Question 2: What are the textbooks for Mongolian studies? That is, Mongolian library, enlightenment school. It is equivalent to the current kindergarten or primary school. (2) Teaching materials and contents of studying in Mongolian Museum. It is equivalent to the current primary school textbooks and their contents. The traditional textbooks of Mongolian studies in China mainly include Three Amethyst, Hundred Family Names, Thousand-character Works, Youxue Qionglin and so on. As for the "Four Books and Five Classics".
Question 3: The basic meaning of being educated, which is the general name of traditional preschool education in China. The juxtaposition with primary schools and universities is an important stage in China's traditional education. At present, the academic circles have narrow and broad definitions of what is enlightenment. In a broad sense, it refers to the ancient enlightenment education, including its educational system, teaching methods and teaching materials. In a narrow sense, it refers to enlightenment textbooks, that is, children's books. In ancient times, children were "enlightened" and the age of receiving education was generally around four years old. There is also a view that four years old is the best age for children to learn Chinese characters. The basic goal of the elementary education is to cultivate children's reading and writing ability, form good daily habits and have basic moral and ethical norms; And master some basic culture and common sense of daily life in China. In addition, Mongolian learning also refers to the Mongolian museum, the enlightenment school, which is equivalent to the current kindergarten or primary school. Wu Woyao's Preface to Historical Novels: "I have read that the books in Mongolian and middle schools are too simple. As for colleges and universities, old books may still be used. "
Question 4: What is "being educated"? Ignorance is not just a general term for the traditional early childhood education in China. The juxtaposition with primary schools and universities is an important stage in China's traditional education.
Question 5: "Common Sense of Chinese Studies" What was the enlightenment education in the Song and Yuan Dynasties? The contents include: the education of "the way of saints" when children are enlightened by wisdom. Learn basic cultural knowledge with "three, hundred and thousand", focusing on literacy and morality. Hundred Family Names, Three-character Classics and Thousand-character Textbooks are a series of popular literacy textbooks for Mongolian language learning. It goes without saying that Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty inherited and developed Confucianism, and paid attention to self-cultivation education. In adolescence, textbooks such as Meng Tongxun (also known as Lv's Meng Tongxun), Meng Tong's Instructions and Jiaozizhai Rules were mainly used. Poetry training mainly refers to the reading training between Song and Yuan Dynasties. In the stage of elementary education, only "point reading" was started, that is, the so-called "point reading": first point out sentences to read, and then point reading. At the time of enlightenment, on the one hand, I read 300,000, on the other hand, I learned to refine words and sentences, and learned to be correct and Ye Yun. Mongolian educational experience in Song and Yuan Dynasties: 1. In Song and Yuan Dynasties, Mongolian education was extensive (1). Attach importance to cultivation education (2) self-cultivation education (3) poetry training (4) inheritance and development of composition training and calligraphy training. 2. The teaching plan is relatively stable. The teaching of reading, writing and composition is mainly carried out in schools, which is the basic preparation for entering official schools, academies and taking imperial examinations. Moreover, every link of teaching has established a certain order. Such as reading, first of all, focus on literacy. After the child recited more than 1000 words, he began to read three-character classics, hundreds of surnames, thousands of words and four books. At this stage, children mainly follow and recite. On this basis, teachers teach, focusing on the feudal political thoughts and ethical principles in the book. The order of writing is that the teacher writes by hand first, then draws red, and then enters temporary writing. Before you write your composition, you must practice correctly. The school implements individual guidance, and the teaching progress varies according to the students' acceptance ability. Generally speaking, everyone follows the principle of easy before difficult, and the previous study lays the foundation for the next study. In teaching, teachers pay special attention to reviewing old and new lessons. Teachers organize and guide students to review old and new lessons in a planned and step-by-step way. (Excerpted from Baidu Library-Mongolian Education in Song and Yuan Dynasties).
Question 6: Introduction of Mongolian learning, namely, Mongolian learning library and enlightenment school. It is equivalent to the current kindergarten or primary school.
Question 7: What are the traditional Mongolian schools in China? Thousands of poems, melody enlightenment, Li Weng antithesis, disciple, filial piety, augmented sages and then four books and five classics.
Grass Roots Tan and Poems of a Thousand Families are also found in Zhu Xi's family instructions and Yuan He's family instructions. Question 8: What is the earliest textbook of Mongolian studies in China? Three-character Classic, Hundred Family Names and Thousand-character Text were once called Three, Hundred and Thousand, which became a set of complementary enlightenment literacy textbooks and spread to the late Qing Dynasty. Thirdly, Bai Qian and Bai Qian were later translated into minority languages and compiled into Mongolian-Chinese and Manchu-Chinese comparative books, such as Mongolian-Chinese Three-character Classics, Manchu-Chinese Three-character Classics, Mongolian-Chinese Comparison of Hundreds of Surnames, Jurchen Alphabet Hundred Surnames, Manchu-Chinese Thousand Characters and Manchu-Chinese Thousand Characters, for Mongolian children to learn Chinese.
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Question 9: What books did ancient Mongolian studies include? China's traditional culture has never been interrupted, and it has long played the role of a strong culture. At the same time, the political and economic basis of private school education rarely changed in ancient times, and many factors determined that the face of ancient private school education did not change much. Three-character Classic, Hundred Family Names and Thousand-character Text were written in different dynasties (Southern Song Dynasty, Five Dynasties and Southern Dynasties). They gradually gained social recognition in the process of communication and became the most common children's literacy books in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The Analects of Confucius and Mencius are classic reading materials, and at this time they have become a part of Mongolian teaching materials.
How is the teaching process of private school education from literacy to learning to writing eight-part essay arranged? One is literacy. Generally, after a few months or half a year, reading is equivalent to "Three, One Hundred, One Thousand", "A Collection of Famous Scholars", "Poems of Wonders", various miscellaneous words (such as "Five-character Miscellaneous Words" and "Seven-character Miscellaneous Words") and so on. These literacy textbooks have a common feature, that is, the sentences are short, the sentences are neat, the four tones are clear, the syllables are easy to read and the characters are large. Even children who are not very clever can read easily, catch their breath, learn quickly, read sentences well and memorize words. It makes full use of the monosyllabic and tetrasyllabic characteristics of Chinese and Chinese characters, gives full play to the characteristics of strong memory in childhood, and fully avoids the shortcomings of poor understanding in childhood. Highlighting the exertion and exercise of memory is the most effective and successful feature of Chinese character enlightenment education in China for more than two thousand years. It has a very significant effect, and it is reviewed and analyzed from the perspective of modern science. This method itself is very consistent with the objective reality of China language and the age characteristics of children. It is a great pity that educators ignore this feature now. In one or two years, literacy education was initially completed, that is, reading education began. The so-called "reading" is the sound read out, catchy, emphasizing reading and memorizing. The scope of reading, first of all, is the four books and five classics. Four books: First read The University and the Doctrine of the Mean, then the Analects, or read The Analects and then the University and the Doctrine of the Mean. Finally, read Mencius. The reading order of the "Four Books" is not specified, but Mencius always reads after, not first. Some scholars don't read popular enlightenment books such as Three Hundred Thousand when they are enlightened. After knowing some Chinese characters, they began to read four books. Mr. Yu Pingbo began to study "University" at the age of three. 1983, the old man wrote to me: "I read University when I was three years old, but I still didn't quite understand it. It is ridiculous to waste more than 80 years. " I don't know whether the old gentleman is telling jokes or being sarcastic, because I know that many things in the world are like this. Nearly a hundred years ago, three-year-old children read "University", but by the age of eighty or ninety, they still don't quite understand it. Now all the children aged six or seven are in primary school, and many of them are "great ……", but they still don't know it when they are 80 or 90 years old. Isn't it the same? "Memory" and "understanding" are two different things. Most of nature can be unified, but there must be many that cannot be unified. Just remember when you are young and never forget when you are old; Strange things that I didn't understand when I was a child and I don't understand when I was old, as always, no one can change them. But it's gossip. Leave it alone. Let's talk about reading four books, which are generally intelligent. A year and a half to two years, I have learned it thoroughly. Four Books 12700 words, The Analects of Confucius 12700 words, Mencius 34600 words, plus the Dazhong Jing about 50000 words, even Zhu's annotations have to be memorized, so it takes a long time. But this is the most important basis for writing eight-part essay. This kind of kung fu must be practiced well in teenagers. Then read The Book of Songs, Zuo Zhuan, Shu Jing, The Book of Rites, The Book of Changes and so on. Be familiar with nature and be able to recite it. In order to avoid forgetting these familiar books, we must always review them, especially the four books. What's more, this article should be accompanied by Zhu Zhu and memorized forever. Quoting casually is as natural as speaking. Without this basic skill, it is impossible to write eight-part essay. In the ninth episode of A Dream of Red Mansions, Jia Zheng asked Gui Li Baoyu's study. Gui Li replied, "My brother has already read the third book of songs ..." Jia Zheng asked Li Gui to tell the great grandfather in the school: "Even if he is afraid to read another 30 books of songs, it's still a cover-up ... You don't have to pretend any stories about the ancient books of songs, just finish reading the four books first. This is the importance of emphasizing the foundation.
Question 10: What is ancient Mongolian education? It is also called "Mongolian Museum". Ci Hai's explanation is: "China used to be a school for enlightening children. The content of education is mainly literacy, writing and moral education. After the Song Dynasty, the textbooks generally include San Zi Jing, Hundred Family Names, Qian Zi Wen, Qiu Meng, Four Books and so on. There is no fixed number of years. Take individual teaching and pay attention to recitation and practice. "