At the invitation of the relevant leaders, I take the liberty to talk about "the writing of broadcast draft" here. As a matter of fact, I only have a rough understanding of the writing methods of radio manuscripts. At most twenty or thirty years ago, he contributed to the county radio station and Yunnan-Guizhou radio station, and then became the editor-in-chief of the county radio and television station; In the book Tan of News Writing written last year, I also talked about the writing of manuscripts from different media, and of course, the writing of radio manuscripts.
Here, the right to throw bricks to attract jade. If there is anything wrong, please criticize and correct me.
First, the concept of radio draft
1, the meaning of broadcasting
Broadcasting refers to a news communication tool that transmits sound through radio waves or wires. Transmitting programs by radio waves is called wireless broadcasting, and transmitting programs by wire is called wired broadcasting. The former is usually called a radio station, while the latter is called broadcasting.
2. The significance of radio draft.
Broadly speaking, broadcast manuscripts are manuscripts and related audio materials specially written for the needs of broadcasting or radio stations, mainly including news, communication, comments, interviews and recorded reports.
In a narrow sense, it is all kinds of news articles written specifically for broadcasting, especially news or short messages written for the program News Network.
What we are talking about now is the broadcast manuscript in a narrow sense, which refers to the manuscript and recording materials written and produced for the news network program of our city radio station.
Second, the social role and development of broadcasting
Like other media forms, broadcasting plays a very important role in people's social activities and interpersonal communication, specifically, such as communication, education, mobilization, guidance, infection and criticism. The more society develops and science and technology are advanced, the more we can't live without information media. Radio, newspapers, magazines, television and internet are one of the windows and channels for us to obtain information when we engage in various social activities, and they are particularly important windows and channels.
As an important media form, broadcasting has a short history, less than one hundred years, but it has played a very important and significant role in the history of human development. In the first half of the last century, even before the 1980s, when the traffic was underdeveloped, it spread the major events that just happened in the world to every corner at a speed that newspapers could not match. During World War II, Japanese imperialism declared its unconditional surrender, that is, it timely transmitted information to the whole Chinese nation and the whole world through broadcasting. There is such a plot in the opera Red Rock. When Jiang Jie of Zhatu Cave learned from the radio that the people of China and China had been established, thousands of emotions merged into joy and pride. They embroidered a five-star red flag in prison. 1976, our remote Yuping, together with the whole country, was shocked to hear the death of Chairman Mao and Premier Zhou, and the world was eclipsed. Even in today's highly developed transportation and technology, broadcasting still plays a very important role, and it still has a huge audience among car drivers, students, workers and rural groups. Especially in the case of serious natural disasters, the role of broadcasting is particularly prominent. Of course, due to the popularity of television and the Internet, broadcasting has been impacted to a considerable extent, but this does not prevent it from still being a mainstream media form with strong influence.
Radio appeared with the appearance and application of radio. /kloc-at the end of 0/9th century, radio was invented. In just twenty or thirty years, radio stations came into being. The first regular radio station in the world was born in America 1920 1 1.2. It is a commercial radio license issued by the US Department of Commerce to Westinghouse, and the call sign is KDKA.
The earliest radio stations in China were China Broadcasting Corporation founded by American Osborne in Shanghai on 1922 and "Continental Newspaper-China Broadcasting Corporation Radio" founded by American English newspaper Continental Newspaper, with the call sign XRO. The program premiered on the night of 1923. The first radio station founded by China people was built in 1926 by Liu Han, director of Harbin Radio Station, and was broadcast in 10+0. 1 August, 9281day, Nanjing National Government established "China National Radio". Today's China People's Broadcasting Station can be traced back to 1940 and 65438+ February, namely Yan 'an Xinhua Broadcasting Station. 1949 changed its name to Beijing Xinhua Radio Station in March. On February 5th of the same year, 65438+ was renamed china national radio again, and it has been so since then.
Guizhou People's Broadcasting Station was founded in 1950 65438+ 10/. 1949165438+10/5, Guiyang was liberated. 65438+February 3 1, Guiyang People's Broadcasting Station was established. After that, the names of provincial radio stations were unified nationwide, so it was renamed Guizhou People's Broadcasting Station. The history of Guizhou Radio Station can be traced back to. 1938 In April, in order to "strengthen the broadcasting barrier", effectively broadcast to the enemy and win more international sympathy and support, the Kuomintang Central Broadcasting Bureau established "Guizhou Radio Station".
Tongren People's Broadcasting Station was officially launched in June 1999 65438+ 10/,and now it has a set of news comprehensive FM broadcasting with frequency of FM 1 03.6 and transmission power of1000W.
Yuping Radio Station was founded in 195 1. At that time, it was called Yuping County Radio Station. Every day, it recorded the domestic and international events and current affairs policies broadcast by China People's Broadcasting Station, and then sent them to county leaders for reading. The next day, Yuping Briefing was issued. /kloc-0 changed its name to Yuping county people's broadcasting station in June, 956; 196 1 changed its name to Yuping county radio station; 1984 merged into the county radio and television bureau. County radio station has been running its own "Yuping News" program since its establishment. According to Yuping County, the broadcast volume of news articles is:1987455; 1988,396 articles; 1989,350 articles; 199 1 year 180 articles; 1992,390 articles; 1994, 1007 articles; 1995,356 articles. During the period from 199 1 to 1995, 6 programs won awards in the local area, and 26 manuscripts won provincial radio awards. From 1985 to 1988, I was one of the most enthusiastic correspondents of Yuping Radio Station. This time is also the main time for me to communicate and report. My manuscript was recommended by the editor to the region and the province for awards, and was rewarded by the provincial news department, as well as the provincial military region and the military sub-region.
Because of various reasons, Yuping's radio program is unsustainable, but broadcasting is still playing its irreplaceable role. Because of this, all of us should try our best to interview and write more vivid, wonderful, infectious and shocking radio manuscripts.
Third, the characteristics of the radio draft
It is said that it is the characteristics of broadcast manuscripts, but it actually refers to the characteristics of news manuscripts spread through the media form of broadcasting. Compared with other media forms, broadcasting has its own uniqueness, that is, information is transmitted through sound, and the audience obtains and perceives its information content through hearing. Characterized in that:
1, with fast propagation speed.
Among the four traditional media, broadcasting is the fastest and also the fastest. This can be understood from three aspects: first, its working procedure. After the broadcast draft reaches the editorial department, it can be directly handed over to the announcer for broadcast, and immediately broadcast live or recorded to the audience. Compared with newspapers and magazines, there are no complicated links such as typesetting, proofreading, printing, transportation and distribution. Television news, production and broadcasting procedures are also much more complicated than broadcasting. The second is its flexible time. Although the broadcast of the "News Network" program has a fixed time, in case of major or urgent news, it can be requested; 24 hours a day, you can broadcast important news at any time. However, no matter how fast the newspaper is, the routine can only be once a day. Even if it is a special issue, you can only make an exception once or twice occasionally, and it is impossible to print major news at any time. Third, it is its own running speed. The transmission of broadcast signals is 300,000 km/s, and newspapers and magazines are transported by vehicles, so the speed can be said to be far behind.
2. Widely spread.
Similarly, among the four traditional media, broadcasting is the most widely spread. Broadcasting, its "wide", probably comes from this. As long as the power of the radio signal is strong enough, the sound of the broadcast can be heard clearly in the mountains, rivers and waters. This is not only beyond the reach of newspapers, but also beyond the reach of television. First of all, the wavelength and frequency of broadcast signals are easier to transmit than TV signals. Secondly, radios and televisions are more portable.
3. Auditory perception
Broadcasting acts on people's hearing organs with sound, which is suitable for people's living habits. It acts on the brain through hearing and is easy to accept. As long as the hearing and thinking are normal, women, children, old and young can accept it, and the requirements for education and academic qualifications are not high, so the audience is wide. Besides, listening to the radio is like listening to a familiar person. It is the information exchange and emotional exchange between people, full of affinity.
4, short and clear
Broadcast manuscripts are usually short, aiming to explain the whole story, most of which are less than one minute. The draft is short, the clue is single, the context is clear, there are no branches, no detours, easy to listen to, and it is not easy to be distracted. Relatively speaking, among the four traditional media, its manuscript length is the shortest.
Fourthly, the types of broadcast news.
Generally speaking, there are two kinds of news in a broad sense: one is objectively recorded news, such as news, communication and reportage; Second, narrative news, such as comments, reviews, editorials, editorial articles, etc. The narrow sense of news category refers to news category. We usually divide messages into four types, namely, dynamic messages, typical messages, comprehensive messages and review messages.
The types of broadcast news can also be understood as narrow news here, which are actually dynamic news, typical news, comprehensive news and commentary news.
However, due to its distinctive characteristics of sound transmission and auditory perception, radio determines that the types of news are different. Specifically, it has three forms: one is a simple draft text; The second is the combination of recording and text; The third is to explain the live draft recorded on the spot with words (voice).
Recording and playback are the most distinctive features of broadcasting, and the types of broadcasting news can not be separated from recording, specifically, recording reports, recording communications, recording features, recording interviews, music broadcasting, broadcasting dialogues, broadcasting comments, live broadcasts of major gatherings and important cultural and sports performances, and so on.
Five, the basic writing of the broadcast draft
There is no essential difference in writing rules between broadcast manuscripts and other media manuscripts. Everyone should follow the general procedures and rules of writing, and take pains to manage the beginning, subject and end. But the difference is that the broadcast manuscript is a language art embodied by the combination and interaction of sound and hearing. The usual writing methods of news articles are omitted here, and only the characteristics of broadcast articles are emphasized.
1, the elements and usual format of news articles
News, especially news here, has its fixed elements and basic format, that is, fixed writing routines.
First, the six elements of news: five "W" and one "H", that is, who, what, when, where, why and how; ; Namely: time, place, people, the cause, process and result of the event.
Second, the message has five parts: title, introduction, theme, background and ending.
How to master news writing and how to allocate strength to grasp these five parts? My news writing Tan Li has an article called "The Center and Gravity of News Writing", which says: "The gravity is the title and the lead. The center of gravity is the focus and pouring point of the author's energy and skills. Headlines and leads condense and gather the theme and core content of news, so it is natural to show their magical powers. ..... the center is the theme and the fact. The writing of the center, that is, the main part, is the display area of the author's thoughts and intentions, the complete expression of the information theme, and the concrete display and presentation of basic facts and details. "
2. Linguistic features of radio script writing.
To write a good broadcast draft, we must consider two factors: language expression and listening habits, and work hard on sound and smell.
First, pursue colloquialism and use less written language.
Hearing is relative to sound. Without sound, there is naturally no hearing organ. Hearing organs have formed some hearing habits after long-term adaptation to the frequency or structural form of a certain sound. Once this sound changes, it is difficult for the hearing organs to adapt. Therefore, the broadcast manuscript must conform to the daily oral habits, be as colloquial as possible, and be suitable for the reception and perception habits of the auditory organs. Mr. Lao She said: "A beautifully written word is not necessarily beautiful in the mouth. ..... Lao Li, say, don't be wordy! Maybe it's better to say something simple, Lao Li! The latter is ready-made, easy to say and easy to understand. " Here, a sentence "don't be wordy" and a sentence "be simple" have completely different auditory effects. Another example.