Huang Kai after Sui Dynasty. The country's medical management system and medical education institutions have made progress. In the early years of Sui Dynasty, the government set up "Taiyi Department", which was the earliest state-run medical school in the world. The "Taiyi Department" of Sui Dynasty was directly under the leadership of Taichang Temple, and was in charge of some affairs such as rites and music, suburban temples and villages at that time. There are 2 main medicines, 200 doctors, 2 practitioners, 2 medical officers, 2 teaching assistants, 2 massage doctors and 2 spell doctors in the Sui Dynasty. However, the "medical department" in the Sui Dynasty was small in scale and incomplete in setup. It is mainly a place where some doctors work together, which is equivalent to the current medical education administrative institution. Without students, it can only be regarded as the primary stage of medical school, not as a formal medical school.
In the third year of Emperor Taizong's reign of Zhenguan (629), he ordered each county to set up a separate "doctor" and set up medical teaching institutions of different sizes. In this way, a complete medical education system has been formed from the central government to the local government. The situation of local medical schools is as follows:
1. There are 20 medical students in Jingzhao (Jingshi and its surrounding areas), Henan (Luoyang), Taiyuan and other provinces, with a doctor of medicine 1 person and a teaching assistant 1 person (similarly, there is no teaching assistant in Zhou Xia due to the small number).
2. Medical students 15 in the locations of Dadufu and Zhongdufu; There are 12 medical students in Xia Doufu's place.
3. There are 15 medical students in Shangzhou, 12 medical students in Zhongzhou and 10 medical students in Zhouxia.
Doctors of medicine in various places are not only responsible for teaching students, but also for local medical work. In the twenty-seventh year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (739), medical students from various states and prefectures were ordered to "patrol therapy" in their areas. At that time, doctoral and teaching assistant positions in all subjects were relatively high. For example, the director of Tai Chi Department ordered Tai Chi to follow seven standards, vice Tai Chi Cheng Yi to follow eight standards, medical doctors to follow eight standards, and teaching assistants to follow nine standards. This has played a positive role in encouraging teaching and promoting the development of medical education.
In the seventh year of Wude in Tang Dynasty (624), the Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine was established in Chang 'an, which was the first medical school held by the state and the first medical school in the world. In 70 1 year, Japanese Emperor Wu Wen's Dabao Law stipulated medical education, and completely adopted the system of Tang Tai Medical Department. The earliest medical school in Europe was Salerno Medical College established in Italy in 872. The imperial doctors in the Tang Dynasty were both medical schools and court hospitals.
The top leader of the physician's department is the physician's order, and the deputy doctors are Cheng, Ling and Cheng. It consists of four departments: internal medicine, acupuncture, massage and incantation. There are also five departments in internal medicine: triage (internal medicine, seven-year program), juvenile (pediatrics, five-year program), sore (surgery, five-year program), otorhinolaryngology (five-year program) and angle therapy (three-year program). Each department has 1 doctors, and the second department of medicine and acupuncture has 1 teaching assistants. There are 46 doctors, 44 medical workers/KLOC-0, 85 students, 2 prescriptions and 340 teachers and students. Under the leadership of Taichang Temple, the Department of Chinese Medicine is attached to a medicine garden. Taichang Temple is in charge of etiquette, ancestral temple and sacrifice. The medicine garden is equipped with pharmacists and students, and it is an experimental field of "fertile land with three hectares".
The curriculum and specialty of medical education in Tang Dynasty were quite advanced and complete. There are basic theoretical courses in the course, such as Neijing, Shennong Herbal Classic, Acupuncture Classic, Pulse Strategy and A-B Classic. At the same time, I study clinical subjects, as well as drug cultivation and identification. Take medicine for example. After entering the school, medical students will receive professional skills training after studying basic theory courses. According to "Six Classics of Tang Dynasty", "All students read classics and teach separately. 20 students signed up for physical therapy, 3 studied sores and swelling, 3 studied primary school, 2 studied eyes and ears, 1 study angle method. Seven years of physical therapy, five years of small swelling and sores, and two years of ear, eye, mouth and tongue diseases. " Physiotherapy is equivalent to internal medicine and gynecology, sores and swelling are surgery, children are pediatrics, eyes, ears, nose and teeth are otolaryngology, and angle therapy is similar to cupping and other special therapies. As can be seen from the above quotations, the specialty setting, the number of students and the length of study are all comprehensively considered according to the clinical needs and learning difficulty, which fully reflects the rigor and rationality of the teaching plan.
The examination system in the Tang Dynasty was also very strict. The method of entrance examination for medical students is the same as that of imperial academy (see New Tang Book Official Record). After entering the school, we will take exams with the teaching process. Usually, doctors in various subjects will take the exam once a month, while doctors' orders are to take the exam once a season. Taichang Temple, the superior department in charge of the doctoral department, will organize the year-end general examination. According to the test results, students are decided to rise or fall: "If you are too familiar with the work, you should listen to the explanation; Those who have been idle in school for nine years will show their true colors. " (See the Six Classics of the Tang Dynasty, Volume 14. At the same time, this assessment system is also applicable to teaching counselors. "All doctors, doctors and doctors who treat diseases for the people should be tested according to their total amount" (see Records of Officials in Old Tang Dynasty). This strict examination system is conducive to mobilizing the enthusiasm of teachers and students and improving the quality of teaching. The result of the survival of the fittest can ensure that the highest institution of higher learning in the country maintains a leading position in medical teaching.
To sum up, we can see that the medical education in the Tang Dynasty was perfect, which laid the foundation for the medical education in later generations. However, the educational purpose of Taiji Department is only to train doctors, and the general public still relies on folk doctors taught by heirlooms for treatment.
The establishment of the scientific education system in Tang Dynasty was the product of its highly developed politics, economy, culture and increasingly perfect imperial examination system. It also has a leading position in the history of world medicine, at least 200 years earlier than the earliest medical school in the west-Salerno Medical College in Italy, and has far-reaching influence in Korea, Japan and other countries, leaving a glorious page in the history of medical exchanges between China and foreign countries.