Listen, show love and respect.
What is the humanistic view? Explain it in detail.
Humanism has at least two meanings.
Historically, humanism is a philosophical and literary movement, which originated in Italy in the second half of this century and spread to other European countries. It constitutes an element of modern western culture. Humanism also refers to any philosophy that recognizes the value and dignity of human beings, takes human beings as the yardstick, or takes human nature, human limitations and human interests as the theme. The former is a basic aspect of the Renaissance. Thinkers at that time reintegrated people into the natural and historical world from this aspect and explained people from this angle. In this sense, humanism is one of the basic conditions for the scientific revolution in the17th century, so it is also the condition for the birth of "scientism" to some extent. /kloc-fundamentalism since the 0/7th century and naturalism since the end of19th century are not opposed to Renaissance humanism. The humanistic movement in history is the antithesis of supernatural belief and medieval Aristotemism. Besides historical humanism, we are now discussing contemporary humanism. People usually think that contemporary humanism is "subject philosophy". Because philosophers have different understandings of "subject", in this sense, "humanism" is ambiguous. If the philosophy derived from Descartes' "I think" and Kant's transcendental self is regarded as humanism, then neo-Kantianism is a typical humanism. We don't talk about whether individual neo-Kantians belong to philosophers in humanistic thoughts. Generally speaking, neo-Kantians strive to inherit Kant's program of laying a scientific foundation, especially natural science (Marburg School) and cultural science (Freiburg School). Their self-priming is universal, unexperienced and impersonal, which is fundamentally different from the experiential self emphasized by humanists. Moreover, Neo-Kantianism pays special attention to the value of science, which is precisely the characteristic of "scientism", which is quite different from humanism that emphasizes personal value. Secondly, as a school of "subject philosophy" or "consciousness philosophy", Husserl's phenomenology can also be called humanism. Like Kant, he took himself as the starting point and tried to lay the foundation for scientific knowledge. The difference is that he turned to "essential intuition" and completed the work of forming objectivity in a descriptive way. Early anti-psychology made him regard logical structure as "truth itself". Husserl's "I think" is different from Kant's "I think" and is not impersonal, but the transcendental basis of objectivity does not need a subject or subjectivity, but a pluralistic, inter-subjective and atomistic basis. Is this basic theory humanistic? Yes, if we regard any "subjective philosophy" as humanism. However, humanism is characterized by the primacy of human beings, and Husserl "corrected" the "I" in daily language and daily life by phenomenology. He doesn't defend philosophy for people's demands, but he cares about making philosophy a strict science. In this way, the phenomenology of idealism does not belong to the category of humanism.
Thirdly, M. Scheler's anti-value philosophy, which originated from "philosophical anthropology" of phenomenology, emphasizes that personality is the center of moral action and seems to be consistent with humanism. But individualism does not regard man as a measure of good and evil. Some individualists understand individualism as a philosophy that people constantly strive to reduce to the level of ideas or things and pay full attention to the contemporary cultural crisis. This change of individualism makes it closer to humanitarianism. However, individualists still pay little attention to individuals' ability to build themselves, but pay more attention to their ability to accommodate others and open to a value order. Therefore, individualism is not a complete humanism. The popular individualism or idealism in America (centered on Boston University) is usually called humanism. Fourthly, we found a truly complete humanitarianism in Sartre's existentialism philosophy. His book Being and Being is the concentrated expression of phenomenology, existentialism philosophy and humanism, and also the full development of humanism. Existentialists concluded: "There is no other world except human world and human subject world." As a typical humanism, existentialism and naturalism are incompatible. Fifthly, Dilthey and his successors' methodological hermeneutics emphasized that social humanities needed to understand the text or social and historical phenomena, which was obviously different from natural science's explanation of the studied phenomena with general laws. Understanding and explanation are two different scientific methods. However, naturalism insists on the continuity of scientific methods, and all natural objects and phenomena, including people, can be scientifically explained by applying general laws, thinking that only in this way can real scientific knowledge be obtained. In this way, methodological hermeneutics is opposite to naturalism. Hermeneutics is also incompatible with epistemological foundationalism in denying the certainty of truth. Therefore, in the whole field of philosophy, early hermeneutics can be said to belong to the category of humanism, as opposed to scientism.
What is the therapeutic principle of humanistic psychology
Humanistic psychotherapy is an innovative movement of American contemporary western psychology after World War II. Humanistic psychologists believe that psychology should focus on the study of human value and personality development. They are all opposed to Freud's psychoanalysis, which attributed consciousness experience to a basic driving force or defense mechanism, and opposed to treating consciousness as an incidental phenomenon of behavior. With regard to human values and therapeutic principles, most humanistic psychologists agree with Plato's and Rousseau's idealistic views that human nature is good and life is shaped by oneself. People are born without evil nature and impulse. Although the ideas in our minds make us real people, they are carefully cultivated by us. People regard self-realization as the basic motive force of lifelong pursuit, growth and progress, so people can be improved through education and an ideal society is possible. But if a person hides evil thoughts in his heart, pain will follow him, just like a wheel pulling a cart with an ox.
Humanistic psychotherapy regards people as a unity, explains people's behavior from their overall personality, regards self-realization as an innate tendency, and thinks that it should be analyzed from the subjective reality of visitors rather than the objective angle of therapists. The patient-centered therapy founded by the famous American psychologist Rogers can be regarded as the concentrated embodiment of humanistic psychotherapy.
When the individual's perception of his own environment is not in harmony with his explanation of the environment, he deceives himself to avoid facing it and solve it unrealistically, thus creating psychological problems and obstacles. The purpose of humanistic psychotherapy is to make patients consciously put aside the cloak of self-deception and accept and face the reality. This therapy emphasizes that people have great potential to understand and improve their behavior. In psychotherapy, the therapist should first master the real experience, show understanding, sympathy, care and respect to the visitor, accept and be willing to listen to his talk, and not give any explanation, interference or control to the visitor's behavior. After that, let visitors find their lost confidence, because anyone who loses himself often loses his independent ability in order to please others. At this time, the therapist must use the principle of "non-guidance" to encourage the parties to try their best to restore lost confidence. Don't interfere. Thirdly, after encouraging visitors to go out of their own world and find back their lost confidence, therapists must further encourage patients to be a judge who can make independent values on things, embody their independent personality and have their own life world. Finally, it is necessary to cultivate the growth ability of visitors. Therapists should let patients know that they will encounter difficulties at any time in their life journey to adapt to the environment, and there is no panacea in the world. Only by constantly growing up in adversity can we achieve the realm of self-realization. In this treatment environment, the patient's internal potential resources can be brought into full play, he can tell the crux of his heart, and he can also have a clear understanding of himself, so as to achieve the therapeutic effect.
Although many people in the world will object to humanistic therapy, and think that psychological counselors have not given substantive solutions in the consultation process, or even given almost no constructive suggestions in the whole consultation process, but only repeated the words of visitors, who can't find their own problems and can't extricate themselves, and think that such consultation is meaningless, I still think that people-oriented psychotherapy methods should be respected. Because the therapist is no longer the leader of psychological counseling, visitors become the only monologue on this stage, analyzing themselves, instead of letting others evaluate themselves and helping themselves out of the predicament. It is not so much counseling as self-salvation. Humanistic psychologists make visitors fully feel the value of themselves, and they only play the role of listeners and indirect guides, so that every visitor can have a high sense of accomplishment because they have solved their own confusion.
What are the three principles of humanistic psychological counseling?
What are the three principles of humanistic psychological counseling cycle? On the day of launch, search.
How to understand the self-concept and phenomenon field in humanistic theory (that is, the topic of psychological counseling)
Rogers advocates process philosophy and opposes anything fixed, rigid and unchangeable. He has never clearly and systematically expounded the systematic method of non-guiding teaching, but we can still find the following implementation strategies of "non-guiding teaching" from his basic theoretical assumptions. First, teachers should firmly believe in themselves and have full confidence in students' independent thinking and self-learning ability. Second, teachers should shoulder the responsibility of teaching activities together with others. Curriculum planning, teaching management, budget and policy formulation should all be the responsibility of a group. Third, teachers provide students with learning materials. Fourth, students explore their own interests. In the process of exploration, everyone chooses his own learning methods and is responsible for the results of these choices, thus forming his own learning plan. Fifth, provide an atmosphere conducive to learning, full of sincerity, care and understanding. Sixth, students pay attention to experience in the learning process. Although the learning content is important, it is second. Seventh, emphasize self-training, and students regard training as their own responsibility. Eighth, pay attention to self-evaluation. Feedback from group members or teachers will also affect students' self-evaluation. Finally, in this growth-promoting atmosphere, learning activities are effectively carried out. (4) The New Teacher-student Relationship in Non-instructional Teaching Rogers positioned the teacher as a "facilitator" and thought that the teacher should not be a traditional controller, but should focus on the role of "facilitator" and perform related tasks in the teaching process. In his view, the role of teachers is mainly manifested in the following aspects: first, to help students lead out and clarify problems; The second is to help students organize materials and help provide a wider range of learning activities; Third, serve students as a flexible resource; The fourth is to participate in activities as a member of the study group; Fifth, take the initiative to share your feelings with team members. Rogers believes that in order to play the role of facilitator, teachers should handle well the interpersonal relationship with students. Therefore, teachers are required to pay attention to the following points: first, sincerity. Teachers must take off their masks, be honest with their students, speak freely without any hypocrisy. The second is to accept. Acceptance is sometimes called trust and return. Teachers should share the pain and pressure when students encounter problems, and share the joy and happiness when students make progress. The third is understanding. As a facilitator, teachers need to understand and understand students' inner feelings from the perspective of students, instead of examining students' everything with teachers' standards.
The basic concept of humanism
It opposes the psychoanalysis school that only takes sick people as the research object and regards people as instinctive victims, and also opposes the behaviorism school that regards people as physical and chemical objects. It advocates studying issues that are meaningful to human progress and caring about human values and dignity. Ignoring the restriction and influence of the times and social environment on human innate potential.
What is humanism?
Humanism is a free translation of German anthropology and also a translation of humanism. The Greek etymology antropos and logos means the theory of human harmony. Usually refers to humanistic materialism, which is a metaphysical materialism theory that objectifies life. Represented by Feuerbach in Germany and Chernyshevski in Russia19th century. Feuerbach called his philosophy "humanitarianism" or "humanitarian principle in philosophy" because he confused vulgar materialism with general materialism and avoided or even opposed the term "materialism". Chernyshevski also called his materialism "humanitarianism" and named his philosophical works "Humanitarian Principles in Philosophy". They all oppose the division of soul and body into two independent entities, and oppose the idealistic view that soul is regarded as primary. But the people they know are only natural people in the biological sense, just abstract ordinary people, not social people. They don't examine people in connection with specific history and social practice, so they can't see the sociality of people.
In modern western philosophy, the word humanism has been distorted by some idealist philosophers. For example, Scheler, a German phenomenologist, and klages, a fascist theorist, both talked about "philosophical humanism" or "humanitarianism" or "personality" with "the unity of spirit and flesh" as the object. Their "humanism" is an idealistic theory that promotes irrationalism and racism.
The answer to the question is "Man is freedom".
① and ② are Nietzsche's voluntarism views; (3) It is a pragmatic view; ⑤ is18th century British idealist philosopher Becker's subjective idealism.
② "Life itself is a powerful will", and Nietzsche's original words should be "Life itself is a will to power".
The main points of humanistic education view
Humanism theory
It is one of the main schools of contemporary American psychology. It was founded by American psychologist Maslow (A.H. Maslow), and its current representatives are
C.R. Rogers' humanism is against the tendency to vulgarize and animalize people's psychology, so it is called "think twice" in psychology.
Tide.
1. Maslow's self-realization theory
Maslow believes that the psychological driving force of human behavior is not sexual instinct, but human needs. He divided them into two categories.
Seven levels, like a pyramid, are physiological needs, security needs, belonging and love needs from bottom to top.
The needs of respect, cognition, aesthetics and self-realization. Before people meet the needs of a higher level, they should
Less must first partially meet the needs of the lower level. The first demand belongs to the lack of demand, which can be stimulated by scarcity.
What people and animals have, once satisfied, the tension is eliminated, the excitement is reduced, and the motivation is lost. The second category needs to belong to
Growth needs can generate growth motivation, which is unique to human beings and comes from the heart beyond survival satisfaction.
The desire for development and the need to realize its potential. In order to meet this need, individuals can enter a state of psychological freedom, body
The essence and value of modern people have produced a profound sense of happiness, which Maslow called "peak experience". Maslow believes that human beings
* * * has the inner essence of truth, goodness, beauty, righteousness and joy, and has the same values and moral standards to realize human self.
The key to my realization lies in improving people's "self-knowledge" or self-awareness, so that people can realize their inner potential or value.
This kind of psychology is to promote people's self-realization.
2. Rogers' self-theory.
Newborn babies have no self-concept. As he or she interacts with others and the environment, he or she
) began to slowly distinguish between myself and non-me. When the initial self-concept is formed, people's self-realization tends to
Inspired by self-realization motivation, children try various activities in the environment and produce these activities.
Lots of experience. Through the automatic evaluation process of the body, some experiences will make him feel satisfied and happy, and some will be immediate.
On the contrary, satisfying a pleasant experience will make children seek preservation and reproduction, while not satisfying an unpleasant experience will make children do their best.
Avoid. Among the positive experiences of children, one is the experience of being cared for by others, and the other is the experience of being cared for by others.
Experience of others' respect Unfortunately, the satisfaction of children's needs for care and respect depends entirely on others. Who?
People (including parents) decide whether to care for their children according to their own values and behavior standards.
And respect, so the care and respect of others are conditional, and these conditions reflect the values of parents and society.
Rogers called this condition value condition, and children's constant experience of these value conditions through their own behavior will make them feel uncomfortable.
Consciously internalize these values belonging to parents or others, become a part of the self-structure, and gradually children are
Forced to give up evaluating experience according to one's own physical evaluation process and become evaluating with one's own internalized social value norms.
Experience makes children's self and experience alienated. When experience and self conflict, individuals
You will have a premonition of being threatened, which will lead to anxiety. When I feel that the experience is inconsistent with myself, I will use prevention.
Imperial mechanism (distortion, denial, selective perception) to deal with experience, so that it can achieve self at the level of consciousness.
Consistent. If the defense is successful, the individual will not have adaptation obstacles, and if the defense fails, there will be psychological adaptation obstacles.
The goal of Rogers' human-centered therapy is to remove the internalized self that does not belong to him.
Close, find your own thoughts, feelings and behavior patterns, in Rogers' words, "change back to yourself" and "behind the mask"
Outward-looking ",only in this way can people give full play to their personal role. The essence of humanism is to let people know themselves.
The essence of oneself no longer depends on foreign values, which makes people trust again and relies on the evaluation process of the body to deal with experience.
Eliminate the values imposed on him by the external environment through internalization, and let people freely express their thoughts and feelings.
The healthy development of sex.
Humanism emphasizes the cultivation of psychological qualities and personality characteristics such as love, creation, self-expression, autonomy and responsibility, which has a far-reaching impact on modern education. As the founder of humanistic psychology, Maslow fully affirmed human dignity and value and actively advocated the realization of human potential. Rogers, another important representative, also emphasized human self-expression, emotion and subjective acceptance. He believes that the goal of education is to cultivate a sound personality and must create a positive growth environment. Humanistic teaching thought not only pays attention to the development of cognition in teaching, but also pays attention to the development law of students' emotion, interest and motivation in teaching. "It pays attention to the understanding of students' inner psychological world, in order to meet students' interests, needs, experiences and personality differences, to develop students' potential, to stimulate their interaction between cognition and emotion, and to attach importance to the restrictive effect of psychological aspects such as creativity, cognition, motivation and emotion on behavior. "
Humanistic management thought
According to my personal understanding, I think people-oriented management thought can be understood like this. Let's first separate humanism from the idea of internal management. Humanism is a thinking position that allows people to take the lead. It is the concept of taking people as the core, attaching importance to people's survival and development, and taking people as the subject of behavior and the basis of judgment.
People-oriented management thought can be regarded as a people-oriented management mode. It creates value for owners under the condition of ensuring the long-term or long-term existence of productive forces. Compared with many existing management methods, people-oriented management method has been paid more and more attention in recent years because it emphasizes the existence and development of people.
The above is just my personal opinion, I hope I can help you! ! !
Humanistic psychological problems
Humanistic psychology rose in the United States in 1950s and 1960s. Founded by Maslow and represented by Rogers, it is called the "third force" in psychology besides behaviorism and psychoanalysis. The biggest difference between humanism and other schools is that it emphasizes the positive essence and value of people, rather than focusing on people's problem behavior, emphasizing people's growth and development, which is called self-realization.
Generally speaking, they pay attention to "human nature" and try their best to explore the positive things in human nature, which means that people can achieve happiness through personal actions in a healthy and happy environment.
Paper creativity:
1. Briefly introduce the representative figures, establishment and development process and main theories of humanistic psychology.
2. Talk about the current application development, such as the application in positive psychology and psychological counseling.
3. Talk about your own views.
Personally, I think 1000 is easy to handle. We can learn from Nietzsche's irrationalism and criticize the mechanistic philosophy of modern philosophy. There are many such things on the Internet.
Finally, I wish you success!