Basic information name: Zhu Fahu
western part of the country
Gender: male
Vatican Name: Tamo Ricardo Roberto Barreto da Rocha
Time: Date of Birth and Death in the Western Jin Dynasty: 23 1-308
Description: A monk and translator in Jin Dynasty.
Native place: My ancestors were Yue people, living in Dunhuang.
Translation: Zheng's Learning Classics, Authentic Classics, Gaijing, etc.
Honor: Known as "Dunhuang Bodhisattva"
Taishi (265-274) temples, images, Buddha statues, etc. Be universally respected. However, the classics such as Prajna Sutra were still in the Western Regions at that time and could not be spread in China. Zhu Fahu is determined to spread Buddhism and travel around the western countries with his teacher. According to records, he is familiar with 36 languages in the Western Regions, fonts and pronunciations in India and other countries in the Western Regions, which laid the foundation for his translation of classics.
In order to obtain the Prajna Sutra, Zhu Fahu followed his teacher from Dunhuang via the southern line of the Western Regions, first to Khotan, then to Shule, then to the northern line of the Western Regions, and returned to Dunhuang via Qiuci, completing a week-long trip to the Western Regions. I have been to more than a dozen places, such as Rest, Yueshi, Daqin, Fu Jian, Qiuci, Khotan, Shule, Shanshan, Yanqi, Xiongnu and Xianbei. According to his biography, on his way back to the Central Plains with a large number of Hu Ben, he engaged in the translation of Confucian classics from Dunhuang to Chang 'an anytime and anywhere. He spent more than 20 years in his life and translated Practical Truth in five years in Taikang (284).
"Beijing" and "covering Beijing", and then, until the second year of Huai Yongjia (March 8), * * * has more than 20 years, which is the peak of his active translation career in Chang' an. From the initial translation of classics to his later years, Zhu Fahu got many effective assistants in the translation of classics, such as Nie Chengyuan, Nie Daozhen, Bo Yuanxin, Zhu Fashou, Chen, Sun Bohu and Yu Shiya. They all worked in Runyi School. Zhu Fahu translated a total of 39 volumes (Tales of Sanzang) 154 classics, among which Fontaine's Dreamland, Praising Prajna's Dreamland, Preparing for a Wise Dreamland, Sharifutsu's Confession Dreamland and Puyao's Dreamland are widely circulated. In his later years, Zhu Fahu was in chaos, at the age of 78. He devoted his life to the great cause of translating classics and was a great classic translator. ? Life experiences protect the Dharma name Dharma Locha (Cha, a brake). He is an expatriate of the Moon who lives in Dunhuang. He used to take wisdom as his surname, became a monk at the age of eight, and later took Zhu as his teacher. He studies, remembers and practices hard. He deeply felt that at that time (the last years of Cao Wei), Buddhists only paid attention to the images of temples and neglected the translation of Mahayana classics in the western regions. Therefore, he decided to learn from Buddhism and travel west with his teacher. He was familiar with thirty-six western languages and collected a large number of classic texts and returned to Chang 'an. From the second year of Prince Jin to the second year of Huai Yongjia, more than 50 classics of/kloc-0 were translated. At the end of Emperor Wu's reign, he lived in seclusion in the deep mountains, and later built a temple outside Qingmen, Chang 'an, which gained a great reputation. More than a thousand people from all over the country learned Buddhist customs. He also made great contributions to various places and translated scriptures everywhere. In his later years, his whereabouts are unknown. It is said that he died at the age of 78. Because the protector lives in Dunhuang, he has contacts with people all over the world.
Also known as Dunhuang Bodhisattva. Later, Sun Chuo wrote "On Tao and Virtue", praising him for "having the virtue of living with things" and comparing Hu to Ju Yuan Mountain among the seven sages of bamboo forest. According to the Records of the Three Monks of Chu by Liang Monk, Zhu Fahu translated the scriptures 159, with 309 volumes, and 95 manuscripts were kept at that time. Since then, there have been more and more directories. By the Tang Dynasty, Kaiyuan Lu had published 9 1 legal translations and 208 volumes (now only 74 legal translations and 177 volumes have been re-surveyed), including many important classics. The other ten translations of the Guardian have been considered lost, but they are still found to exist, but they have been wrongly dubbed by others. These ten kinds are: Two Volumes of Infinite Pure Equal Sense Sutra, One Volume of Prajna Paramita Sutra (two old questions translated by Zhi Lou Jia), One Volume of Sharifutsu Confession Sutra, One Volume of Bathing Monks in Greenhouse, One Volume of Ye Jia's precepts and One Volume of Karma Sutra.
The translations of the Guardian include Prajna Sutra, Huayan Sutra and Baoji Sutra. Mahayana, Nirvana, Fahua and many other classics, such as Mahayana Sutra, Mahayana Sutra, Japanese Sutra, and western languages, almost possessed the classics popular in the western regions at that time, which opened up a broad situation for the spread of Mahayana Buddhism in China. Dao An said:' So many Samadha Sutras are created by the masses (protected by law) and are the ghost ladders of all beings' (see "Gradually Preparing Sutras"). The wandering monk also said,' Those who spread the scriptures widely in China will also have the power to protect them' (see "The Story of the Sanzang Exodus, Biography of the Protector"). As for the translation style protected by law, he is faithful to the original text and takes pains to change the bias that translators omit at will in the past. Therefore, in form, his translation is "accurate in words, but not polished in things", giving people a feeling that words speak louder than words. The materials used for comparative translation are very helpful to understand the classics. Dao An praised his translation of Zan Prajna for its thoroughness, complementarity and great knowledge (see preface to Rong Zan). He also said that his translations of Gradually Preparing Sutra, Walking the Immortal Sutra, Expressing Beauty and Foresight, and "Priority First" in Keeping Cold Yan (all of which are seen in Gradually Preparing Sutra) have inspired the study of righteousness (Zhi Min once protected the translations of Vimalakīrti Sutra and Keeping Cold Yan Jing respectively, in addition, Dharma Guardian translated them. It was repeatedly revised by Indian shaman Zhu Li and Qiuci Buddhist Bo Yuanxin, and was taught to some disciples by the dharma protector to tell the profound meaning, which was also told day and night at the Tan Shi conference (see Postscript of Zhenghe Sutra). His vigorous promotion of Fahua created conditions for the spread of Kumarajiva's new translation. Most other translations of legal protection have an influence on later generations.
There are many assistants writing and proofreading classics for him in the translation work of legal protection. Among them are Nie Chengyuan's father and son Daozhen, dharma disciples Zhu Facheng, Zhu Fashou, Zhang Xuanbo, Sun Xiuda, Chen, Sun Baihu and Yu Shiya. Nie Chengyuan and his son are the most helpful in the translation of the Guardian. They take orders from outside and often quote main sentences. For example, the Samadha Sutra translated by the Law Institute is very heavy, and Nie Chengyuan once edited and deleted it. There is "deleting Vimalakīrti Jing" in the missed translation of You Fa Hu, which seems to have been deleted by Cheng Yuan. Tao Zhen, the son of Cheng Yuan, is proficient in Sanskrit and good at literature. He participated in the translation of Legal Guardian and accumulated experience. After the legal guardian died, he translated some small classics himself. He also compiled the translated law books into a catalogue, which was later called Nie Daozhen's Record. According to the transfer data of Changfanglu, there are at least 53 legal protection translations recorded in this record, all of which are dated. The earliest time was the fifth year of Qin Dynasty (translating Deng Fang's Ni Huanjing), or the beginning of Tao Zhen's participation in translation.
There are many disciples who protect the law, but there are few who can do anything. The most famous is Zhu Facheng. When I was a teenager, I was a novice monk according to law, full of understanding. During the period of Taikang, he was influenced by Tao Te Ching and Yue Wei Ching. Later, building a temple in Dunhuang and forgetting the Tao played a great role in the education of that side. In addition, his classmates Zhu Faxing and Zhu Facun all lived in seclusion in the mountains and practiced. There is also Zhu Fa's head, which received the seal of the Holy Law during the Yuan Kang period.
The main translation is about the translation of dharma protection. In Volume I of Biography of the Monk, Liang said that he "translated all the way from Dunhuang to Chang 'an and wrote it in (Chinese), which was interpreted by the sages, normalized and widely praised 165". Its number is unprecedented. However, the records of the translation of the book "Protecting the Law" in ancient books are quite different. Take sanlu as an example. Liang Sengxiu's Tales of Sanzang (Volume II) consists of 154 translations (actually 6 1 piece) and 309 volumes (of which 95 volumes are classics and 64 volumes are famous).
There are 2 10 protected translated classics in Tang dynasty, with a total of 394 volumes. Records of Buddhism in Kaiyuan 175 with 354 volumes. Whose record is correct is too old to test. But Lu Cheng, a modern Buddhist, made some efforts. He said: "According to the records in the Collection of Three Monks of Chu written by Liang Monk, there are 159 classics translated by Zhu Fahu. Since then, various directories have been increasing. There are 9 1 species of ancient French translations contained in Kaiyuan Record in Tang Dynasty, with a total of 208 volumes (it is actually an ancient French translation now).
Only seventy-four copies (volume 177) of Mr. Lu's "ninety-five copies" or "seventy-four copies" refer to the classics that still exist in the Tibetan scriptures. Quite a few of the translated classics of the Guardian only have classic names, and the classics no longer exist. According to Volume II of Kaiyuan Record, the names of Fa Hu's translations are as follows: Fa Hu was the greatest translator before Roche, which is a historical fact. His translations involve various classics such as Prajna, Huayan, Baoji, Daji, Nirvana and Fahua. He introduced all the classics circulated in western countries at that time, which laid a good foundation for the widespread spread and development of Mahayana Buddhism in China. Daoan in the Eastern Jin Dynasty praised his translation, saying, "If you protect your public office and win this public opinion, the procedure will be correct. All the translated classics, although eloquent, are cheerful, particularly good and lifeless, simple and simple. " Liang Monk also praised: "People who are widely spread to China through scriptures have the power to protect them."
Fa Bao not only translated many classics, but also had a good moral cultivation. He often followed his disciples, reaching thousands. Therefore, Sun Chuo, a scholar in Jin Dynasty, wrote a theory of immortals, comparing him with Shan Juyuan, one of the seven sages of bamboo forest. He said, "The protection of public morality is in the realm of things, and it is far from being discussed. Their morality is lofty enough for future generations." Fahu lived in Dunhuang for a long time, so he was honored as a Dunhuang Bodhisattva.
The influence of his achievements is due to Zhu Fahu's translation of a large number of important classics, and his close combination of classic translation and lectures. He naturally became a temporary giant in Buddhism, enjoying a large number of followers before his death, and grew up to be admired by later scholars after his death. Daoan, a monk in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, once said, "The Bodhisattva is also a human being. Looking for the remaining sound traces, people look into the distance. Many Confucian classics such as Deng Fang, No Life and Samadhi published by this institute are ghost ladders for all beings. " Legal protection is highly praised, which is rare in the Buddhist circles of the Jin Dynasty. In addition, dharma is also the pioneer of Buddhist metaphysics. His translation of Mahayana classics, especially Prajna classics, has become a bridge between Buddhism and metaphysics, and he himself "studies several extremes of metaphysics"
Therefore, it is highly respected by metaphysical celebrities. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Sun Chuo wrote On Dao County, quoting seven famous Buddhist monks, and compared with the seven sages of bamboo forest, he was a famous metaphysical scholar. Among them, the legal protection is compared with Dan Tao, saying: "Protecting public morality is in the realm of things, gathering far away on the road, and the two morality are high, which is enough for a generation." It can be seen that Zhu Fahu was at the top of Buddhist metaphysics in the confluence of metaphysics and Buddhism in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Some scholars have verified the specific name, time and place of Zhu Fahu's translation after Emperor Jinhui, which strongly supported the speculation that Zhu Fahu went to Dunhuang to avoid chaos. In addition, there are two indirect evidences: First, Dao An once said that the translated Ode to Prajna had returned to the Central Plains after sleeping in Liangzhou for decades. The reasonable explanation for this is that Fahu returned to Liangzhou in his later years and brought the translated scriptures back to Liangzhou, so Guangzan Jing was hidden there for a long time.
According to the legend of the monk, "He lived in Dunhuang, and when he died, he became a Taoist. When he was salty, he was also called the Dunhuang Bodhisattva." This may also be due to the fact that Fahu died in Dunhuang, and the local people admired him for devoting himself to Buddhism, saving all sentient beings and giving him the good name of "Dunhuang Bodhisattva". "Bodhisattva" refers to all sentient beings who are determined to become Buddhas and practice Mahayana. To practice bodhisattva, we should consciously realize him, that is, we should not only pay attention to our own practice, but also free endless beings. Judging from Zhu Fahu's life behavior, especially from his tireless translation of classics and quotations in the difficult environment of avoiding chaos in his later years (whether traveling eastward or returning to Liangzhou in the west), he is worthy of the honor of "Dunhuang Bodhisattva".