The three outstanding figures in Rosaceae-Chinese rose, Chinese rose and Chinese rose-are all Rosa plants. In Chinese, people are used to calling a single variety with a large flower diameter a rose, a small cluster a rose and a refined one a rose. But in English, they are all called roses. According to the current officially registered rose varieties, there are about 30,000 kinds.
In addition, cut roses are actually Chinese roses. Rose belongs to the genus Rosa, a deciduous shrub in Rosaceae, with prickly branches. Odd pinnate compound leaves, 5-9 leaflets, oval, spiny, wrinkled on the surface, most stipules and petioles united. Flowers are solitary, purple, pink, yellow, white and fragrant.
Uses of roses: roses are international perfumes, and there are many products that can be developed with petals and buds as raw materials. At present, the main products developed are: rose essential oil, rose extract, purified oil, rose sugar, dried rose flowers and so on. , an extremely precious natural product, is used as high-grade perfume, medicine, food, cosmetics, essence, spices and handicrafts.
The perfume extracted from roses is a natural perfume, which is beneficial to people's health. Therefore, commodity supply is very popular in the international market. Bulgaria and Morocco, the main countries producing roses abroad, are restricted by geography, land area, labor force and other factors, so they cannot develop further. In the international market, demand exceeds supply and prices rise. Due to the limitation of climatic conditions, the artificial planting area in other parts of China is not large enough to meet the market demand, which provides a good opportunity for us to expand rose planting.
According to the climate and geographical conditions, as long as the management measures are kept up, the requirements of the growth and development of roses can be well met, and the yield of blooming flowers can reach 500-700 Jin per mu. Moreover, planting in one year can benefit ten years, and it is indeed a project to enrich the country and enrich the people.
plant morphology
Erect shrubs. Stems are overgrown with thorns. Odd-pinnate compound leaves alternate, with 5-9 leaflets, petiole 5-13cm, oval or oval, length1.5-4.5cm, width1-2.5cm, and sharp or obtuse apex. The bottom is round or wide wedge. The edge is sharply serrated, the upper part is hairless, dark green, the veins are sunken and wrinkled, the lower part is hairy and glandular, the petiole and leaf axis are fluffy, and the petiole and leaf axis are sparse and hairy; Stipules are mostly attached to the petiole, with glandular points on the edge; The spines at the base of the petiole are usually paired. Flowers are solitary or clustered in leaf axils, bracts are oval, with glandular hairs on the edges, pedicels are 5-25mm long, densely covered with villi and glandular hairs, and flowers are 4-5.5cm in diameter, with sparse hairs on the upper part and glandular hairs on the lower part; Corolla is bright, purple and fragrant; Pedicels have villi and glands. Rose fruit is oblate and red when it matures, with many achenes and persistent sepals.
Roses are called "roses" because of their prickly stems. Bai Juyi, a poet, has a saying that "the mud connects the calyx, and the rose thorns around the branches." Roses can extract high-grade perfume rose oil, which is more expensive than gold, so roses are called "golden flowers". Rosehip fresh products
Guo Hua
Summer smallpox blooms from April to May. Flowers are solitary or clustered at the top of branches, with red, purple, white and green, single and double petals. Fruit: August-September, oblate. Originated in China, it is cultivated for ornamental purposes.
Be distributed
Roses are native to arid areas in central and eastern Asia; Now it is mainly distributed in North China, Northwest China and Southwest China, Japan, North Korea, North Africa, Mexico and India, and it is also widely planted in many other countries. It is sunny, drought, waterlogging and cold, and is suitable for growing in fertile sandy soil.
Bulgaria is the largest producer of roses in the world and is known as the "hometown of roses". The rose is the national symbol of Bulgaria. It is said that its output is huge. Otherwise, let's calculate that Bulgaria produces 1200 kg of rose oil every year, and each kilogram of rose oil needs 2000~5000 kg of petals. There are hundreds of kinds of roses planted. Every early summer, the "Rose Valley" at the southern foot of the Balkan Mountains is a sea of flowers, and all kinds of roses are in full bloom. In many roadside flower beds and community gardens, roses are also blooming everywhere. The rose oil produced in Bulgaria is pure in texture and rich in fragrance, with a maximum annual output of 2 tons, and its export volume has always ranked first in the world.
chemical composition
1. Flowers contain the main components of volatile oil: linalool, linalyl, β-citronellol, citronellyl formate, citronellyl acetate and citronellol. Ger-anyl formate, ger-anylacetate, phenylethanol) 12, nerol and 3- methyl-1- butanol (3- methyl-1- butanol) trans-β-braziene (2- tridecanone), pentadecane and 2. 1- ethanol (1- hexanol), 3- vinyl ester (3- hexanol), ethyl acetate (hexyl acetate), 3- vinyl acetate (3- hexyl acetate), benzyl alcohol (benzyl alcohol) and eugenol (eugenol).
2. Volatile components of pollen: 6- methyl -5- heptene -2- one, geranyl acetate, neroli aldehyde, geranyl aldehyde, citronellol acetate and geranyl acetone. 2- decanone, 2- tridecanone, 2- pentadecanone, tetradecanal β-phenylethanol, eugenol, methyl eugenol, β-phenylethyl acetate 3.
3. Trace components that play an important role in aroma: β-damascenone, rose oxide and α-perillene. Flowers also contain quercetin, anthocyanins, organic acids, β-carotene, fatty oil and so on.
Medicinal rose is mainly used as medicine in bud, and its leaves and roots can also be used as medicine. Rose has the functions of regulating qi, promoting blood circulation and regulating menstruation, and has a unique curative effect on symptoms such as liver and stomach gas pain, irregular menstruation, leucorrhea with reddish discharge, initial furuncle and traumatic injury, and can also be used for diet therapy. For example, rose tea can treat epigastric pain caused by esophageal spasm. In addition to medicinal purposes, the aromatic oil extracted from rose sells well in domestic and foreign markets, and the price is 1 ~ 2 times that of gold, which is not only a precious perfume in the world. In addition, it is often used as a high-grade spice additive for sweets, cakes, drinks and champagne. Cultivation method The fruit is wrapped in a receptacle, oblate, green at first, and orange-red at maturity. Roses are easy to breed and cultivate. Breeding is mostly carried out by sowing, dividing plants and cutting. Sowing should be done in autumn, and seeds should be stored in sand. Sand storage treatment method: mix a small amount of soil with sand, moisten it with water, make it manually agglomerate, and granulate when it is dispersed. Then wash the seeds and mix them into the sand. In sunny or semi-shady places, dig a ditch with an east-west width of 60 cm and a depth of 80 cm, and bury the sand mixed with seeds in it, leaving pores. Dig it out in the early spring of the next year, and it is best to plant it after the seeds are broken. The ramet propagation can be carried out in spring and autumn, especially in autumn. 1~2-year-old seedlings are separated from old plants with some roots, so the wounds can be disinfected better and survive easily. Cutting, mostly in July ~ August. Two-year-old robust branches with 1.5 ~ 20 cm length were selected as cuttings. Each cutting should have at least three leaf buds, the lower part should be cut into horseshoe shape and the upper part should be parallel. You can use pot insertion and border insertion. After insertion, do a good job of shading and sun protection, sprinkle water frequently, and maintain a certain humidity and temperature. It takes about a month to take root and become a new plant, and it can be transplanted after one year.
Roses like light, sunshine, cold and drought, so they don't need special anti-freezing protection in northern winter. It can grow as long as it is not dry and watered. The requirements for soil are not strict. Generally, fertile soil can grow vigorously, flourish and blossom well. Fertilize frequently in summer, 15~20 days, and water in time after fertilization to prevent seedlings from burning. Prune in autumn to prevent overgrowth and affect flowering and plant appearance. There are many aphids in roses, so we should pay attention to prevention and control.
The cultivation of roses is not strict with soil, medium alkaline or slightly alkaline soil is the most suitable, and slightly acidic soil can also be used. Therefore, roses should be planted in fields with sunny ventilation and good irrigation and drainage conditions, and in fertile loam on the edge of the land. Roses should avoid low-lying and waterlogged areas. When waterlogging occurs, the lower leaves turn yellow and fall off, and even the whole plant dies. The flower bud and germination of roses need an average temperature above 7 degrees, and the effective accumulated temperature from the initial stage of germination to the flowering stage needs 365 degrees, which generally depends on the temperature. Dry hot wind and soil drought are the most taboo in the rose period. For fields with water conservancy conditions, irrigation can be carried out in the bud period. Roses stop growing twice in the process of production and development (generally called summer sleep in June-July; 1 1-65438+ February is called hibernation), at this time, the branches do not grow and the branches do not elongate. The dormancy period in summer is the best pruning period for flower picking seedlings. When hibernating, base fertilizer and overwintering water can be applied to lay the foundation for stable and high yield of flower buds in the coming year.
Disease control:
The main disease of roses is powdery mildew. The disease spreads quickly and does great harm, and prevention is the main thing. In the early stage, the stems and leaves can be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture or stone sulfur mixture. After flowering, triadimefon (preferably water) can be sprayed on the leaves.