Case analysis and summary of problem solving ideas
Case analysis: film and television case *2+ text case *3
Film and television case: **2 clips, played in the order of "1, 2, 1, 2". Before playing the clip, read through the topic to find out what information you need to remember when watching the movie, and record the key information on the draft paper first. Write smaller when recording! Leave a little space between lines so that you can write it again or what you think needs to be added; When you answer the question, write the main points first, try to write all the main points (that is your score), and then add the dialogue in the fragment.
Text case: Case types are mainly common psychological problems in life or abnormal psychological problems with related symptoms. ***3 cases, simpler than film and television analysis, all clues are obvious, and the answer must be in the case, so we must closely follow the text reasoning and not be divorced from the text imagination. And pay attention to the way of asking and answering questions.
Key points for answering questions:
1, the answer format of case analysis is basically "1+ 1" format;
When answering questions, don't copy the original words in the case in large sections. Use your own language to organize the information in the case, so as to be concise, clear in logic, unambiguous and not cumbersome. Don't pile up many individual words to form an answer! When writing, try to use 1, 2, 3 sentences and separate paragraphs, such as:
1, (1) Visitors exist * *, which is manifested in ...;
? (2) Visitor * *, in this case ...;
(3)……。
? Sentence beginning and sentence end: the symbolic words of problems, diagnostic criteria and symptoms are clear!
3. If you are sure, state the symptoms clearly. If you are not sure, don't write symptoms.
4. When your mind is confused, don't be confused in your language: don't use words like probably, possibly and so on.
5. Write down the judgments and methods that are close and hard to give up, but don't write too much.
6. Determine the detailed answer according to the assignment of the topic (if the topic gives 9 points, there may be 3 points; If it is 4 points, consider having 2 scoring points; If the score is 15 and your answer is only a few words, there is enough time to be as detailed as possible.
7. Pay attention to the requirements of the case owner; Exaggerate extremely sensitive words, such as death, sex, absolute, extreme, etc.
8. There are descriptions of childhood, personality, family and parents in the text, which should generally appear in the answer.
9. Don't leave blank questions that you can't do. Answer them according to your own life experience, because psychology comes from life!
10, when answering questions, each question has a prescribed answering area, so read it clearly and don't make mistakes;
1 1. Pay attention to neat words when answering questions. It's best to leave a gap between words, and don't crowd together.
Question type:
(1) What's the problem with the parties?
The thinking order is: 1. Abnormal problems (including pathological psychological abnormalities and non-pathological psychological abnormalities (10 general psychological problems); 2. Avoid conflicts and negative emotions; 3. The core problem, that is, what experiences or events the case tells the visitors, is to summarize the general idea of the case.
○ When determining what problems visitors belong to, we should first analyze the situation of the parties from six aspects (when asking questions from the parties, we should also look for answers from these six aspects).
(1) Physical symptoms; (2) emotional expression; (3) Match words with deeds; (4) cognition; (5) events; (6) Dilemma.
△ When the answer is yes, read the meaning of the question clearly. Don't write all six items without seeing the word "how is the performance". Sometimes, the question is conditional, such as "What are the emotional expressions of the parties?"
Verification method: whether the diagnosis of the client's problem can cover all the problems of the visitor, if not, it means there is an error or omission!
○ Pathological psychological abnormality:
1, the name of the disease should be written accurately!
2. generally, this kind of topic will require writing diagnostic basis. When writing the diagnosis basis, please keep in mind the format of "1+ 1", take the diagnosis standard as the framework and the case information as the content, and the sign language of the diagnosis standard should be clear. For example, "* * has compulsive behavior, which is manifested in washing hands repeatedly in cases" (it is also important to note that the diagnostic criteria must correspond to the basis you find, and you can't just find a symptom in a case and put it together with the diagnostic criteria. For example, the diagnostic criterion is "physical anxiety symptoms during the attack", and the corresponding basis is "constantly walking back and forth". It would be wrong to write the corresponding basis as "nervous expression and frown".
Be careful not to miss the curriculum standards, many students forget them easily.
○ Non-pathological psychological abnormality
Features: Occasional, temporary and situational.
☆ Inferiority, depression and psychological fatigue; Withdrawn and timid? ☆ fanaticism, attacks, unreasonable troubles; Paranoid and suspicious
? Cognitive, emotional and behavioral personality
Negative inferiority complex, depression, psychological fatigue, loneliness and cowardice.
Positive fanaticism, attacks, unprovoked troubles, paranoia and delusion.
Inferiority: Low self-evaluation? Cowardice: cowardice.
Depression: emotional decadence, negative loneliness and withdrawn personality.
Mental fatigue: laziness and weakness caused by non-physiological reasons
Fanaticism: irrational and overly enthusiastic emotions and behavioral paranoia: stubbornness.
Aggressiveness: aggressive attack on others, intentional damage to items suspicious: allergic, suspicious.
Fidgety: Anxiety and distress without reasonable reason
Diagnostic basis of general psychological problems;
1, because of real life, work pressure, mistakes and other factors, resulting in inner contradictions, and thus experience bad emotions (such as boredom, regret, regret, self-blame, etc. );
2, bad mood for a month, or bad mood intermittent two months still can't resolve;
3. Adverse emotional reactions are still under a reasonable control to a certain extent, and they can always maintain normal behavior and basically maintain normal life, study and social interaction, but the efficiency has declined;
4. From beginning to end, the stimulating factors of bad emotions are limited to the initial events; Even other events related to the original event will not cause such bad feelings.
Avoid conflicts and negative emotions.
1. Type of avoidance conflict: if there is no way to determine what type of avoidance conflict it belongs to, write avoidance conflict directly.
When you want to answer negative emotions, you can't just write one emotional word. You should state the antecedents, or under what circumstances this emotion was generated or how it was expressed in the case. Therefore, the format is usually "when .....................................................................................................................................................................
(2) What are the causes of the current problems?
This idea is internal and external. External causes are external events or stimuli, or the influence of others on visitors; The internal cause is the visitor himself, including his psychological state (such as emotion, cognitive misinterpretation, defense mechanism, etc. ), personality characteristics, growth experience.
For film and television clips, the external cause is generally explained in the monologue of the film or the self-report of the visitor, and the internal cause is generally analyzed by the consultant. Therefore, when answering the cause question, we should keep in mind the internal and external causes and collect the case information completely.
For written cases, first find out in which paragraph the visitors' questions are expressed, and then go back and find the reasons in the order of case narration. Of course, it is necessary to keep in mind the internal and external causes to check whether the answer is complete.
△ When you answer, you should see the meaning of the question clearly, and don't answer directly when you see the word "why". Sometimes there are conditions in front of the question, such as "why does the party use' death to go west' to describe the death of rabbits?" At this time, you only need to answer the defense mechanism.
○ Common psychological defense mechanism:
1, denied. Refers to a psychological defense mechanism that refuses to admit some aspects of reality, so as to relieve anxiety and pain. ?
? For example, a relative died and thought he was not dead.
2. Depression. It means that a person's desires, emotions and behaviors can't be accepted by society or his own consciousness, but are unconsciously suppressed into the subconscious, making him unconscious and keeping his heart "pure" and "peaceful".
? For example, a female visitor may forget that she was raped for many years. Even if she is reminded, she has no memory, and there is no trace of pretending or covering up this performance on the conscious level. But she may suffer from neurosis because of this depression, in order to maintain a self-esteem from being attacked.
3. projection. It refers to blaming others for one's own fault, or putting one's inner feelings, desires, ideas, etc. Impose things that are not accepted by social norms or self-conscience on others, so as to hide themselves, escape or alleviate their inner anxiety and pain.
For example, selfishness leads to bad interpersonal relationships, on the contrary, others isolate themselves.
4. Reverse formation. It refers to a person's attitude and behavior that is completely opposite to his own desires, motives and ideas. To reduce anxiety and maintain peace.
? For example, people with low self-esteem appear confident.
5. transfer. It means that a person unconsciously turns his desire, emotion or behavior intention to another object to reduce his psychological burden.
For example: angry with the leader, going home to find trouble with his wife.
6. Offset. Refers to a person using symbolic actions, language and behavior to offset the unpleasant things that have happened to make up for his inner guilt.
For example, talk about unlucky words, spit or say auspicious words to offset unlucky or unlucky feelings. Breaking a bowl on New Year's Eve, it is customary to say "Peace through the years!" .
7. Rationalization. It refers to a person's practice of finding reasons for his behavior or situation that can be recognized by himself and society.
? For example, inedible grapes are sour.
8. sublimation. It refers to the activity that a person guides his repressed instinctive desire to be accepted and praised by the society.
? For example, after being lovelorn, you are not depressed or cynical. Instead, we can vent our depressed emotions by striving for progress, writing poems and novels, so as to eliminate anxiety, regain self-confidence and maintain inner balance.
9. go backwards. Also known as regression, it means that when a person encounters difficulties, he gives up the mature coping skills and methods he has learned, and uses the original naive way to deal with difficulties and satisfy his own desires. Degeneration is common among children and adults. Clinically, hysteria and hypochondria are common in this retrogression.
For example, you can't hit others, you can't roll on the ground.
10, compensation. It means that individuals use some methods to make up for their physical or psychological defects, so as to cover up their inferiority complex and insecurity. The so-called "lost corner, harvested Sang Yu" is this role. ? For example, developing physical education because of poor academic performance.
Common cognitive misinterpretation
Cognitive bias argument question characteristic logic question characteristic conclusion example: I got 70 points in English test.
Natural degree
It's okay to exaggerate or shrink. Reasoning is distorted and unchangeable. I did badly in the exam.
Absolute either-or, taking something as the standard, pushing the natural category to the extreme, saying that the possibility will inevitably change, which is not good in the exam. I have no hope.
Over-extension is fine. Nature has been pushed to the extreme.
Online, serious and qualitative
My English is poor.
Cover the whole with one side
Selective generalization
With less wins more, push the whole category to the extreme.
Incompleteness is not inevitable.
Look at the big picture I always fail in English exams.
Selective passive gaze, multiple theories, less attention to rest.
Incompleteness is not inevitable.
For example, I was the only one who didn't do well in the exam.
Arbitrary inference is no problem, and there is no reasonable causal relationship. If you fail English, you will fail math, too.
Emotional reasoning is based on emotion. Emotional generalization is variable. I can't do well in the English exam any more.
Personalization is very good, inappropriate self-attribution changes, I am dragging the class back.
It should be tilted. No problem. Inappropriate goal-oriented change. I deserve 90 points.
Labeling is no problem. Exaggerated, rigid and fixed. I am a poor student.
Cognitive bias? Contrast defense mechanism? Cognitive bias: causes anxiety. I got 70 points in analytical logic. I am a poor student. what can I do?
Defense mechanism: resolve anxiety and analyze symptoms. I am a poor student, so it doesn't matter if I get 70 points.
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Common personality characteristics
Sensitive, suspicious, self-abased, melancholy, pessimistic and stubborn.
Personality defect or disorder
(3) How to help visitors?
Answer frame:
1. Listen to visitors patiently, understand their feelings, let them fully vent their emotions, and give them full support and encouragement.
2. Specific solutions: solving the problem itself+solving the causes of the problem.
3. Seek the support of family members and schools of visitors (as the case may be).
4. In severe cases, visitors are advised to take medicine according to the doctor's advice and make a referral (as the case may be).
For the specific solution of 2 in the framework, the idea of this step is as follows:
(2- 1) If it is an abnormal problem, solve the problem itself first: combining with the case, answer the abnormal problem with conventional methods, which generally come from the suggestions in the book.
Such as phobia, this is an abnormal problem, and its conventional treatment methods include systematic desensitization, exposure therapy, relaxation training and so on. Therefore, the answer can be written as: "Using systematic desensitization therapy, working with visitors to develop a rating scale for their fear of * *, and gradually desensitizing with relaxation training, so as to help visitors overcome their fear of * *."
(2-2) The reason for solving the problem.
Whether it is an abnormal problem or not, we must solve the cause of the problem, so as to fundamentally help visitors. The idea is to provide solutions and strategies for each or every cause, and the strategies should be operable. (Tips: If there is unreasonable cognition in the cause, cognitive therapy can be used).
For example, the reasons that cause visitors' phobia in the case are: 1, and his mother often scares him that dogs will eat him; Tourists think that dogs are extremely ferocious animals and treat people as food.
The answer should be based on these two reasons. The first reason is that if the visitor is a child, he can communicate with his mother and make her realize the impact of this on the child. Don't scare the child so casually in the future. If the guard is an adult, it can help him realize that his mother said these things just to scare him, but she said them casually. Dogs don't actually eat people. The second reason, cognitive therapy, combined with many examples of people getting along well with dogs, can help visitors change their misconceptions about dogs.
For another example, the problem of visitors is inferiority complex, and the unfeasible solution is to "let visitors improve their self-confidence". Dare you ask him to improve his self-confidence, can he improve it? The practical way is to "discover his advantages with the visitor, such as better academic performance, and let him see his own advantages, thus helping the visitor to improve his self-confidence."
For psychological troubles other than abnormal problems, directly solving the causes of the troubles can alleviate or solve the troubles.
Common errors:
1, the answer is only half.
For example, "counselors can help visitors through cognitive therapy, systematic desensitization and exposure therapy."
Comments: When writing a method, at least write the general idea of using this method and the expected effect.
Improvement: Psychological counselors can correct the wrong cognition of "failure is only a dead end" through cognitive therapy and help him establish a new cognition, that is, "failure is the mother of success, and you can learn from failure and work hard for the next step"
Improvement: Through systematic desensitization therapy, we worked out a rating scale about their test anxiety with the visitors, and combined with relaxation training to gradually desensitize, thus helping the visitors to overcome their test anxiety. "。
2, the answer is not operable, imperative answer.
For example: "Let visitors communicate with classmates actively"
Comment: Please think about this answer by yourself. As soon as you say it, tourists will do as you say? First of all, tourists don't know what to do; Secondly, visitors may have difficulties in this respect. Do you think he will have the courage to do it if his difficulties are not solved? In particular, this case shows that the visitor has difficulties in this respect and must solve his difficulties.
Improvement: Help visitors master some interpersonal communication methods, encourage visitors to try these methods, and actively communicate with consultants when encountering difficulties.
Improvement: discuss with the visitor the difficulties he encountered in communicating with his classmates, help the visitor analyze the causes of these difficulties, and find ways to deal with them, thus encouraging the visitor to communicate with others.
3. Confuse the subject who gives help.
Sometimes the topic will ask "what help can the school provide"; "What help parents can provide"; What improvements can tourists make themselves? Then you have to consider what concrete and feasible measures and methods the subject can do to help the client. The help they give is different from that of the consultant.
4. The topic asks, "What advice can I give visitors?"
The suggestion is to give the visitor some concrete and feasible measures and methods, which he can do by himself. This topic is different from "How to help visitors". "How to help visitors" is asking for the advice of consultants.
(1) "Talk about how you handle/help visitors" (2) "List some ways to help visitors" (3) "Help visitors in one way".
(1)(2) The answer is the same. You can only answer all the measures and methods that you can think of that are helpful to the visitor's question itself and the reasons for the problem, but when you answer, you should specify what problems these measures or methods are used to solve and what role they play. No write step is required.
"Cognitive therapy is used to help visitors find out the irrationality of their cognition and then establish a reasonable cognition. Because cognitive problems are improved, visitors' problems can also be improved. "
"Through relaxation training, help visitors master some relaxation skills to relieve their anxiety symptoms."
"Analyze the pros and cons of resignation with visitors, discuss how to solve these drawbacks, and reduce the conflict between visitors about whether to resign."
(3) Only one method can be used to limit the topic, so you should choose the method that is most suitable for the case and answer the case according to the steps of this method.
For example, for the problem of visitors, we can adopt the method of * *:
First of all, ...
Second, ...
(Note the case information here, and it is not enough to write out the specific steps of this method. )
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(4) Others
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1, Family Psychological Counseling, Little Red Book P434-P438, memorize the characteristics of children corresponding to each parent-child relationship type, their influence on children and suggestions. When you answer the exam, you should combine the case and never copy the advice given in the book.
2. The technology commonly used in the case is P32 1-P33 1.
3, the object of psychological counseling
The object of psychological counseling is normal people, or patients who have recovered or are recovering after counseling.
Conditions of psychological counseling object
(1) Normal intelligence.
(2) Appropriate content (psychological problems are more appropriate)
(3) The personality is basically normal
(4) Appropriate incentives
(5) Reactions such as distress, anxiety and fear.
(6) Have communication skills
(7) Trust consultation
4. Professional ethics of consultants
(1) self-knowledge
(2) A healthy mental state
(3) the value orientation of helping others.
(4) sense of responsibility
5. Consultant's professional ethics
(1) Equality-Don't discriminate against helpers because of various factors.
(2) informality-let customers know the nature, characteristics and limitations of consultation.
(3) Desirability-It should be discussed and agreed with the visitor.
(4) Neutrality-it has nothing to do with visitors except consultation.
(5) Responsibility-When you find yourself unfit to work with visitors, you should explain or recommend to him in a responsible manner.
(6) confidentiality-observe the principle of confidentiality
6, empathy, impedance and referral related knowledge
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