The Contents and Names of Shang Yang and Guan Zhong's Reform

The first reform of Shang Yang in 356 BC mainly included the following points: 1. Promulgate laws, establish a system of sitting in arms, and use heavy sentences for minor crimes. Li Kui's "Law Classic" was promulgated and implemented, which increased the law of sitting. That is, five families are five friends. Why do ten families report on each other and share the same sin? Those who report "traitors" enjoy the same reward as those who cut the enemy, but do not report them. The family is hiding "traitors", and even Shi and Wu are both guilty. The guest house takes in passengers without official documents, and the owner is guilty of the same crime as the "traitor". 4. Reward the military service and establish a 20-level military service title system. The Qin Dynasty's 20-level military service title system [from low to high]: 1, male scholars 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 5, 7, 8, 5, 7, 5. It is stipulated that the enemy's military leaders should be given the first prize, one hectare of land and nine acres of houses, and a "bastard" should be forced to work. The higher the title, the greater the corresponding political and economic privileges. Imperial clan and nobles who have no military service are not counted as members of the imperial clan and do not enjoy aristocratic privileges. Those with high titles can also "levy 300 cities", and they can also use titles to make amends or atone. 3. Emphasize agriculture and restrain commerce, and reward agriculture and weaving, especially land reclamation. It is stipulated that "anyone who cultivates and weaves in this industry will be rehabilitated; At the end of the day, the lazy and poor are regarded as paid "(meaning that they try their best to engage in the production of men's farming and women's weaving, and those who produce more food and cloth are exempt from their own corvee;" Those who are engaged in industry and commerce, those who are poor and bankrupt because they are not productive, together with their wives and children, are slaves of the government. 4. Emphasize that "ruling the country according to law" requires state officials to learn and understand the law, while those who study the law "take officials as teachers". 5. Turn the law into law. Emphasizing the universality of law has the function of "unifying the world". 6. It is unforgivable to impose heavy penalties on misdemeanors and strengthen legal awareness. Advocate that everyone who is guilty should be punished. Encourage the prosecution of traitors and deprive the old nobles of their privileges by legal means. For example, abolish the system of Shi Qing Shi Lu. It is stipulated that the imperial clan outside the direct blood clan of the monarch can cancel its aristocratic status without military merit. (9) Strengthen the central government's overall control over local governments and deprive the old aristocrats of their monopoly over local political power. ⒑ Unified measurement. The main content of the second political reform is the second political reform in 350 BC, which mainly has the following two points: 1. Open buildings and close borders. Breaking away from the past, we closed the small field boundary and the field boundary of each mu, expanded the original "one hundred steps per mu" to 240 steps per mu, and re-set the "building" and "seal". The state recognizes the private rights of landlords and yeomen to land, and publicly allows the sale of land in law. The county system is widely implemented. The State of Qin was divided into 4 1 county, and there were no counties here. Many townships and cities were aggregated into counties, and 3 1 county was newly built. Magistrates and county orders are appointed and removed by the monarch. Guan Zhong and Xiang Qi divided administrative regions throughout the country, organized the establishment of the army and set up officials for management; Establishing a talent selection system can be regarded as "the praise of superiors" (assistant) after three trials; Taxes are classified according to land, and nobles are forbidden to plunder private property; Develop the salt and iron industry and adjust the price of coins. The essence of Guanzhong reform is to reform the land and population system. Guanzhong's reform has achieved remarkable results, greatly enhancing the national strength of Qi. Externally, Guan Zhong proposed to "respect the king and resist foreign countries" and unite with neighboring countries in the north to resist the invasion of Shanrong nationality.