Physics:
Newton:
Newton, a great British physicist, was born on February 25th, 1642 in Woolsop village, Lincolnshire. When he was 0/2 years old, he showed interest in experiments and mechanical inventions, and made water clocks, windmills and sundials himself. He became an excellent student. At the age of 27, he became a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University .46338.666666666664 1669 was elected as a member of the royal society.
From 1685 to 1687, with the encouragement and sponsorship of astronomer Harley, Newton published the famous mathematical principles of natural philosophy, completed the historical discovery-the laws of motion and gravity, and made great contributions to the development of modern natural science. In 2003, he was elected president of the Royal Society. 36860 . 68686868686
Newton not only made great contributions in mechanics, but also made great contributions in other aspects. In mathematics, he discovered binomial theorem and founded calculus. In optics, the dispersion experiment of solar light was carried out, which proved that white light is composed of monochromatic light, studied the theory of color, and invented the reflecting telescope.
Chemistry:
Avon Gadereau:
Amedeo Gardello is an Italian scientist. Although he is a professor of physics, he thinks there is no clear dividing line between physics and chemistry. His hypothesis was later called "Evan Gardlow's Law" and played an important role in chemistry. However, when he was alive, people did not adopt his hypothesis.
Avo Gadereau was born in Turin on June 9, 1976. 65438-0796 worked as a lawyer for three years after obtaining the doctor of law degree. Self-taught mathematics and physics from 1800, and gained a lot. From then on, he decided to take natural science research as his career. 1806 was recruited as a lecturer by the University of Turin, and since 1809, he has been a professor of natural philosophy at Villcelli College. When the Italians first set up the position of professor of mathematical physics at the University of Turin in 1820, they chose Avo Gadlio, but he left in 1822 due to political chaos, and was hired as a professor of this subject by the University of Turin in 1834 until 1850. He died in Turin on July 9th, 856.
1809 French chemist Gai? Lussac found that when the pressure is constant and the temperature rises, all gases expand at the same time. Avo Gadereau therefore deduced (and published in the academic journal 18 1 1) the following hypothesis: "Any gas with the same volume must contain the same number of molecules at a certain temperature and pressure." He used the word "molecule" to mean "particle" formed by combining atoms. Before him, no scientist had made an essential difference between atoms and molecules of matter.
Avon Gadereau explained Gai in theory with his hypothesis. Lussac's gas binding volume law states that "when the temperature and pressure are constant, the volume of each gas consumed in chemical reaction is a simple integer ratio." The volume of hydrogen produced by water electrolysis is twice that of oxygen. It is inferred that the number ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in water molecules is 2: 1. Since the weight of collected oxygen is 8 times that of hydrogen, the mass of oxygen atoms must be 16 times that of hydrogen atoms. It can also be inferred from Avon Gadereau's hypothesis that 1 mol of any substance contains the same number of particles, and this number is 6.02252× 1023, which is now called Avon Gadereau's constant.
Because the famous chemists at that time did not care about the Avo Gadereau hypothesis, the confusion between atoms and molecules, atomic weight and molecular weight lasted for nearly 50 years.
Biology:
Darwin:
Darwin was born into the family of a generation of doctors in Sirupshire, western England. His father, Varnin, sent him to the University of Edinburgh to study medicine, hoping that he would become a famous doctor in the future and inherit his family business. But Darwin had no interest in medicine, which was closely related to natural history and mineralogy. 183 1 year, young Darwin, as a natural scientist, had the opportunity to take part in the five-year round-the-world expedition of the Beagle on the recommendation of Professor Hanslow. The five-year investigation, in Darwin's own words, was a major event that decided his career. During these five years, he waded through the mountains and forests. The exotic flowers, exotic birds and animals in nature attracted his whole soul, and he began to preach that "everything was created by God and the species remained unchanged" in the Bible, and began to have doubts. Finally, with the bold assumption of "gradual change of species", the preaching of species invariance was abandoned.
In order to avoid prejudice and find more evidence for his theory, he was so absorbed that he even forgot his marriage. He not only carefully sorted out all kinds of variation facts that can be collected in nature, but also extensively collected all kinds of variation facts of animals under domestic conditions, and consulted a large number of books and materials. Finally, he published an epoch-making masterpiece on1859+065438+1October 24th. Marx said that this book actually provided a "natural science foundation" for the class struggle in history.
Darwin was an outstanding scientist, who made epoch-making contributions to the development of human science and opened up new broad prospects. Therefore, after his death in April of 1882 and 19, people buried him next to another great scientist Newton, enjoying the highest honor as a natural scientist.
Astronomy:
Copernicus:
Copernicus (mikolaj kopernik, AD 1473- 1543)
Polish astronomer. His "Heliocentrism" runs counter to the Ptolemaic model of the universe advocated by the church at that time, pointing out that the sun is the center of the universe, and the earth is just an ordinary planet, orbiting the sun in a circular orbit like other planets.
Galileo:
Galileo (1564- 1642)
Italian mathematician, physicist and astronomer. He put forward the pendulum principle and made the world's first astronomical telescope to observe the sky. There are many astronomical discoveries: the surface of the moon is not smooth, on the contrary, it is composed of many craters; Through observation, he expressed his support for Copernicus Heliocentrism; He also discovered four moons of Jupiter and Saturn's rings. However, due to the contradiction between his theory and the dogma held by the church, the church banned the publication of his theory and persecuted him constantly. Galileo finally died of fever. It was not until 1992 that the Pope retracted the charges against Galileo. 1993, the holy see recognized Galileo's contribution to science.
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