What are the basic methods of psychoanalysis?

What are the basic methods of psychoanalysis? The times are changing, and people's life pressure is increasing, which will inevitably lead to psychological problems. The three schools of psychology are psychoanalysis, behavioral psychology and humanistic psychology. Let me introduce the basic methods of psychoanalysis.

There are many methods of psychological research, but there are four basic methods: observation, experiment, investigation and test.

The main characteristics of psychological research methods

1. Observation is a method to systematically observe, record and analyze people's behavior in natural situations or preset situations, so as to obtain the laws of their psychological activities. The advantage of observation method is to keep the natural expression and objectivity of the observed object, and the obtained data is more real. However, the disadvantage of observation method is that the observer is in a passive position and can only passively wait for some behaviors of the observed person, which is inefficient.

Second, experimental methods are widely used in scientific research and are one of the main methods of psychological research. Experimental method refers to artificially and purposefully controlling and changing certain conditions, so that subjects can produce some psychological phenomenon to be studied, and then analyze and study it, so as to obtain the causes of psychological phenomena or the regular results of their actions.

Third, the survey method requires respondents to answer their own thoughts or practices on a certain issue, so as to analyze and speculate on the research methods of group psychological tendency. Although it is aimed at individuals, its purpose is to analyze and speculate the overall psychological trend of social groups with the help of many individuals' reflections.

Fourthly, the test method is the main tool for quantitative research on individual psychological characteristics and behavior performance, and it is widely used.

Psychology is a science that studies human psychological phenomena and their psychological functions and behavioral activities under their influence, taking into account outstanding theories and applications.

Psychology is mainly divided into basic psychology and applied psychology. Psychological research involves perception, cognition, emotion, thinking, personality, behavior habits, interpersonal relationships, social relations and many other fields. And it is also related to many fields of daily life-family, education, health, society and so on.

On the one hand, psychology constantly tries to explain the basic behavior and psychological function of individuals with brain operation; At the same time, psychology is also trying to explain the role of individual psychological function in social behavior and social motivation; In addition, it is also related to neuroscience, medicine, philosophy, biology, religion and other disciplines, because the physiological or psychological effects discussed by these disciplines will affect the individual's mind. In fact, many humanities and natural disciplines are related to psychology, and human psychology itself is closely related to people's living environment.

What are the basic methods of psychoanalysis? Step 2 observe

Observation method refers to the method of observing others' or their own behaviors purposefully and systematically through visual or electronic camera equipment, obtaining corresponding information, and making evaluation and judgment on this basis.

(A) the types of observation methods

According to the specific observation purpose, content and means, observation can be divided into different types. According to the way of observation, observation can be divided into direct observation and indirect observation (such as through cameras and video recording equipment). ); According to whether researchers participate in visitors' activities, observation can be divided into two forms: natural observation and controlled observation.

1. Natural observation is the most basic and common method in psychological evaluation. It is convenient and flexible, and has very important practical value in clinical diagnosis and curative effect judgment. Because this form of observation is to observe the natural performance of visitors, visitors will not be influenced, interfered or controlled by the outside world, but will be in a special state of mind and body, thus ensuring the observation results in the real state.

For example, a student is considered to have attention deficit, but through actual observation, it is found that the student can concentrate on the subjects he is interested in and watch cartoons he is interested in for a long time. Therefore, the observation results do not support that the student has attention deficit. Although the natural observation method is very effective, the evaluator must observe in the natural living environment of the visitors, which must consume a certain amount of time and energy, so there are certain difficulties in the specific implementation.

2. Control observation method, also known as simulation observation method, refers to the evaluator setting a certain situation and controlling the conditions of visitors, and observing the behavior changes of visitors in this situation. Controlled observation is often used in behaviors related to anxiety. For example, in the avoidance behavior test, a visitor with a certain phobia will be allowed to approach the objects he fears (such as snakes, mice, spiders, etc.). ) or in the same room with his fear object, the evaluator will observe the distance between the visitor and the fear object and the time together.

In order to prevent visitors from being disturbed when they find themselves being observed, one-way glass observation rooms are often used. Simulation observation is superior to natural observation because it is relatively economical. In the simulation observation, the evaluator can quantify the target behavior before and after the intervention, so it is very useful in the evaluation of the intervention effect. In addition, because visitors are under standard conditions, the observed results are comparable and, in a sense, more scientific.

(2) the main content of observation

The main content of behavior observation varies according to the purpose, and generally includes the following aspects:

1, appearance, that is, dress, behavior, expression.

2, physical appearance, that is, fat, thin, tall, deformed and other special body shapes.

3, interpersonal style, such as generous or embarrassed, active or passive, easy to contact or difficult to contact.

4. Speech, including expressive ability, fluency, pertinence, conciseness and redundancy.

5, movements, such as too little, moderate, excessive, weird movements, stiff movements.

6. Interests, hobbies and attitudes towards others and yourself shown in communication.

7. Perception, understanding and judgment.

8. coping with difficulties.

In particular, an important feature of observation is to collect nonverbal information, and all aspects related to nonverbal communication should be given enough attention. Intentional gestures, movements, body postures, facial expressions, and unintentional speech patterns, such as rhythm and speed changes, all express the same or different information as words. This information provides important clues for psychological evaluation.

As a basic method of psychological evaluation, observation runs through the whole process of evaluation and plays a very important role in evaluation. Its advantages mainly include the following aspects.

First, the data collected by observation method is more comprehensive. As long as the evaluator is good at insight and capture, it is possible to find problems and useful information clues from observation. All these can create conditions for further thinking through the phenomenon and analyzing its essence.

Secondly, the results obtained through observation are more realistic and the data reliability is high, which is the basic method to collect the original data. By observing and systematically recording the specific process of the occurrence and development of certain behaviors, the evaluator can obtain the most original information. This is the basis of further psychological diagnosis, consultation and treatment.

Third, observation is an important means to verify the effect of psychological diagnosis consultation. The correctness of psychological diagnosis and the effect of psychological consultation can be verified by many methods, but scientific observation is an important way to test the effectiveness of diagnosis.

Compared with other methods, observation also has many limitations:

First, observation can only be aimed at the explicit behavior of individuals, and it is difficult to study the implicit psychological processes of individuals through observation, such as cognitive evaluation, attitude and emotion, which are often of great interest to psychological counselors.

Second, the explicit behavior of individuals may be the result of the interaction of many factors, often with certain contingency, so the observation results are not easy to repeat. If the frequency of interesting behaviors is low, it takes a lot of time and energy to apply observation.

Thirdly, it will be very difficult to observe some private behaviors, which may be immoral. Moreover, the effectiveness of the observation results depends on the evaluators' observation ability, judgment ability and information screening ability.

Second, the method of talks.

Interview method, also known as interview method or interview method, is a method to collect case materials or understand some people, events or behaviors and attitudes by answering questions or questionnaires through the conversation between evaluators and visitors in a broad sense. In the clinical application of psychological counseling, the most commonly used are evaluation talks and treatment talks. This paper mainly introduces the evaluation talks.

Types of talks.

There are many ways of talks, but they are generally divided into two categories: one is called structured talks; The other is called unstructured talks.

1. Structured interview, also known as standardized interview, is to prepare a detailed interview topic or outline according to the requirements of the required materials. During the interview, ask each visitor the same questions in the same wording and order, and ask them to answer them one by one.

Attachment: Examples of structured clinical lectures

Example 1: hallucination assessment

The evaluation shows that hallucination refers to false perception without corresponding objective stimulation, and comprehensively evaluates the degree, frequency, duration and influence on behavior of hallucination. When a variety of hallucinations appear, choose the most important one in this evaluation. Q: Do you hear voices that don't exist or things that others can't hear, see or smell? How long has it been?

What are the basic methods of psychoanalysis? 3 1. Observation method of commonly used research methods in psychology.

The method that researchers analyze and judge the relationship between two or more variables by observing and recording the behavior of individuals or groups is called observation method. For example, take pictures of children playing with their peers, and then code and analyze whether boys are more aggressive than girls in the game.

There are two kinds of psychological observation methods: directly observing and recording the behavior of people or animals in natural scenes, and then analyzing them, which is called natural observation method. When using this method, generally try not to let the observed people know, otherwise their behavior will become "unnatural"; Observing in a preset situation is called controlled observation.

In actual observation, observers can have two identities: one is to participate in the activities of the observed, in which what they see and hear is recorded at any time; The other is to observe as a bystander. No matter what identity you appear in, you should avoid being discovered by the observed person and affect the observation effect. When observing the social activities of adults (such as voting behavior), they can be observed as participants; When observing animals and children, you can only observe them as a bystander.

When observing as a bystander, in order to avoid being disturbed by the observer, a compartment is often set up in the laboratory, with one-way glass installed on the wall of the compartment, and the observer and the observed are in two different rooms. You may have seen this scene in movies, such as the French movie Fangfang, in which the protagonist Fangfang's room is installed with one-way glass, so all her behaviors observed are natural and all her emotions are truly revealed.

2. Research methods and experimental methods commonly used in psychology.

It means that in a controlled situation, the experimenter systematically manipulates the independent variable to make it change, and then observes the influence of the dependent variable on the independent variable, that is, explores the causal relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. For example, in the study of "the influence of a certain perfume on women's endocrine cycle", perfume is the independent variable and female endocrine changes are the dependent variable.

In the experiment, the experimental group and the control group were designed respectively. For example, in the above example, the women in the experimental group used perfume, while the women in the control group used another substance, placebo, such as pure water, which certainly would not affect women's endocrine cycle. Then by comparing the endocrine changes of the two groups of women, we can judge whether this perfume works. The only difference between the experimental group and the control group is whether perfume is used or not, and other factors should be equal between the two groups, so that the control group can provide a response baseline for comparison with the experimental group.

In order to make the two groups equal, sampling (selecting subjects) and grouping (dividing subjects into different groups) should be carried out in a statistically reasonable way.

Psychologically, in addition to common laboratory experiments, experimental methods can also be extended to real-life situations such as schools and factories, which we call field experiments. There is also a "natural experiment". For example, researchers have a hypothesis that the frontal lobe of the brain is related to self-awareness, but it is immoral not to experiment with normal people. But sometimes there will be "natural experiments" to compare people with or without the front lobe of the brain.

During World War II, many people suffered serious brain injuries. By studying these people, physiological psychologists can learn a lot about the relationship between different parts of the brain and behavior or experience.

3. Investigation method in common research methods of psychology.

It is a research method to formulate questions in advance according to the scope of the questions to be studied, so that the respondents can freely express their attitudes or opinions. The survey method can be carried out in two ways: questionnaire survey and interview. Questionnaire method can be conducted by mail, and multiple people can be investigated at the same time; Interviews can only be conducted in a face-to-face manner, and the interviewee answers or records the interviewee's response to the question. One of the most famous surveys in psychology is Alfred? Kinsey and his colleagues made a survey on human sexual behavior.

The questionnaire generally includes two parts: one part is personal information, such as gender, age, education level, occupation, religious belief and so on. , and generally do not require to fill in the name, in order to eliminate the respondents' concerns and protect their privacy; The other part is the answer to each question. The answer can be selective, illegal or short.

Sampling is an important issue in survey methods. The samples selected in the survey must be representative, otherwise we can't jump to conclusions. For example, the results of a survey of freshmen or seniors in military schools do not explain the problem.

Because freshmen still lack understanding of career choice, and the military academy has influenced students' career choice because of its own particularity, the survey results may not reflect the comprehensive and true situation. In order to avoid similar situations, psychologists usually adopt specific sampling methods, such as random sampling and stratified sampling.

4. Case study method in common research methods of psychology.

It is a method that takes individuals or groups (such as families or companies) as research objects. Case study was first used by doctors to understand the patient's condition and life history. In order to make a correct diagnosis, doctors will ask patients about their past medical history and living habits, which is essentially a case study.

Later, case study method was widely used in psychology. Clinical psychologists use it the most. In addition, in principle, case method is adopted in student case counseling of educational psychology, case investigation of legal psychology and case analysis of industrial psychology. Because when studying a case, it is mostly necessary to trace back the background information of the case and understand its life experience, so it is also called case history method.

Compared with other research methods, case study method not only emphasizes "case", but also has two characteristics: First, it collects case data extensively. Taking legal psychology as an example, in order to study the whole criminal behavior and criminal psychological process of a case, data collection must include: personal basic information, family background, school life, social life, physical characteristics, psychological characteristics, past traumatic experience, criminal history, etc. The second is to adopt various methods, such as questionnaires, tests and physical examinations.