I mean instinct, and ego is the acquired principle of reality. Superego represents morality and conscience. These three aspects should be balanced, otherwise it will make the body out of balance and lead to anxiety.
Psychoanalysis holds that human instinct is also called internal drive, and the main ones are sexual drive (biological instinct) and aggressive drive (death instinct). These instinctive forces play a role in infancy, affecting children's behavior, and later become a desire to make adults happy or miserable.
Freud believed that people's psychological development and mental health are closely related to sexual drive and the development and frustration of sexual psychology. The so-called concepts of oral desire period, anal desire period, Oedipus period, loving father and Oedipus are all learned from psychoanalysis.
This is one of Freud's important contributions. He believes that psychological activities are divided into consciousness, pre-consciousness and subconscious. The conscious part is what we can perceive and actively realize; Subconscious is a kind of consciousness that we don't know, but it does exist and can be produced. Pre-consciousness is somewhere in between.
According to this principle, psychological phenomena and physical phenomena are not accidental, such as common slips of the tongue, slips of the pen, forgetfulness, dreams and symptoms of neurosis, all of which are due to childhood experiences, especially the unsatisfied sexual impulses in a certain period, leading to the conflict between superego, ego and id, as well as the conflict of different desires in the subconscious, which eventually leads to neurosis.
Psychoanalysis has indeed formed a set of systematic and complete theories about individual psychological and behavioral phenomena. Although from now on, the above concepts and analysis are obscure, emphasizing ideological theory and lacking practical verification.
Judging from the current brain science, cognitive neuroscience and the multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment model (MDT) of our institution, the so-called subconscious actually refers to implicit memory and uncontrollable explicit memory.
The so-called subconscious conflict is equivalent to pathological memory, which is caused by psychological trauma or pathological positive emotional experience.
Psychoanalysis holds that psychological and behavioral abnormalities are related to childhood experiences, instincts, desires and subconsciousness, and these factors can be reflected in dreams, all behaviors and words. Therefore, to put it bluntly, the treatment process is to find out these things as much as possible, break them up and analyze them carefully, and "conscious" the subconscious.
The treatment of classical psychoanalysis mainly has the following core processes:
Free association is to encourage patients to say everything in their hearts, not to choose or make it up. Interpretation of dreams is often combined with free association. By discussing the content of dreams and free association, psychoanalysts and visitors try to understand the conflict between the meaning they represent and the subconscious.
In the long course of treatment, patients are prone to have a strong emotional reaction to psychoanalysts, which may be positive and friendly or negative.
Psychoanalysis believes that these attitudes are actually a reflection of the parents' childhood reactions and lead to their emotional response patterns to others when they grow up, so they are called "empathy".
Analysts explain the sources of these attitudes and emotional reactions to patients, and instruct patients how to deal with them better.
If patients avoid a topic or can't remember the details of something during the treatment, they are actually resisting these memories. These are precisely the areas that should be discussed, which are probably the psychological reasons of patients.
Psychoanalysts will encourage patients to tell any secrets and analyze them, so that the repressed contradictions and conflicts in patients can be alleviated.
Psychoanalysis believes that as long as they patiently analyze all the information provided by visitors or patients, or through guidance, they can understand the reasons and significance of their psychological troubles. When they are persuaded and enlightened, they can get treatment and their psychological pain can be alleviated.
In psychoanalysis, this is called "explanation" and "penetration".
The process of psychoanalysis is usually very long, which can last for years, decades or even decades. In other words, it takes such a long time to relieve symptoms.
The above psychoanalytic therapy is based on Freud's theory, and the successors after Freud constantly revised it and developed it into a new psychoanalysis.
The difference between new psychoanalysis and classical psychoanalysis lies in:
The reason of psychological abnormality is no longer explained by universalism. In this respect, Freud was criticized by many people in later generations. He attributed almost all psychological and behavioral abnormalities to sexual psychological reasons, which is obviously incorrect.
New psychoanalysis no longer regards childhood experience as the decisive factor of adult behavior problems, and no longer regards subconscious as the basis for explaining all psychological abnormalities. The total duration of new psychoanalysis has also been shortened, the number of treatments has been reduced, and the discussion on interpersonal relationships and practical problems has been increased.
But despite this, the core of new psychoanalysis remains basically the same:
Subconscious motivation and fear are the core of most emotional problems, and comprehension and infiltration are the process of achieving therapeutic goals.
Carl jung is a Swiss psychologist. At first, he cooperated with Freud to develop psychoanalysis, but later they parted ways because of different ideas.
Jung disagreed with Freud's view that sexual instinct explains behavior. He founded the theory of personality psychoanalysis and put forward the concept of collective unconsciousness. He used the theory and method of personality analysis to analyze social and historical phenomena, transcending the field of individual psychology and becoming another important figure in the field of psychology after psychoanalysis.
Sandplay therapy is one of the most common psychotherapy methods based on Jungian psychoanalytic psychology.
Sandplay therapy is to let patients choose various molds (toys) at will and put them in the sandbox according to their own wishes to create some scenes or images. Then, psychoanalysts use Jung's psychoanalysis theory to guide patients to analyze the significance embodied in the subconscious level behind this work.
At first, this kind of treatment was originally designed for children visitors, because they are young and have weak language and understanding skills, so it is difficult to treat them through direct communication.
However, children like games, so interesting sandbox games can not only arouse children's interest, but also ease their emotions in the game. Psychoanalysts also believe that some problems in children's subconscious can be seen through scene layout.
Gradually, this method is no longer limited to children and teenagers, but is widely used in adults.
Freud's subconscious is also an important discovery, and the principle of psychological determinism also embodies the important role of psychological factors and growth experiences in the formation of mental illness. These views are worthy of recognition.
Psychoanalysts will listen, talk and analyze the causes and essence of psychological confusion for a long time, which is equivalent to providing a stable emotional support, a way to vent and decompress, and the patient's long-term reflection and consciousness are really helpful to alleviate negative emotions and self-improvement.
From the perspective of contemporary cognitive neuroscience, combined with our clinical practice, it is found that the psychological root of neurosis such as anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder and common mental and psychological diseases such as depression and bipolar disorder may be pathological memory. Pathological memory repair technology (TPMIH) under deep hypnosis can accurately activate and efficiently repair, consolidate new memories, and relieve or even disappear symptoms quickly.
Compared with classical psychoanalysis, modern psychoanalysis is more practical and acceptable.
Many patients actually have a rational understanding of their own problems, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and addictive diseases. The patient's reason knows that this is unnecessary or wrong, but it is still difficult for them to control their behavior and alleviate their pain.
Moreover, in in-depth conversation, psychoanalysis is easy to activate patients' superimposed psychological trauma, and patients will only feel painful torture again without the technology of rapid repair. If the patient can survive, or get some emotional relief, psychological improvement and understanding; However, many people can't do it, and their condition often gets worse. Patients may automatically stop treatment, and even lead to self-harm and suicide.
Therefore, in the absence of efficient solutions, psychoanalysis can easily activate superimposed psychological trauma, which is very inappropriate and risky.
Psychoanalysis is generally a conversation or treatment at the level of consciousness, and it is difficult to touch the pathological memory at the level of implicit memory. Ironically, psychoanalysis found the "subconscious", but it could not really reach the subconscious (implicit memory level), nor could it accurately find the so-called subconscious problems. It can only be inferred from people's superficial behavior and language, which is also an important reason that is unconvincing.
Even in a relaxed state, patients may think of some fragmentary fragments, but it is difficult to restore the whole picture of pathological memory, and it is difficult to fully recall the scene, emotion, cognition and physical feelings at that time. This kind of treatment and understanding is actually superficial and incomplete.
Psychoanalysis has been working for too long, but its efficiency is too low. As mentioned above, classical psychoanalysis takes several years, even more than ten years, which makes psychoanalysis limited to visitors who are not critical to psychological problems and have economic strength and time.
Some researchers believe that long-term psychoanalysis is more effective than cognitive behavioral therapy. However, some scholars have pointed out that the effective factor of long-term psychotherapy is not technology or genre, but the long-term companionship and psychological support of therapists.
Psychoanalysis has declined in the United States, and the utilization rate is less than 5%
However, psychological counseling or therapy in China has been deeply influenced by psychoanalysis since it rose at the beginning of 2 1 century.
Up to now, influential psychological counselors in China,
In fact, as early as the early days of psychoanalysis, psychoanalysts' cognition of their own theories was relatively rational. They will evaluate whether the patient is suitable for psychoanalysis through an experimental analysis method.