Historical Records of Liu Jingchuan said: "Gong Liu lived in exile to ward off evil spirits" (Wen Xiang said under "Reasons for Gong Liu's Exile"), and also mentioned Gong Liu and Xia Jie. The ancestor of Gong Liu once abandoned millet and fled between Rong and Di. "Historical Records Biography of Xiongnu" says: "Xia Dao declined, Gong Liu lost his official position and changed to Xirong". The public cannot be the official of Xia Zhi. For 30 years, Zhou people have been in the land of Rongdi, and they are reliable. For three years, the current calendar year is the "Rebellion" series. (The Biography of Western Qiang in the Later Han Dynasty: "After the rebellion of Jie, the Yi people lived in the village, and there was a gap between them"), because the nation led by Gong Liu is not a Rong Di, "Yi people lived in the village, and there was a gap between them" may mean that Gong Liu moved.
Regarding the time when he never fled to the Rongdi area, Xia Benji said, "Emperor Kong, good spirits, fornication. Xia Houshi's morality is declining, and the princes are on the side. " "Zhou Benji" said: "In the past 30 years, the government declined and went to Ji 'an to suspend its duties, but he didn't run between Rong and Di because he lost his official position." Moreover, he didn't just run between Rong and Di, but when he was at Kong's house. Naturally, when it reached Gongliu, it was time for Xia Jie. "Er Ya Qin Shi" quoted from Jizhong Bamboo Book: "grandson under 30 years old". You Zhu, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, compiled a book named Villages and Towns in the Middle Ages, which cleverly listed the phrase "grandson under 30 years old" in the post-Jie world and said, "grandson under 30 years old. I don't know what this cloud means. Does it mean Gongliu? The Han Dynasty said to him,' Zhou started in Hou Ji, and Yao sealed it. For more than ten generations, Gong Liu evaded rebellion and lived in seclusion. However, Gong Liu lived in Xia Jie. Zhou Benji is the third from the age of 30 to Gong Liu, which may be chosen to stand out. In this way, it is credible that Gong Liu released the world in late summer.
Gong Liu was born in Beiqi. Gong Liuqian was not explicitly mentioned in a few editions of General History of China, but many other historical and literary works talked about Gong Liuqian. "From Hou Ji to Gongliu, relocation (now Xunyi, Shaanxi)". Gong Liuqian. "When Hou Ji III Sun Gong Liu arrived, agriculture was relatively developed and he settled in tapir. Zhou's poem "Gong Liu" describes Gong Liu's move to Jian 'an. " "Gong Liu moved from Tai". "Gong Liu moved to Guangxi from Taitai" shows that Gong Liu was born in Taitai, which is inconsistent with historical facts. "National Danger" contains the words of offering sacrifices to the public and begging the father: "When the summer waned and the millet was abandoned, the late king not only lost his official position, but also fled between Rong and Di." Historical Records of Zhou Benji not only says that Gong Liu's ancestors "failed for nearly 30 years, but also lost their official position, saying that Gong Liu continued to live in the land of Rong Di, that is," Gong Liu was between Rong Di and returned to Hou Ji. "That Gong Liu should be born in the land of Rong Di. The so-called land of Rong Di refers to the land of Ning, Yuan and Qing States, "Ning, Yuan and Qing States, the county of northern Qin, the land of Yi Qu Rong, and the land where Zhou and Gong Liu lived". Ning, Yuan and Qing, namely Qingyang area in Gansu, parts of Pingliang and parts of northern Shaanxi. Thailand namely □ The Historical Records of Justice is quoted from the "Expanding the Geography" cloud: Therefore □ City Yiwu City is located 22 miles southwest of Wugong County, Yongzhou, ancient Thailand, and was also sealed by Hou Ji. Gong Liu can't have been born in Thailand, because there are hundreds of miles between Thailand and Rongdi.
Local chronicles make a good supplement to the history books. Gong Liu's native place was clearly recorded in Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty's Qing Dynasty In the Spring and Autumn Period, it was the Rong state of Yi Qu, and the first emperor destroyed Yi Qu-the land was Beidi County, which was the reason of the former Han Dynasty. ..... "(Author's Note: Volume III, if there is a □ symbol, the words are unclear,). It also said: "According to old books, after Hou Ji, it was the decline and fall of Friedrich Hirth. Jump north, which is Qingyang today. Zi Jutao and Sun Gong Liu lived here in all dynasties "(Volume 31) Ningzhou" Miyamoto Liu's Old City "(Volume 3), in" Yi Li, Liu Gongliu once lived here, the so-called North Pig. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Yiqu was a country, Yuan was, and in the summer, Gongliu was a city "(Volume 11). Today's Zhengning is "Old Xinjiang in Gongliu" (Volume 41). According to the different records in Qingyang Fuzhi, such as "All generations are our own", "Gong Liu lived here before the Zhou Dynasty" and "Gong Liu's old Xinjiang", it can be seen that Gong Liu was born in Qingyang County today and lived in Jinning County and Zhengning District.
Language is also good evidence. Modern Chinese retains many elements of ancient Chinese, and some of the languages people use now are remnants or transliteration of the languages used by the ancients several years ago. The discussion on this issue is bound to contribute to the historical investigation. At present, the sayings of "scattering soil", "scattering excrement", "blind date", "phase son-in-law", "shady slope (mountain), sunny slope (mountain) and spring are very popular among Qingyang people. These statements are rare or rare in other areas, but they are consistent with those in the poem "Daya Gongliu". For example, the "car" in Cropping Fields for Food, and the annotation to Mencius Teng Wengong: "You are still cutting things". The communication between "spreading soil" and "spreading dung" is thorough. Or for meaning. The "phase" of Xiang Qi Yin Yang and Shuo Wen is "provincial view". Paragraph note: "Interpretation, Mao Chuan's faint clouds look at each other, and this cloud keeps sight of it, which is called inspection. The "phase" of "blind date" still means inspection. At present, farmers in Qingyang still keep the habit of planting crops on the hillside and on the yin and yang sides of the land. Up to now, people here also say that there are springs and fountains in a ditch, not to mention ordinary wells and pools, and every time you move to a new place to live, you must first look for springs.
There is also a sentence "use it as appropriate" in Gongliu, and Shuowen says: Yes. The July poem also talks about "breaking the pot in August", which is an excuse for "foxes" and gourds. Picking gourds requires breaking vines, so it is called breaking the pot. The gourd split into two spoonfuls. Nowadays, farmers along Sichuan in Qingyang still keep the custom of breaking the gourd in half and scooping it with a spoon. In this case, it is not difficult to see that the language used in the poem "Gong Liu" is the language of the Northern Song Dynasty, and some of the languages and daily utensils used by farmers in Qingyang today are the legacy of the Northern Song Dynasty. The locality and stability of the language reflect the relationship between them, which proves that Gong Liu was born in the land in the north of China.
Third, Gong Liu translated Poem Ya Gong Liu: "I am in Nangang, but I am in Beijing." Reflects the migration direction of Gongliu. The poem shows that Gong Liu went south from his native place, saw the towering hills, and got the land and its capital. If you move from Li's land, you will move north, not south, but south. We can only move from Rongdi (now Qingyang, Gansu). Judging from the direction of migration, Gong only migrated from the north to the south.
Now, we want to ask why Gong Liu moved from the north to the west. Some people say that Gong Liu moved to the funeral home because "Gong Liu suffered from the summer chaos because he avoided the difficulties of the Central Plains and moved people to the funeral home". Or regard the relocation of Gong Liu as "forced to move westward" and "the escape and wandering of the whole tribe".
Gongliu immigrants were not "forced" or "fled". If Gong Liu is a "hermit" (Historical Records Liu Jingchuan), he will migrate to more remote areas, while Gong Liu will migrate from the "land of Rong Di"-the northern raccoon dog to the raccoon dog, which is an inward migration and gradually moves into Guanzhong area. This historical phenomenon reflects the progress and development of Zhou tribes. How can it be regarded as "avoiding the difficulties of the Central Plains" and "wandering"?
So, what is the purpose of Gong Liu moving from Beijiang to Beijiang? "Shi Gong Liu" wrote: "Loyal to Gong Liu, bandits give birth to bandits. It is the frontier and the product is the warehouse; It is wrapped in food and in a bag. Think of light, bows and arrows; Let's go to war, let's go. " This passage describes all kinds of preparations made by Gong Liu before moving, and clarifies the purpose of moving. According to Jian Zheng, "harmony between thoughts and their people and the use of their wisdom are the foundation of future generations", which means that the purpose of relocation is to unite all ethnic groups, further develop agricultural production and lay a solid foundation for the development of Zhou ethnic groups. He also said: "The cover can't escape, the land is not happy, and many things have been created. From the third generation to Gongliu, there is virtue, living and gathering are more and more prosperous, and material resources are gradually filling up. So he began to choose a good place to move, make it permanent by legislation, and then he followed, without changing his ears. " Cui Shu clearly explained the reason why Gong Liuqian was exiled. Zhou Xianzu led his family to Beijiang River and lived in the area along the Ma Lian River, a tributary of Jinghe River. Taking advantage of the thick soil layer on the Loess Plateau, he dug a cave, and his name may be closely related to living in a cave. At the same time, Sichuan land was developed, agricultural and animal husbandry production was carried out, and gradually a foothold was established, and a ground pool was built at the intersection of Huanjiang River and Donghe River in Malian River. "Historical Justice" quoted Guo Zhi as saying: "The old city is located in Nanlisan, Honghua County (now Qingyang County), Qingzhou City. In other words, it's not just the city where Rongdi lives. The translations of Bowa, Ju, Jiu Zi and the descendants of Lu in Guoyu are all cited as "Jutao", and Qingyang official records are also called "Jutao". There are few records about Ju Tao's life activities in the literature, and the name of Ju Tao may be related to the making of pottery.
1In April, 984, the Archaeological Department of Peking University and other units excavated at Jiuzhan Site in Haozuipu Township, Heshui County, Qingyang District. According to Mr. Zou Heng's preliminary appraisal, the pottery unearthed in this site is equivalent to the pottery unearthed in Shang Dynasty, early Zhou Dynasty and early Zhou Dynasty, which is the first time in Longdong (it is known that the excavation work is in progress and will be analyzed in detail after the excavation report is published). The excavation of a large number of pottery at least shows that the tribes living here are by no means nomadic tribes. Because from the historical development, pottery production is closely related to agriculture. Only tribes engaged in agricultural production can settle down for a long time, and only on the basis of settlement can they produce a large number of pottery to meet the needs of settled life and production.
Jiuzhan site is located in the tributary of Malian River, which may be the activity area of Zhou tribe engaged in agriculture. The excavation of these pottery shows that extensive agricultural production at that time had a certain development. After a long period of hard work, the Zhou tribe arrived in Gongliu with a rapid population growth, a significant increase in productivity and an increase in crop varieties. "Dry Harvest in July" says "Start sowing 100 grains", and the crops harvested in mid-October are "millet, millet, heavy corn, @, grain, hemp, water chestnut and wheat", and the farming techniques have also improved, and a new situation has emerged in agricultural production. As Zhou Benji said: "Although Gongliu is between Rongdi and Beiqi, the deep mountains and valleys will be affected. In order to give full play to its ability in agricultural production, Gongliu must choose a natural environment and better soil conditions, which are more suitable for rough farming, which is the requirement for the further growth of Ji clan. If Beiqi continues to develop northward, the soil quality will be worse and the climate will be drier. Therefore, Gong Liu had to lead his troops from Beiqi to the south and moved here.
The southward route of Gongliu from north to south is not recorded in the history books. We got some information from local records. In Qingyang Prefecture Records, the records about Buwa are only found in Anhua County (now Qingyang County), and the records about Gongliu are found in Ningzhou County (now Ningxian County) and Zhengning County. Except Anhua County, it shows that by the time of Gongliu, the clan activity city of Ji had expanded to Qingyang, Huachi, Heshui, Ningxian and Zhengning. Today, Qingyang County has "Xiji Valley, three miles southwest of the government, which is said to be the home of the public Liu" (Volume 7 of Qingyang County Records), and "Public Liu Zhuang, three miles north of the government, has several acres of land, and people dare not plow" (Volume 11). There are Gongliu Old Town (Volume 7) or Gongliu Town (Volume 11) in Ningxian County today. A city refers to a village. Now Zhengning County has Gongliu Laojiang (Volume 41). According to this record, it can be seen that the nationalities led by Gong Liu are scattered in the northern region, and they travel along the Malian River and Hulu River basins. From Qingyang and Heshui to Ningxian and Zhengning, Gongliu moved from the north to Xunyi, Shaanxi, from Jinning and Zhengning along Malian River, or partly from Heshui County to Xunyi. Notes in Shuowen: "Qushui flows into Luoshui from the southeast of Ziwuling in Central County. ..... waterinfo, also known as Qushui ".
Poetry, elegance, and encouragement: "Living in harmony with people's livelihood" also tells the story of Ji's surname Zong Juqi. Jian Zheng said that Gong Liu "lived in the land where the lacquer fell". Where is the lacquer ware? "Lacquer fall refers to Luoshui in the north of Weishui, Shaanxi ... It was only called Qiqu water in ancient times, and it was not named Luoshui until the end of the Warring States period". In Shuowen, Fang and Summary were quoted as saying: "Luoshui is 20 miles north of Heshui County, Qingyang Prefecture, and the mountains are white." The water source of Qiweiju is in Beiqi, and the land where Qiju lives refers to the place where the water flows, which is roughly the place where Beiqi meets. Gong Liu moved from Beiqi to Qi, lived in Qi for a while, and then went to Qi.
To sum up, Gong Liuqian is an objective requirement for the development of Ji's surname. The process of Gong Liu's emigration is the process of his tribe's strength, production development and territory gradually expanding after he stopped living in the north, rather than the passive and sudden action taken by Gong Liu when he was oppressed by any external force. Gong Liu devoted his life to the development of agricultural production. Before they moved, they crossed the Weihe River and chose good trees, that is, "painting, drawing materials and using them", which showed the intelligence, diligence and courage of our ancestors. The migration of Gongliu is the product of several years' strength accumulation, which has become a new starting point to improve the production level and living standard of the tribe and laid the foundation for the prosperity of the Zhou tribe.