Legalist school is one of the most important people in pre-Qin philosophers. They are famous for advocating the "rule of law" of "ruling the country according to law" and put forward a set of theories and methods. This provided an effective theoretical basis for the later establishment of the centralized Qin Dynasty. The later Han Dynasty inherited the centralization of authority and legal system of the Qin Dynasty and was the political and legal subject of the ancient feudal society in China.
Legalists have made great contributions to jurisprudence, and made fruitful discussions on the origin, essence and function of law and the relationship between law and social economy, requirements of the times, state power, ethics, customs, natural environment, population and human nature.
But legalists also have shortcomings. For example, it exaggerates the role of the law, emphasizes the use of heavy punishment to govern the country, and "punishes punishment with punishment", and also imposes heavy penalties on misdemeanors and superstitious about the role of the law. They believe that human nature is to pursue interests, and there is no moral standard, so we should use interests and honors to induce people to do it. For example, in the war, high rewards are given for meritorious service, including official positions, so as to motivate soldiers and generals to fight bravely together. This may be one of the reasons for Qin Jun's strong fighting capacity. The role of Legalists in destroying the six countries and unifying China should be affirmed, although there are still some shortcomings.
Answer on 2013-09-11.
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Who is the earliest legalist figure in the history of China?
Guan Zhong was earlier. He was the earliest reformer in the Spring and Autumn Period, and he helped Qi Huangong become the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period. The following are some representatives of legalists: Guan Zhong of Qi in the Spring and Autumn Period, Zi Chan of Zheng in the Spring and Autumn Period, Shang Yang (Fa), Shen Dao (Shi), Shen Buhai (Shu), and Han Feizi, the "three giants of legalists in the Warring States Period".
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Who first put forward China's legalist thought?
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What are the representatives of China's ancient legalist thoughts?
Legalists-The representatives of legalists are Guan Zhong, Li Kui, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai, Shen Dao, Han Fei and others. There are two main representatives, one is Reese (? -208 BC), during the Warring States period, the Chu people worshipped Xunzi as their teacher; The other is Han Fei, a master of legalism (about 280 BC-233 BC). During the Warring States period, the Han people also learned from Xunzi and stammered. Legalist works-Legalist documents have been handed down to this day, mainly including 86 pieces of Guanzi (written by more than one author, with Zhong as the pen name from Warring States to Han Dynasty), and 76 pieces are still in existence. The Book of Shang Jun (edited by Shang Yang and his later scholars) has 29 articles, and now there are 24 articles. Written by Han Fei (or mixed with several other people's works); There are 55 articles in Han Feizi (written by Han Feizi or mixed with a few other people's works). Legalism probably developed-as early as 536 BC, the son of Zheng in power cast the criminal law on a metal tripod and made it public. "In March, the people of Zheng cast a book of torture" ("Zuo Zhuan Zhao Zhuan Gong for six years"). Later, Li Kui advocated "acting according to one's abilities" in Wei. Wu Qi's "Familiarization and Order Application" in Chu State: In South Korea, Shen Buhai "integrated politics and religion at home and became a vassal abroad" and promulgated criminal laws one after another, while Shang Yang reformed in Qin State in the early Warring States period. Several of these politicians later became pioneers of legalism. At that time, when Confucius and Mencius ran around the world to preach the Confucian "sage inside and king outside", they could not show their ambitions. Li Kui, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai and other legalists are all extremely important officials, who have realized their long-cherished wish of being rich in Qiang Bing. What's more, Guan Zhong, a famous minister of Qi State, once supported Qi Henggong, the overlord of the first strength school in the Spring and Autumn Period, with his original legalist thought. From the hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period to Qin's annexation of six countries, the influence of Legalism in politics was far greater than that of other schools. Until Emperor Jing of the Western Han Dynasty, Chao Cuo still represented Legalism and exerted influence on the political stage. After Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty respected Confucianism, the influence of legalists gradually declined, and as a legalist in a strict sense, they disappeared from the political arena. Legalist political proposition-Legalist theory emphasizes "law" (that is, laws and decrees, which require subjects to abide by), "art" (that is, art is politics, which is a means and strategy for a king to control and dominate his subjects) and "potential" (that is, power, including status and rights, is an objective condition for a king's arrival). Legalists have their own emphases on these issues. Shang Jun is law, Shen Zi is art, Shen Dao is power, and Han Fei is the combination of law, art and power. Therefore, he was a master of legalism, and Han Feizi was also the first legalist who put forward the supremacy of monarch and the "three cardinal guides". Because legalists "make laws according to time and make rituals according to events", their characters and thoughts are also different.