1 Introduction
With the rapid development of global informatization, the construction of spatial data infrastructure and the means of geospatial data management are facing new challenges. Major cities at home and abroad vigorously strengthen the collection of space infrastructure information according to their own needs. For urban and rural planning management departments, it is particularly important to realize the information management of the basic spatial data in the planning area and grasp the present situation and changes of urban social and economic production and life, which is an important basic work of urban and rural planning, urban construction and urban management. Building information has the characteristics of wide coverage, large amount of data and difficult information collection. Through building information, detailed information such as the number of buildings, floor area ratio, building density, use function and spatial distribution of a city can be accurately obtained, which is an important basic data source for urban and rural planning management and urban construction.
Spatial attribute information centered on construction projects is distributed in all examination and approval links of planning, construction, real estate and other departments, such as spatial graphics and architectural attributes. At present, due to the lack of comprehensive data integration mechanism, information collection can not be managed in a unified way, which seriously affects the utilization level of spatial information. Therefore, it is of great significance to build a complete urban and rural planning building information database and its management system, establish and improve the long-term integrated management, maintenance and update mechanism of building space information, break the "information island" pattern of urban building space information resource database, and improve the ability of information collection and data application.
2 methods and processes
2. 1 building spatial database to achieve the construction goal
The integration of urban architectural spatial information realizes the centralized management of various architectural graphic data. In the process of building data integration, a set of management and working mechanism of urban space building information is formed to realize the integration, database building and intelligent update of the whole process of building information, and through the perfect data sharing interface, the data interconnection of relevant departments is realized, which promotes the effective application of building space information achievements. Based on the above reasons, the construction of a new information management model of urban architectural space database should focus on the following aspects:
(1) A set of standards: Based on the whole process of building database construction, a set of macro, meso and micro building spatial database standard system is established. This paper puts forward the architecture of building space database, defines the content of building space database construction, establishes the building space information data standard and investigation standard, and makes clear and detailed provisions on information coding rules, usage classification, questionnaire, technical scheme, achievement requirements and standards. Study and formulate the spatial database construction process and data update mechanism to meet the data management needs of urban and rural planning infrastructure under the background of smart cities.
(2) A set of processes: the integration of graphics and information in the whole process, and the establishment of multi-source building data database. On the basis of unifying the data integration process and defining the data storage standard, taking the urban construction and planning approval management unit as the core, combing and storing the whole process architectural graphics and attribute data related to urban construction, and realizing the whole life cycle association of construction project drawings, documents, tables and files based on urban land use functional units.
(3) Platform: Research and develop the building space database management system based on GIS. The system includes the functions of data storage, browsing and querying, data editing, statistical analysis and decision-making, and realizes the visual storage, editing, management and updating of large-scale building space data. On this basis, combined with the attribute information of building database, data mining is carried out to develop the matching application function of building information in various fields of urban and rural construction and planning management, and the goal of realizing cross-departmental data exchange through corresponding data structures is constructed.
(4) Series application: On the basis of studying and analyzing the application fields of building space information management at home and abroad, it summarizes the categories and requirements of different building space data, establishes the "quantity" attribute set of building space data, and constructs the planning decision-making auxiliary paradigm based on building space database to serve the needs of planning preparation, approval, post-approval management and decision support.
2.2 Construction project spatial information circulation mechanism combing
2.2.65438+ Therefore, it is necessary to sort out the architectural space information generated by various departments under the corresponding business. Through the business analysis of urban construction functional departments, the departments involved in the spatial management of project construction are mainly land, planning, housing construction and real estate; From the perspective of building space control, the management of land department is mainly at the level of project land use, the management of planning department is at the level from land use to single building, and the building space management of housing and real estate department is mainly reflected in the information management of houses and indoor households. See table 1 for the examination and approval elements of construction projects of various functional departments.
2.2.2 Building attribute database is the external attribute of building graphic database, and it is an important basis for data statistics and analysis. It can make a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of building spatial information, assist spatial positioning and display spatial entity distribution characteristics, and provide important reference information for planning management and planning decision-making. Urban and rural planning management, compilation, design and other work have different levels of demand for building information, so it is necessary to establish a macro, meso and micro management framework based on construction projects to realize the analysis, management and extraction of building information from different dimensions. The establishment of spatial database needs to construct a set of data management mode of cluster analysis from different dimensions. In order to meet the application needs of building information at all levels in urban and rural planning, this study proposes to establish a multi-level building information management model of "project-unit-floor-apartment", and establish the spatial attribute relationship between construction projects and units through project numbers and unit numbers to realize the integrated management of construction projects. Macro-level: taking the national territory red line, land red line and control plot as basic units, the unified management of construction project boundary, plot ratio and construction nature is realized.
Meso-level: the management of building height, number of floors, use function and number of buildings is realized with building monomer as the basic unit. Micro level: based on the floors and apartment types in the building, the management of building components, floor information, apartment type information and pre-sale sales information in the building is realized (Figure 1).
2.2.3 Demand-oriented database construction standard design Urban and rural planning information database as the carrier of urban construction implementation results, urban and rural planning building space information database covers the graphic information database and attribute information corresponding to urban and rural planning. Through the comprehensive and in-depth analysis of building space information, it can help spatial positioning and display the distribution characteristics of spatial entities, providing important reference information for planning management and decision-making. It is an important work content to construct a deeply optimized database structure of architectural space within a reasonable range of architectural characteristics, guided by the application requirements of urban and rural planning. It mainly includes: analysis and extraction of planning status information, auxiliary support of major decisions, information query of building life cycle, urban building protection, etc. Based on this, the corresponding building attribute structure library will directly provide a favorable auxiliary means for the formulation of urban and rural planning (Figure 2).
2.3 Building space library integration and update process mechanism
2.3. 1 The integration process of architectural space graphics and attributes must comprehensively integrate all data on the basis of sorting out the circulation stages of various architectural space data and formulating data storage and application standards. The main work of integration includes data information collection, graphic conversion and supplementary investigation of information in each stage, and the workflow is as follows: (1) graphic integration: based on the current topographic map, complete the building GIS element database; for buildings whose topographic map has not been updated, combine the positioning red line, the completion line inspection and the remote sensing image map, supplemented by the current supplementary investigation, complete the graphic integration of buildings in the area. (2) Input of attribute elements: according to the requirements of building spatial database, complete the attribute input of economic and technical indicators of building attribute projects, economic and technical indicators of single building and single information.
(3) Information association: on the basis of completing the entry of project graphics and attributes, according to the project information and personal information, the examination and approval information, graphic data and written data of the planning department are associated, so that the contents of the building space database can be seamlessly connected with the planning information, and ports are reserved to realize long-term data connection with real estate and other departments. The data sorting process is shown in Figure 3. 2.3.2 Research on the updating mechanism of building spatial data On the basis of integrating the building spatial databases in different stages, by analyzing the characteristics of data updating in the process of urban and rural planning and construction approval, the corresponding data updating mechanism is constructed to ensure the timely and accurate updating of building spatial data. The data update is mainly set in the following stages: the general plan stage of the construction project: when the project enters the general plan review of the construction project, the regularization of the general plan, the drawing of the project scope and the corresponding building outline, and the associated entry of the construction project attributes and the building individual attributes are completed. At this stage, all building signs are in the reporting state.
Construction project planning permission stage: after the construction project has issued the construction project permission, the positioning red line is specified, and the building outline in the above drawing and positioning drawing is replaced by the building outline in the original general drawing and the corresponding attributes are entered. At this stage, the building is marked as under construction; Approval stage of completion acceptance: after the construction project has obtained the completion approval, standardize the completion acceptance drawing, replace the original bitmap building outline with the building outline in the above drawing and completion drawing, and enter the corresponding attributes. At this stage, the building is marked as built, so as to update the building space data during the life cycle of the building project (Figure 4).
Three empirical cases
3. 1 Building spatial database construction —— Taking Xiangjiang New District in Changsha as an example
In order to fully grasp the spatial distribution characteristics of urban buildings, Changsha has carried out the application research of building spatial database. In this study, the architectural space database of Xiangjiang New Area is constructed by combining the graphics and approval attributes approved by the urban construction process planning management department. In this study, a total of * * 4,398 completed line maps, 3,970 red line maps, 9 1484 all-factor topographic maps and linear topographic maps were recorded, supplemented by satellite images, and 3 1 12 buildings were inspected and recorded, and the building properties were classified according to the building use function and the classification standard of urban and rural planning land. Complete the entry of building properties, building age, height, materials and other information, and form a comprehensive building space database of Xiangjiang New District in Changsha. On this basis, the research and development of Changsha building spatial data management platform is completed, which realizes the functions of data query, data editing and data analysis, and realizes the auxiliary decision-making role of building data in planning approval and compilation (Figure 5).
3.2 Application of Building Space Database
After the building space database is completed, it can provide services and applications in the whole process of planning implementation, such as urban building capacity analysis, urban spatial form research, public facilities service scope evaluation, project site selection analysis, construction land reserve, planning preparation and planning modification, etc., and in combination with planning approval requirements, timely extract and analyze relevant data, providing important quantitative basis for urban and rural planning development and decision-making. See Figure 6 for the application system of building spatial data. 3.2. 1 Analysis of urban building capacity The building space database has the characteristics of detailed building information, which can quickly extract the building status information in a specific area, and can calculate the control indicators such as building volume ratio, building density, building height, land area and building area of various buildings within the scope of the implemented urban and rural master plan, zoning plan and regulatory detailed plan. By establishing the building information database and inputting the attribute information about the building floor, building year, building attributes, basement area, total building area, etc. Statistical customization can be carried out in geographical space, and the corresponding construction economic indicators can be quickly derived by superimposing with controlled detailed planning, satellite images and other graphics to serve the data support of planning (Figure 7). 3.2.2 Evaluation of planning implementation effect By calculating the control indicators such as building volume ratio, building density, building height and various building areas in the region and comparing them with the corresponding planning indicators, the planning implementation effect can be evaluated, providing a basis for planning modification and adjustment, planning management and policy arrangement (Figure 8).
3.2.3 Research on Urban Spatial Form According to the spatial distribution of buildings in different years in the building spatial information database, the isochron of building spatial expansion is constructed, the evolution direction and acceleration of urban spatial boundary are analyzed, and the development process of the city is intuitively grasped (Figure 9). Through the analysis of building height distribution from a specific perspective, the skyline of urban building height distribution can be evolved, which serves the approval process of construction projects and plays an auxiliary role in shaping beautiful urban landscape and skyline, and finally building urban building system (Figure 10).
4 outlook
The integration of architectural space information resources improves the auxiliary means of urban and rural planning, improves the accuracy and reliability of business implementation such as planning, planning approval and post-approval management, and provides data support for scientific planning. However, with the progress of science and technology and the rapid development of urban and rural construction, urban and rural planning management is facing higher requirements. The integration of architectural information resources must be based on a commanding height, which not only meets the needs of multi-users to use and enjoy, but also meets the needs of deep mining of architectural information. The wide coverage and deep excavation of information resources is a complex proposition, and the integration of architectural space information resources is a long-term task of planning informatization, and it is a process of continuous circulation and improvement. In this process, difficulties and challenges coexist. In order to satisfy people's deep-seated pursuit of information, the future work of building spatial information database should be deeply studied from the following aspects.
4. 1 Multidimensional information management of building information
Combined with the development requirements of BIM and urban simulation, a "2D"+"3D" data browsing, querying and displaying form is established to realize the fine management of building information of project units, building units and floor units of construction projects. With 3DVP 3D geographic information system as the core, the seamless integration of urban and rural planning management business system and 3D platform is realized, and the interactive functions of graphics and text such as synchronous linkage of 2D and 3D views, fusion query of 2D and 3D information and spatial analysis of 3D planning are supported, which provides diversified spatial information reference for planning management and improves the scientificity of examination and approval decision (Figure 14).
4.2 "Building Information Database+"application mode
The informationization and intellectualization of building management have laid a material foundation for "smart city". In order to further enrich the connotation of building information, it is necessary to explore the integration of building information with other industry information, such as energy use information, population activities and living information, traffic information and so on. , forming the application mode of "building information database+",so as to explore the wide application of building spatial database in planning, planning approval, post-approval management and implementation evaluation (Figure 66
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