/kloc-0 In the spring of 928, archaeologist Wu Jinding discovered the world-famous Chengziya site in Longshan Town, Licheng County, Jinan City, Shandong Province. Since then, archaeologists have excavated the Chengziya site many times and obtained a number of cultural remains characterized by beautifully polished black pottery. According to these findings, archaeologists named these cultural remains with black pottery as the main feature "Longshan Culture".
ashes
Since the discovery of Longshan cultural site, archaeologists have discovered the cultural remains of this period in Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi and other places. However, due to their different cultural characteristics, they were named Longshan culture in Henan, Longshan culture in Shaanxi, Shijiahe culture in Hubei and Longshan culture in Taosi, Shanxi, which were collectively called Longshan culture. The most striking feature of culture in this period is the discovery of urban sites. [3]?
Liangcheng site
Liangcheng site, located in two towns in Donggang District, is the first typical site of Longshan culture with a total area of1120,000 square meters. It was discovered in 1934 and excavated in 1936. Provincial key cultural relics protection units. According to Oxford University's Handbook of World History, "two towns from 2800 BC to 2000 BC were the earliest cities in Asia." More than 400 sites of Longshan culture and Zhou and Han dynasties were discovered, and more than 3,000 specimens of various cultural relics were unearthed.
Chengziya site
Pieces. The unearthed pottery is mainly black pottery, and the thin-walled pottery with thin and firm tires has the highest level, beautiful shape and additional pile patterns. Later, the ancient cities of Liangzhu, Taosi, Baodun and Shijiahe were discovered. [3]?
Heibadui relics
Located in the northwest corner of Wang Lou Village, Longgang Township, yongcheng city, Heiba Team Site is recognized as a cultural site of Longshan, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties. The site of Heigudui covers an area of about 6,543,800 square meters. Judging from the excavation, "the site is rich in accumulation, simple in cultural connotation and rich in unearthed relics". Unearthed cultural relics include stone tools, pottery, mussels and horns. China Longshan culture also originated from this. In addition, websites such as netizen square and legislative platform are also in this field. 20 13 years has been a provincial cultural relics protection unit in Henan province. [3]?
Taosi site
Main entrance: Taosi site
Taosi site is a site in the middle reaches of the Yellow River in China. It is mainly composed of Longshan culture Taosi, including Miaodigou second-stage culture and a small number of remains from the Warring States, Han Dynasty and Jin and Yuan Dynasties. Located in the south of Taosi Village, Xiangfen County, Shanxi Province, it is about 2000 meters long from east to west and about 1500 meters long from north to south, with a total area of 2.8 million square meters. It is one of the largest Longshan cultural sites in the Central Plains. [4]?
Wangyaocheng site
Main entrance: Yaowangcheng site
Yaowangcheng site is located in Rizhao City, Shandong Province. It was once the capital of Dawenkou culture and Longshan culture. Underground archaeology shows that the capital is larger than the ruins of two cities, and it was the largest capital in Asia at that time. The site was discovered in 1934, and the provincial government announced it as the first batch of key cultural relics protection units in 1977. In May, 2006, the State Council was approved and announced as a national key cultural relics protection unit. The published area is about 520,000 square meters. After investigation by the Sino-American joint archaeological team, it is believed that the site is larger than the two towns and should be the largest capital city in Asia at that time. [5]?
Tenghualuo Site
Main entrance: Tenghualuo site
This is the first prehistoric city site with double-walled structure discovered in China so far, the first city site discovered in Jiangsu Province during the Longshan culture period, and the most complete and suitable site for settlement morphology archaeology among more than 50 Longshan cultural city sites discovered in China, which is of great value for studying the origin of civilization. The plot is located in Zhongyun Township, Lianyungang Economic and Technological Development Zone, with an area of 6.5438+0.5 million square meters. More than 200 remains of rammed earth platform, foundation pit, ash pit, ash ditch, road, ditch, paddy field and Shibutou were found in Tenghualuo site, and more than 2,000 specimens of stone tools, pottery, jade, carbonized rice, wooden stakes and various animals and plants were unearthed. [6]?
Dingbadui relics
The Longshan Cultural Site of Dingba Team covers an area of about 4,500 square meters. During the period of 1978, the cultural relics investigation team led by Zhi Hongyuan from Luoyang Institute of Archaeology, China Academy of Social Sciences conducted excavation and investigation here. After exploration, the cultural layer is divided into three layers, and the site is well preserved. 198 1 was designated as a county-level cultural relics protection unit by the central archaeological research institute in, and was upgraded to a municipal key cultural relics protection unit in July 2002. From a large number of pottery pieces and artifacts excavated by archaeologists in the site, it can be seen that there are more gray pottery, fine fetal quality and high firing temperature; There are relatively few red pottery, loose fetal quality and low firing temperature. Grey pottery is made by wheel method, with smooth surface and decorated with rope patterns and chord patterns. Red pottery is hand-made, with rough surface and plain surface. However, whether it is gray pottery or red pottery, the utensils are flat-bottomed, and no foot winding or foot filling device is found. Because its main feature is Longshan culture, it can be considered as early Longshan culture and belongs to Miaodigou second-stage culture according to classification. [7]? (Note: For details of the Longshan Cultural Site in Dingbadui, please refer to [7]? )
Qingdao Chengyang site
The site is located in the northeast of Chengzi Village, Chengyang Town, Chengyang District 100 meters high, with a length of 200 meters from east to west and a width of 100 meters from north to south. To the west and north are cliffs, about 2.5 meters high. There is a beige cultural layer about one meter thick, which is intermittently exposed on the surface and contains rich cultural relics. The collection of cultural relics includes: single-hole flat axe, rectangular flat stone shovel, half-moon double-hole stone knife, rectangular perforated stone, stone bowl, stone chisel, stone sickle and Shi Mao. The stone tools are polished all over, with sharp blades and exquisite production. Pottery is mainly gray pottery and black pottery. According to the investigation of archaeologists, this is a cultural site of Longshan culture type, with a history of more than 4,000 years, which provides important reference materials for studying the primitive culture of Qingdao. [3]?
Henan ruins
In 2005, archaeologists discovered a large-scale city site of Longshan culture period in Anyang, Henan Province, which was more than 600 years earlier than the ruins of Yin Ruins. This archaeological excavation * * * discovered the wall, a house foundation, a pottery kiln and two cobblestone ground patterns during the Longshan culture period140m, and unearthed stone axes, mussels, bone pins and other artifacts, as well as a large number of pottery pieces, pots, bowls and so on. In particular, two ground patterns paved with pebbles found in the building foundation were not discovered until 20 13 in Longshan cultural archaeology, and one of them was about 10 square meter, which looked like a tiger. Experts believe that it should be related to totem worship or sacrifice at that time. [3]?
Jingyanggang Longshan Cultural Relics
Main entrance: Site of Longshan Cultural City in Jingyanggang.
1973, Wu Ruzuo, Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, first discovered the Jingyanggang site in the west of Jingyanggang village. During the period of 1979, cultural relics workers in Liaocheng area conducted a trial excavation of the site. 1February 1977,65438 was listed as a provincial-level key cultural relics protection unit by the Shandong Provincial People's Government./kloc-0 was nominated for the first "Top Ten Archaeological Discoveries in China" in June 1995, and was approved as a national key cultural relics protection unit by the State Council in June 2000/kloc-0. [8]?
Jiaochangbao site
The average width of the city wall found in Longshan Cultural Site in Jiaochang, chiping is 28 meters, the widest point is 30 meters, and the preservation height is close to 2 meters. It is rammed with yellow sand and clay. According to the drilling results, the city wall is roughly circular and slightly longer from east to west, covering an area of about 50,000 square meters. At the same time, the foundation pit and sacrificial pit where the foundation stone laying ceremony was held were found on the city wall, and the phenomenon of human sacrifice appeared. It belongs to the middle and late Longshan culture, between 4600 and 4000 years ago. Since 2000, the Institute of Archaeology of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Shandong Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and Liaocheng Cultural Relics Bureau have jointly conducted four excavations. Among them, the three pottery kilns excavated in 200 1 are the most complete Longshan cultural group discovered in Shandong. [3]?
Qingdao Jiaonan site
Jiaonan is known as "the country of the East" in history, with splendid culture. By the end of 1987, a total of 9 Longshan cultural sites/kloc-0 were discovered in Baoxiangshan: Xiangyang in Athena Chu Township, Dazhangba, Guojiaheyan, Wangjiaheyan, Xiaoyao in Jiaonan Town, Hetou in Zhangjialou Township, Jijiadianzi in Langya Town, Shangtuan, Dongzao Lake, Qian Ying in Southern Tibet Township, Yinghou and Zhao Gao. Black pottery is a symbol of ancient civilization in China. It has a history of more than 4500 years in Jiaonan. A large number of pottery, mussels and human bones are exposed on the ground of these sites. Stone axes, shovels, knives, arrows, pottery pots, pottery cups, Gao Zubei Yuhuan with mud holes and eggshell pottery cups have all been unearthed. [3]?
Shangxian site in Hebei province
2065 438+04 07 03 14 Recently, archaeologists discovered an ancient tomb in the Longshan Culture period 4,000 years ago in Sitai Mongolian Camp, Shijing Township, shangyi county, Hebei Province, and unearthed a remains. There are 2/kloc-0 pieces of black pottery with sand, a stone axe, a stone shovel, two stone grinding wheels and ornaments worn around the neck. Archaeologists identified this site as the Longshan cultural site of Neolithic Age 4000 years ago. According to Liu Wenqing, deputy director of Zhangjiakou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, the funerary objects unearthed in this tomb, such as sand-mixed black pottery, polished stone tools and bone implements, are of great significance to the study of Longshan culture and burial customs at that time. [9]?
Cultural relic characteristics
In addition to pottery, Longshan culture has a large number of stone tools, bones and mussels. They are mainly engaged in agriculture, hunting, fishing and raising livestock. Have the habit of physiognomy divination. Bronze may have appeared. Historically, the cultural origins of Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties are all related to Longshan culture.
Longshan culture pottery
The pottery in the early Longshan culture in the Central Plains was mainly gray, mostly hand-made, and the edge of the mouth was generally repaired slowly.
Longshan Culture Pottery (16 pieces)
On the whole, some utensils, such as cans, are also made separately from the pot body and bottom, and a new molding process of "connecting the bottom" is adopted. The firing temperature of grey pottery is about 840℃. In the early period of Longshan culture, some elements of Yangshao culture were still preserved and inherited, such as cups, open pots, folded pots, closed pots and pointed-bottomed bottles, while two-ear pots, three-ear pots, deep-bellied pots and cylindrical pots. In this period, the decorative pattern of pottery was mainly basket pattern, and some pottery was decorated with several or even several additional pile patterns on the basket pattern, mainly for strengthening the body; In the late Longshan culture, the pottery was mainly gray pottery, with red pottery accounting for a certain proportion and black pottery increasing. The firing temperatures of grey pottery and red pottery both reach 1000℃. Handmade is still the main method, but the innovation of wheel-making technology has been further developed, and some pottery has been formed. The main container shapes are cups, plates, bowls, cans, altars, ding, retort, container cover, container seat and emerging containers. The most common decorative patterns are rope patterns and basket patterns, and a small amount of checkered patterns can also be seen.
Great progress has been made in the production method of pottery of Longshan culture in Shandong Province, and the wheel system technology has been widely used. Therefore, the shape of pottery is quite regular, the wall thickness is very uniform, and the output and quality are greatly improved. The pottery of Longshan culture in Shandong Province is mainly black pottery, with few gray pottery, and a small amount of red pottery, yellow pottery and white pottery. The firing temperature of black pottery is 1000℃, red pottery is 950℃, and white pottery is 800-900℃. There are three kinds of black pottery: fine mud, argillaceous and sand. Fine mud is black and shiny, and scholars call it "eggshell black pottery". Eggshell black pottery is the most representative pottery of Longshan culture in Shandong Province, which reflects the highly developed level of pottery industry at that time. Plain or polished surfaces are the most, and decorative patterns are few, mainly chords, scratches, holes and so on. There are many shapes, mainly: bowls, pots, jars, beans, single-ear cups, high-handle cups, ding and so on. This is another one. The grimace tripod leg and round tripod leg in Longshan culture in Shandong Province are the most distinctive, which are rare in other cultures. Black pottery is a kind of black and bright black pottery with thin tire and dense bone. It is the most exquisite pottery in Longshan culture. When black pottery is fired, the surface of the pottery presents a dark black luster by carbonization method of sealing kiln and smoking. Its surface is polished very smoothly, with only some strings, scratches or holes. Black, thin, bright and new are the four characteristics of black pottery. Among them, there is a kind of thin-walled black pottery, which is black and bright and as thin as an eggshell, and is called eggshell pottery, which represents the outstanding achievements of this type of pottery.
Before Chengziya, most of the ancient pottery unearthed in China were painted pottery and red pottery with high sediment concentration, while black pottery with river mud as raw material can be said to be a unique creation of Dongyi people more than 4,000 years ago. The eggshell wall of black pottery unearthed from Chengziya is only 0.5 mm thick and weighs only about 50 grams. It is the best of black pottery. Not to mention the ancients more than 4000 years ago, it is difficult to burn pottery of this color even today. [ 1]?
Longshan culture jadeware
The level of jade making in Longshan culture period has been greatly improved. Judging from the unearthed jade articles of Longshan culture, there are many kinds, most of which are exquisite in shape, crystal clear and round, and of high artistic level. Jade materials used in Longshan culture jade articles are mostly tremolite, including white jade, sapphire, turquoise jade, topaz and jet.
Longshan Culture Jade Articles (22 pieces)
, chalcedony and turquoise. Jade articles of Longshan culture should be made from local materials. The origin of jade is Haiyang (Moyu) in Shandong Province. Baimashan and Jin Meng; Shaanxi Shenmu and Yan' an, etc.
The modeling of jade articles in Longshan culture is mainly geometric modeling and animal modeling. Xuan Ji is a ring with three teeth on its outer edge, and it was the first Xuan Ji in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. There are two kinds of head ornaments: head up and side up. The former wears a crown (flat crown or feather crown), big eyes, big nose, earrings, wide mouth, or fangs; The latter image is simple. Yugui is flat-headed, with many patterns of people, animals or birds on it. The modeling characteristics of fishing songs are long auxiliary without middle ridge and primitive modeling. Teeth are divided into flat head type and divergent head type, which are like dogs in appearance and have teeth on both sides inside.
The decorative patterns of jade articles in Longshan culture can be divided into two types: one is the combination with utensils; The first is the decorative type of utensils. There are straight lines, grid lines, tiger heads, animal faces, human faces and birds. Jade articles in Longshan culture are mainly carved pieces, supplemented by carvings. There are two kinds of lines in decorative patterns: male line carving and female line carving, and the application of male line carving accounts for the majority. An example of mosaic technology can be found in the jade museum of the Dantu site in Wulian, Shandong Province, where turquoise is inlaid in the hole above. The combination process of jadeite and turquoise is unique. This method pioneered the jade inlay technology in Xia and Shang Dynasties. [ 10]?
Longshan Culture Oracle Bone Inscriptions
The layout and structure of Changle Oracle Bone Inscriptions are regular, and some radicals appear many times. Four or five thousand years ago, during the Longshan culture period, Oracle Bone Inscriptions similar to Yin Ruins was made. The symbol of "neat procession" carved on animal Oracle bones is more primitive than Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins, and it is obviously in the transitional state between painting (symbol) and writing.
There should be a certain inheritance relationship between Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which is a new basis to explain the origin of Chinese characters in China.
Longshan cultural figures (5 photos)
These symbols belong to intaglio line engraving, and the strokes are long and thin, mostly arc pens and curved pens, which are crab-shaped, grasshopper-shaped and bird-shaped. Collect more than 0/00 pieces of Oracle Bone Inscriptions/KLOC-0, 2 jade pieces engraved with words, and more than 600 pictures and words. Some of these words are engraved on the bone surface, some on the bone cavity, and some on the head of the bone mortar.
From 2004 to 2007, Xiao Guangde collected 100 pieces of animal bones with patterns on Longshan cultural sites such as Yuanjiazhuang in Changle County. During this period, he made a special trip to Weifang, Beijing and other places to find relevant experts to identify, but most experts think that these patterns are traces of corrosion or moth-eaten, or carved by later generations. In July 2007, Xiao Guangde found Professor Fengjun Liu, director of the Institute of Fine Arts and Archaeology of Shandong University, and found seven animal bones. With years of professional research and appraisal experience, Fengjun Liu realized that this batch of information is extremely important. [ 1 1]?