knowledge, using study reference books, etc. And conduct corresponding psychological counseling.
Second, consultation on adapting to environmental problems. Adaptation problems can be divided into two categories: behavior problems and personality problems. Major behavioral problems such as theft, violence, bad behavior, injury, intimidation, bullying, self-mutilation, attempted suicide, etc. And anorexia, insomnia, night terrors, abnormal curiosity, finger licking, stuttering, nervousness, lying and other minor behavioral problems. Some of these problems are temporary and will gradually disappear in a proper educational environment. Some of them are personality problems, such as neurosis. The school advises parents to take their students to a neurologist for treatment, but at present, there are several cases with unsatisfactory results. Mild emotional problems such as inferiority, self-distrust, self-centeredness, jealousy, anxiety, laziness, cowardice and paranoia. Due to the unclear self-concept, with the consent of the students themselves, the psychological counseling teacher will lead the peer counselors to help the parents of the students make corrections.
Third, interpersonal counseling. Students are in the second period of resistance, mainly against parents, as well as school teachers and teachers. Various relationships with same-sex and opposite-sex students
It is an important content that affects students' social adaptive growth and completes the socialization process, and many bad behaviors reflected in other aspects are often caused by it, including loving teachers, loving family, homosexuality and so on. We mainly take family counseling, role-playing, and simple behavioral therapy for special cases for referral treatment.
Fourth, consultation on growth and development. It mainly talks about how students develop morally, intellectually and physically in an all-round way, including the establishment of outlook on life and values, the stimulation of self-advantage potential and the control of negative potential; Understand and master their various abilities and learning characteristics; The development of self-sociality and the design of future life; Sexual psychology and physical development guidance after puberty. In addition, the health of making friends, network psychology, etc. In particular, consulting on life development issues such as graduation, further studies and job hunting. It is also the task of development consulting.
Analyze and list "Psychological Analysis and Countermeasures of Twenty-four Common Problems of Students" and publish "Collection of Moral Education Cases" to help teachers educate.
The third link is students' self-education. The student "peer counselor" team was established in March 2002, belonging to the nature of student associations, with one or two students in each class. As the assistant of the school psychological counseling teacher, "peer counselor" assists the class psychological education, mainly adopts the propaganda of class psychological knowledge, listens to students' heart-to-heart, realizes the communication medium between students and class teachers and psychological teachers, and provides conditions for the formation of campus psychological education network, which has achieved certain results; "Home of the Heart" and "Smurfs-Little Judges", which regulate students' emotions in the form of extracurricular activities, are different kinds of students' psychological societies under the guidance of school psychological education science students. In order to give students their own psychological adjustment space, organize various forms of extracurricular activities regularly, so that students can vent their bad emotions and sublimate their mood in relaxed entertainment activities, thus achieving the purpose of self-education. By organizing self-entertainment activities, they provide an environment for students to vent and relax. There is no preaching and standardized consultation here, but it has the characteristics of behavioral therapy. The school also organized vocal music, instrumental music, dance, paper-cutting, painting, knitting, music appreciation, graffiti, computer games, physical exercise, maintenance, professional skills competitions, social welfare services and volunteers and other student associations or second-class activities, which provided good conditions for the development of students' all-round quality. The school has students' own journals, footprints, styles and school journals, as well as other journals designed, written and selected by students on different topics (I love my major).
The fourth link, campus environmental impact. The role of environmental education is well known. In order to create a harmonious, warm and healthy campus environment, the psychological counseling room organizes the morning broadcast of occupational mental health knowledge twice a week, and the manuscripts are mainly selected from students' good works, books that students who cooperate with the law publishing house like, and books on psychological and physical health knowledge. Psychological knowledge is displayed in the window once a month, and articles such as students' mental health and career choice, entrepreneurship and further study, and health knowledge selection are published. Hang banners, slogans and blackboard newspapers on campus every month to clarify the theme of psychological education and strengthen the educational concept and requirements of the school. In buildings with different functions, students' works and famous sayings of different majors are placed to render the atmosphere and realize the role of environmental education; The campus network releases mental health information in time; In the professional window of the building, the moral education goals (students' growth goals) formulated and designed by students of all classes are posted, which not only realizes self-education, but also achieves the goal of strengthening students in time.