On Liangshan Mountain, 6 kilometers north of Ganxian County. The local area is commonly known as Gupo Ridge. It is more than 80 kilometers away. This is the tomb of Tang Gaozong Li Zhi and Zetian Emperor Wu Zhao.
Ganling is located in Ganxian County, Gu Gan. Its geographical location is in the northwest of Chang 'an (Jin 'an), and Bagua is in the northwest. Therefore, the state is named Ganling after the county, so it is called Ganling. After the completion of the mausoleum, the county was called Fengtian because of its mausoleum. Ganling is large in scale and imposing. There are rocks, Cui Wei and Leopard Valley in the east, and desert valley in the west. Huang Chao soldiers once called it Huang Chao Valley. The three peaks stand tall, and the northern peak is the highest and most graceful, with an altitude of 1047.9 meters, which is the main body of Ganling; Naner Xiaofeng confronts east and west, becoming the natural gateway of Ganling, commonly known as Naitou Mountain locally. According to state records, two peaks stand opposite each other, with the highest peak in the north and Jiuzhang (mountain name, in Liquan County, where Zhaoling is located in Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong) in the east. According to the Records of Chang 'an, there are 60 portraits of famous ministers such as Di in the original hero ancestral hall beside Naitou Mountain.
The original ground buildings in Ganling imitate the format of Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty. It is 80 miles around and has two walls, namely, the inner city and the outer city. There are four gates in the inner city, namely Zhuque Gate in the south, Xuanwu Gate in the north (the first gate is called Houzai Gate), Qinglong Gate in the east and Baihumen in the west. The four gates are 2.7 meters wide, and the inner wall is equal in north and south, each with a length of 1.450 meters. The east wall is1.582m long, the west wall is1.438m long, the wall thickness is 2.4m, and the total area of the inner city is 2.4 million square meters. The soil in Ganling was taken from the original site of Wushu and manually transported to the construction site, involving 50,000 migrant workers. The construction took 33 years and the project was huge. There will be two major transformations in the future. According to Tang records, in the 14th year (798), Li Shizhen built 378 houses in five tombs of Xian, Zhao, Gan, Ding and Tai. The reconstruction of the Jin Dynasty, according to the Travels of Du Jintong Lu Jing Lang Jun, said: "By the time of Ganling, the temple had been abandoned and there was nothing to see. I was ordered to have a teacher, a dove with ornaments and cloisters everywhere. " However, these two projects failed to catch up with the initial scale.
Li Zhi, Emperor Gaozong, was another emperor after Li Shimin, who reigned for 34 years (650-683). During his reign, he had the "rule of the eternal emblem" in advance. In March of the fifth year of Yonghui (654), Taizong chose Wu Shi, a gifted scholar, as a ritual symbol, and in October of the following year, he made her the queen. In the early stage, he was considered to be the king who ruled the world. Later, he failed in politics and Japan, and Wu Shi, who believed in Buddhism, even ignored politics and became a bad king. In December of the first year of Hongdao (683), Emperor Li Zhi collapsed in the Zhenguan Hall in Luoyang. In August, the first year of Tang Ruizong Li Dan civilization (684), Emperor Gaozong was buried in Ganling. According to the biography of marquis of Tang Dynasty, Geng Yin was buried in Ganling in the first year of civilization. According to geographical records, Fengtian County (now Ganxian County) is the first year of civilization, and the longevity of Liquan, Shiping, Qi Hao, Wugong, Yizhou and other places is analyzed, and it is designated as Fenggan Mausoleum.
In the winter of the fifth year of Emperor Gaozong Yonghui (654), the Waiguo of Chang 'an City was built. Xue Jing, who joined the army in Yongzhou, stopped him and said: Emperor Hui of Han Dynasty built Chang 'an and died soon. Since you are building a city, there will be a catastrophe. Yu Zhining and others said that the declaration was not smooth, so they asked the emperor to kill Xuan Jing. Emperor Li Zhi said, "No, although Xuan Jing is a little arrogant, you are afraid to be speechless if you blame him. No one dares to comment." Therefore, Xue was acquitted. This is one of the examples of the early reign of Emperor Gaozong.
Wu Zetian, whose real name is Qi, was born in Wenshui (now Wenshui, Shanxi). She is the daughter of Wu Shihuo, the governor of Lizhou, and Ying Guogong. At the age of 65,438+04, he was regarded as a talent by Emperor Taizong and Li Shimin. When Li Zhi was a prince, he worked for Emperor Taizong and was very popular with Wu Cairen. After the collapse of Emperor Taizong, Wu Cai and other concubines left Ganye Temple and became nuns. On the fifth anniversary of the collapse of Emperor Taizong, Emperor Taizong went to the temple to make incense. When he saw the military personnel crying for it, the queen heard about it and Yin let her grow long hair in the harem. Wu is smart, wise and powerful. He entered the palace at the beginning of several years and bowed to the queen. The queen called it glamorous, and he had a lot of luck. The next year, she became a queen and participated in the political affairs. She was called the Queen of Heaven, and she was also called the Second Saint with Emperor Gaozong. In the first year of Hongdao, Li Xian ascended the throne. Only three months later, he was abolished as King of Luling by Wuhou and moved to Zhangzhou and Zhou Jun. Li Dan became an emperor for Zongrui, and his politics depended on Wuhou. In March of the first year of Zong Rui civilization (684), he killed Prince Li Xian (Wu Zetian was rehabilitated and buried in Ganling after her death). In September this year, the era of civilization was changed to the calendar year of Wuhou Guangzhai. Later, it was changed to the calendar year of hanging arch, Yongchang, Zaichu and Tiancai. In September of the first year of Tiancai (690), the title of Tang Dynasty was changed to Zhou Dynasty, and the emperor was honored as the Holy Spirit Emperor. Li Dan, the king of danger, was the heir, and Wu was renamed. Wu's ancestral hall was established in Chang 'an, the capital of God, with Wu as Wang Wei and Wu Sansi as Liang Wang. He has been in power for 2 1 year. She started the imperial examination system and took the Gong Shi examination herself. She appointed cruel officials and promoted Dayu many times. Many royalty and courtiers were unjustly killed, including (Prince), Li Zhongrun (Prince Yide), Li Xianhui (Princess Yongtai) and princes Li and Li. In his later years, Wu Zhao was extravagant, bossy, and engaged in graft more seriously. In the first month of the first year of Shenlong (705), Wu Zhao fell ill. Prime Minister Zhang Jianzhi, Tianguan Assistant Minister Cui, Zhongtai Youcheng Jing Hui, Siqing Huan, Sima Yi, General Li Duozuo, Right Kingsguard General Yang, Zuo Weiwei General Xue Sixing and others participated in the coup. Zhongzong Li Xian was restored, and Wu Zhaozun was the Great Sage and moved to Yang Palace. This year 1 1 month, the Great Sage Emperor Wu Zhao died in Shangyang Palace at the age of 82. In May of the second year of Shenlong (706), he was buried in Ganling.
In addition to the main mausoleum, there are 17 buried tombs in Ganling, including two princes (Li Xian, the second son of Wu Zetian, and Li Zhongrun, the grandson of Wu Zetian); The four princesses are Princess Yiyang, the eldest daughter of Li Zhi, Princess Yongtai, the granddaughter of Wu Zetian, Princess Xindu, the eldest daughter of Li Xian, and Princess Anxing, the third daughter of Li Dan, Zong Rui. The three kings were Ze Wang Li, born with Wu Zetian, Xu Wang Li, born with Xiao Feisheng, and Li Shouli, the grandson of Wu Zetian. The eight courtiers were General Shang Zuojun Liu and Liu, General Proofreading, General Long Youjun Xue, General Shang Zuojun Gao Kan, Governor Wang, Prime Minister Yang Zai Si, General Zuo, and left-back Wang Yudan. There are also two tombs connected with it, namely Liu Rui, the third son of Liu, and Liu Tingjing, the son of Liu. Most of the above two princes, three kings and four princesses were killed by Wu Zetian, who was not allowed to be buried with Gan Ling at that time. After the death of Wu Zetian, she was rehabilitated by Li Xian, Zong Rui Li Dan and Li Longji, and then entered the burial area with Gan Ling. Originally ethnic minorities, they were given the surname Li and the name Jingxing because of their meritorious service in guarding the northeast and north, and then entered the burial area.
There is no building on the ground of Ganling, but the stone carvings are breathtaking, lifelike in shape and vivid in expression, and the knives are vigorous and delicate, mainly distributed on both sides of Imperial Road, in front of Suzaku Gate and outside Xuanwu Gate. On both sides of the imperial road, starting from the nipple mountain of the southern finches, they are arranged in turn to the north. There are 65,438+0 pairs of octagonal watches, 65,438+0 pairs of cirrus winged flying horses, 65,438+0 pairs of suzaku (ostrich), 5 pairs of pommel horses, and 65,438+pairs of guards and generals with crowns, waists and swords. Prince Tuhuoluo solved Dajian; King Pirooz III of Persia; Wang Suji of Qiuci; Yu Kunguo, Wei and so on. In addition, there are six stone horses outside Xuanwu Gate, which are called Six Dragons. There are 1 pairs of stone lions guarding the portal outside the four doors. On the east and west sides of Zhuquemen, there are inscriptions and wordless monuments inscribed by Wu Zetian.
The monument is 6.3 meters high, with a top cover and a base at the bottom. The middle five sections are steles, and the whole stele has seven sections, so it is called "seven-section steles". The inscription was written by Wu Zetian and Tang Zhongzong Li Xian, with more than 8,000 words, praising Tang Gaozong's literary martial arts. The strokes are covered with gold, and the gold of a single word still exists today. Its monument was built in August of the first year of Tang Ruizong civilization.
The tablet without words is the same height as the aforementioned tablet, with a width of 1.8m and a thickness of1.3m. The tablet forehead is engraved with 8 messages from Premier Guo, and the tablet lines are engraved with dragon patterns. When the monument was first erected, the word 1 was not engraved, so it was called a wordless monument. According to the Records of Chang 'an, in the eighty-mile section of Ganling, there is a monument without the word Yu Guojin. There are always different opinions and speculations about why there are no words on the tablet above. Some people say that Wu Zetian has made great achievements, and her words are indescribable. She also took out the words of Confucius in The Analects, which are not well known to the people. Some people say that Wu Shi usurped the Tang Dynasty, fearing that the world would shovel out the words, so as not to carve them at all, so as not to shovel them later; Some say that Wu Shi does not talk about merits and demerits, leaving it to future generations to comment; There is also a saying that the answer should be found on the question of who set up the tablet and when. A reasonable analysis of this statement is logical. The man who erected the tablet without words was Tang Zhongzong Li Xian, in the second year of Shenlong (706). Dragon was originally the title of Wu Zhao. In the first month of the first year of Shenlong, Wu Zhao fell ill, and Prime Minister Zhang Jian and others staged a coup, threatening Wu Zhao, who was still ill, to return to politics. In this case, Zhongzong was reinstated and still used the Year of the Dragon after the reset. In November of the first year of Shenlong, Wu Zhao died of illness. Zhongzong experienced two changes: seizing power and restoring power, and two processes: from Tang Dynasty to Zhou Dynasty and from Zhou Dynasty to Tang Dynasty. He witnessed Wu's ruthless killing of Li, and he knew it like the back of his hand. As a junior, it's against my will to say that she is better than ethics and Dali, so he decided to set up a tablet without words.
Ganling is a typical mausoleum with mountains as its mausoleum, located in the 18th Mausoleum of the Tang Dynasty in Guanzhong. The stone gate of the tomb is located on the southern slope of Liangshan, and it enters the mountainside in a slope. It is 63 meters long and 4 meters wide. It is made of more than 4000 stone strips, divided into 30 layers, and every three layers are connected by iron bars. Stone bars are tied with iron bolts, and gaps are filled with iron juice to form a whole, which is recorded in Don Yao Hui.
Before liberation, these historical sites and cultural relics were not properly protected, and the buildings on the ground were already crumbling. Nine times out of ten, the stone carvings left behind are either broken, some are buried in the soil, and some stone heads are knocked off, causing damage to cultural relics.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Ganling Cultural Relics Protection Center was established, and 1975 renovated Ganling. The stone carving is upright, inclined and upright, and the residual standing is completed, and the Huabiao, Shima and Shishi are all restored to their original positions. The dead forest was afforested, and the barren hills in the past were covered with green clothes. Some graves were buried with the dead, and a new Chen showroom was built, making the old mausoleum a new one.
Liu Bowen s Poems of Ganling in Ming Dynasty: The Source of Ancient Poems of Ganling;
Wang Fanyan is stacked on top of each other.
Naturally, it is a big scene, and Qishan looks at Zhaoling.
1960, Guo Moruo traveled to Ganling and wrote a poem: The ancient poem "Ganling" Source: The monument is still there, and 60 guests are in the open air.
The crown is full of cultural relics, weighing the intelligence of the female emperor.
Huang Chao ditch is safe in the mausoleum, and the description of virtue and discipline will not be handed down.
The restart of the secluded palace is also expected to reverse the verdict and continue to write a new chapter.
Ganling is a national key cultural relics protection unit.
Ganling is a national 4A-level scenic spot.