= = = = = = = = = Different periods
On the ancient traffic road:
In ancient times, Yao, Shun and Lu were always called "Kangqu". In the Western Zhou Dynasty, once people could go to a place called Dao and visit two carriages, it was called Dao, and the place where one carriage rode was called Troika Transit. "Boundary [pillow]" is the way of buffalo dealers, and "diameter" is only the lane of cattle and horses. After Qin Shihuang unified China, cars were all on the same track. The most spacious road was Chidao, and the emperor Chidao. In the Tang Dynasty, Wuli Road was called Post Road. Later, the road in Yuan Dynasty was called "Avenue", and in Qing Dynasty it was called "Tao" and "Path". At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the first automobile road built in China extended in all directions, and it was called "autobahns", also known as "expressway", some of which are still in use today. As for Tao, it's a foreign language. Alleys, hutongs and hutongs are considered to be from the status of the Tang Dynasty, and the original name means avenue. When we talk about roads here, we usually refer to the parts that walk on the ground or drive frequently.
1 The Road of Pre-Qin Dynasty
The road was built by people. It can be said that since mankind began the road of history. About 5 billion years ago, 65438+700 million years ago, in this ancient land in eastern Asia, there lived the Yuanmou people, Neanderthals and Beijingers. Our ancestors opened up the first road of survival and development in China under extremely harsh natural environment and extremely low productivity.
The legendary Yellow Emperor He, Yao, Shun and Yu are all tribal leaders in the historical development of primitive society, and the traffic around them has made great progress. Before 2000 BC, China was an ancient road for ox carts and horse-drawn carriages. According to "Ancient History" records: "The Yellow Emperor's car, Niu Zhiyuan is a little bit in the car of Xi Zhong." Shangshu Shundian tells a story: the tried and tested Yao Lao chose Shun as his successor and passed it on to his throne. The first activity of the office was to "provide its four eyes and ears", including a visit to Mount Tai in February, Mount Heng in May, Hill's visit to China, and China's visit to Mount Heng in August. 1 1. Shun Di can see that the open mode is very important for the development of transportation. In his career, Yu also started from the woodcut of magazines, such as Mountains and Rivers Lying in the Mountains (Shangshu), and his footprints of land line cars, boats, waterlines, mud line crowbars and Jushan Line [Chrysanthemum Club] (Historical Records Xia Benji) all originated from the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. On the main road of Shang Dynasty, the road construction of ancient literature merchants' nursing records. Shang dynasty, service, cattle and horses, long-distance commerce, unveiled the transportation capacity of historical animals Xia and Shang dynasties developed for a long time, from 1066 BC to 77 BC1year, and to the Western Zhou Dynasty, it can be said that our road has begun to take shape.
After Wu destroyed the Shang Dynasty, in addition to Haojing, the capital city (near Jin 'an), it was also suggested that the Duke of Zhou build Luocheng, the capital city, to control the new large-scale territory in the east, to deal with the remaining political, economic and cultural centers of the two capitals, and to build a wide road between them in order to play an effective role. This is called "deliberation", Luo Yi, east, north, south, southeast and east. Thoughtfulness is the lifeblood of the royal family in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and it is also the transportation of the Central Axis countries. The Book of Songs and The Book of Songs Dadong say: "Thinking is like a rock, straight as an arrow; Gentleman's shoes, by villains; If you are a family member, you will shed tears! "It means that on this broad, flat, straight and vector road, people can't help crying when they see the nobles and the fruits of their hard work." "Shangshu Dadong" said: "In the battle of the North, the West must apply for a mortgage. "Tianbei Beidou, like a western spoon handle, thoughtfully links the seven stars. In ancient China, the development and construction of transportation should not be underestimated, which is of great significance and thoughtful. It was not only the political, economic and cultural center of the Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang Dynasties, but also the main artery that crossed the east and west during the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Thought has played a pioneering role in the history of China's economic and cultural development.
During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, social productive forces developed unprecedentedly, and agriculture, handicrafts and commerce flourished. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, large-scale economic and cultural exchanges and the confrontation between people and goods in military diplomatic activities greatly promoted road construction. In addition to the central axis, which continues to play an important role in a thoughtful way, the criss-crossing land of trunk lines and branch lines has been further improved on both sides, and the development of waterway transportation has coupled the inverted Yellow River, Huaihe River and Jianghan Basin. There were many important road projects in this period, and it was an important problem for Qin to build the famous praise ramp. In order to overcome the barrier of Qinling Mountains, the King of Qin opened a road from Shaanxi to Sichuan and began to praise the construction of inclined plank roads. The path of the plank road starts from the oblique Shui Gu of southwest Qinling 15km in Meixian County, at the north foot of the road, and reaches Shui Gu, 5km in the north and south of Zan County, Qinling Mountain, which is called ramp Zan. The plank road, which stretches for more than 200 kilometers, is a hole paved with gray rocks and their planks on a steep wooden frame. In addition to the favorable comments on the ramp, I dug Jinniu Road and Woods Road for several years before I found Luo Lu and the plank road. These projects are very difficult. First of all, people used the ancient "boiling water to rush" mountain to cut a hole 30 cm square and 50 cm deep on the cliff and insert wooden stakes in the upper, middle and lower rows. Then, in the last row of wooden stakes used for shelter from the rain, the next row of wooden stakes is plated with Lu Cheng Road and supported by wooden frames. In this way, you can see the plank road from a distance like a pie falling from the sky, which is very spectacular. Up to now, there are still many plank roads in Taibai, Shaanxi, which are clearly identifiable. According to the historical records, "There are thousands of miles of plank roads in Bashu, Central South China, and everything is impassable. Only the mouth-praise hub is in New Zealand [gǔ Evening Valley is in W ǔ n] and the" strategic "throat of Shu has always been a coveted land dispute. In 206 BC, there was a famous story of "building a plank road and crossing Chen Cang in secret". In addition to the Qin plank road, other major road projects include: Chu leads Xinzheng to open an important channel for the operation of Jin State through Taihang Mountain. Channel, Qilu building opened between direct communication lines. The lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Huanghuai traffic network north of the Great Wall extend in all directions. At this point, the Central Plains people wearing big sleeves and wide robes, the archery of Shanrong Di on horseback, the people of Yunmeng Jianghan Chu, the dragon and wuyue, and the integration of Bashu dance further unified the Chinese nation and laid the foundation.
2 The Road of Qin and Han Dynasties
The formation of the national land transportation network began in the Qin Dynasty. As early as Qin Jun wiped out the Six Kingdoms, private buildings in all parts of the Qin Dynasty demolished the city walls and obstacles, and removed the obstacles that hindered traffic. After Qin Shihuang unified China, cars were on the same track. The uniform width of vehicle clearance in the whole country means that the main parts of automobiles have uniform standards and can be replaced quickly and conveniently. The requirements and methods of "standardization" are very advanced, which puts forward higher requirements for meeting the needs of long-distance transportation in Qin civil war. Highway construction has great economic value and social benefits.
According to the requirement of "cars on the same track", the Qin Dynasty spent countless manpower and material resources to transform and connect mixed traffic routes and built a national traffic route based on intelligent roads. This project, which takes 10 years, has a very broad scale, with Xianyang as its capital, radiating all over the country, counties and major cities.
The unified quality standard of equator and Qin dynasty: Tao. It is 50 steps wide and 70 meters high, and the terrain on both sides of the subgrade is high, which is convenient for drainage. Plant a solid pine tree and street trees with a hammer every 30 feet. In addition to the 30 feet in the middle of the emperor's dedicated road, pedestrians on both sides of the auxiliary road are also open. The pavilions are built in 10, which are part of public security management, pedestrian residence, taxi station and postal hub. We can still pass the defense project north of Jiuyuan, such as looking at the actual situation of Qin Chi Road. According to ancient records, from 2 12 BC to 2 10 BC, Qin Shihuang ordered the construction of a straight road with a length of 1400 km, and 200,000 troops lived in Mengtianfu, stationed at the border and trimmed the straight road. This road spans Shaanxi, Gansu and other provinces and cities, across 14 county and Jiuyuan county (now Baotou city, the widest place can even be used as a modern medium-sized aircraft landing runway. Its expansion is to accommodate two trucks from-side along the dotted line, and each branch has the width of four trucks. When it was officially put into use, the emperor's cavalry set out from his military command center-Yunyang Guanglin Palace (now Emperor Wucun, Chunhua County, Shaanxi Province) and arrived at the foot of Yinshan Mountain for three days and three nights to attack the Huns. According to archaeological discoveries, there are still 90 long straight roads in Dongsheng County, Inner Mongolia. In the Han Dynasty, the existing roads in Qin continued to expand, forming four radial traffic networks centered on the capital, such as Chang 'an East Road, Hanguguan (now northeast of Lingbao, Henan Province), Luoyang and Dingtao, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, to Linzi East Road, Chang 'an North Road to Jiuyuan County (Baotou) and North Road, which are the northwest links. Since the opening of the western regions in the 2nd century BC, the trunk has been extended to Central Asia through Hexi Corridor. This is the famous "Silk Road"; Crossing the Yellow River to Baozhen (now Yongji West, Shanxi Province), Pingyang (now northwest of Linfen City) and Jinyang (now south of Taiyuan) crosses Pingcheng (now east of Datong), and from Chang 'an to southwest of Hanzhong. In order to realize these two points, Yunnan and southwest trunk lines should try their best to realize Jiangling to southeast, Chang 'an and Nanyang Wuguan, and continue to connect the north-south trunk roads east of Hanzhong. In addition, there are some feeder lines and water trunk lines leading to all parts of the country.
The famous Silk Road
The famous Silk Road is mainly introduced here. In the 3rd or 4th century BC, that is, in the 2nd century BC, the Silk Road was a land transportation route all over Asia and an important channel for economic and cultural exchanges between China and India, ancient Greece and Rome.
We call it the country of silk. We have discovered the history that silk and China silk entered many European countries before the 5th century BC. Silk Ancient Egypt and Rome regarded China as a "brilliant and somewhat clever" treasure. According to historical records, the famous Roman Caesar wore a silk skirt to the cinema, which caused a sensation and was regarded as a peerless luxury. BC, due to a large number of imports.
The ancient silk in China caused the outflow of money from Rome. It opened up the "Silk Road" to the west in the Han Dynasty. In the areas of Zhejiang and Jiangsu in the east and southeast of Shandong Province, a large number of high-quality silks were concentrated on the sea and land lines in Chang 'an, China during the Han and Tang Dynasties. A considerable part of this road is westward. Silk trade accounts for a considerable proportion. On this land, it is called the Silk Road, which opened up a western maritime route-the Maritime Silk Road. This land is also known as the "Silk Road". It is generally believed that the Silk Road first started in Chang (Jin 'an) in the east of China, and went west to Dunhuang along the Weihe River, Loess Plateau and Hexi Corridor. It was divided into two roads: Nandao, Yangguan, Kunlun, Loulan (now Ruoqiang, Xinjiang), Qiemo, Minfeng, Yutian, Hotan, Moyushi, Pishan, Yecheng and shache to Kashi North Road. The two routes, Kashgar, meet in the west and climb the Pamirs, which is the most difficult part. Then they passed through Afghanistan, Iran and Central Asian countries, as well as the Mediterranean Sea, and finally reached the end of the Silk Road: Rome and Venice, the capital of Rome. Later, they opened up a new road in North America, starting from Dunhuang and Hami, along the Junggar Basin in the northern Tianshan Mountains, and reaching the Roman Empire from Yili to the west. cross
Under the condition of transporting crude oil in ancient times, it was very difficult for foreign countries and angels to take the Silk Road. The steep hillside near Lop Nur in Xinjiang is called "Ya Dan". Fa Xian, a eminent monk in Jin Dynasty, went to India to study Buddhism 1700 years ago, and his life is drawing to a close. The description of the great horror style, written on his travel itinerary: "Shahe is more than evil spirits. In case you die, there are no birds or animals at all. You see, you want to go around the temple, but for some reason, you only have bones and ears. " Li Bai, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, described the Silk Road in bad weather like this: "The Tianshan Mountains and In the snow are cold without flowers. "What is commendable is that under these extremely difficult conditions, the pioneers of ancient China opened a world-wide waterway more than 2,000 years ago.
Two outstanding figures who made outstanding contributions opened up the Silk Road of more than 7,000 kilometers in history. This is when Zhang Qian, Ban Chao and Zhang Qian arrived in the Western Han Dynasty. He was the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty twice in BC 138 and BC 165438. In the Western Regions, west of Yumenguan, Gansu, Xinjiang, Central Asia, and even the vast European region, Zhang Qian's first task in the Han Dynasty was to order him to contact Yue's western countries (the former Soviet Union and Afghanistan in Central Asia) to resist the Xiongnu in the north and open the passage between the Central Plains and the Western Regions. He just left 100 people to communicate with his subordinates, and the Huns were captured. The Huns detained them for 10 years. In the end, only one Xiongnu tribe, Tang Yi's father, followed him. They secretly left the Xiongnu military camp one night, went through hardships and were hungry, and successfully escaped from the Xiongnu-controlled border. I deleted it in the west for more than a year, and returned to the Han Dynasty, familiar with western countries reporting the Han Dynasty. A few years later, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions. This time, Zhang Qian went to Wusun (now south of Yining, Xinjiang) and became good friends with Wusun Wang. He also sent the same 300 envoys: Dawan, Kangju (including the former Soviet Union in Central Asia), Yueshi, Xia (now northern Afghanistan), Rest in Peace (now Iranian Plateau and Mesopotamia), Body Poison (India, Pakistan) and Yutian County. When Zhang Qian returned home, Sun specially sent dozens of horses to the beautiful mother of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty, trips to the Western Regions became more and more frequent. Every year, there are hundreds of messengers, ranging from 100, and folk caravans emerge one after another. At this point, it is the birthplace of great civilizations in the world. Ancient Rome, ancient Egypt, ancient India, ancient Arabia and ancient China are closely related. Shortly after Zhang Qian's two missions, at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the central government appointed military and political organizations in today's Xinjiang region to protect the western regions and implement effective political governance and economic development. Xinjiang has become a sacred territory of China and an important gateway for China to communicate with the western world.
Ban Chao was in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In 73 AD, Ban Chao was a very decisive and brave general. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, he was appointed as a marching Sima. By the Han Dynasty, there were only 36 people. At this time, the Huns were powerful. Qiuci (Kuqa, Xinjiang), in order to reverse Attila's direction, bullied Kashgar, a neighbor of the Han Dynasty. Personal Qiuci pocket title is sparse, and King Ban Chao sent someone to kill King Shule. Shule is 90 kilometers away from the city and then sent to Shule. Not prepared to take advantage of the pocket title, Zhuang suddenly approached him and tied it up. The theme in the pocket was shocked and ran away. The minister of civil and military affairs immediately called Ban Chao to Shule, and after explaining his purpose, he announced that he was still standing in Shule in the old dynasty, and Shule supported him. Ban Chao's policy has returned to the pocket of Qiuci people. The judicial action in the western regions made his prestige higher and higher. Later, in the Han Dynasty, it was transferred back. Many people refused to let him go and even insisted that his horse kneel on one leg.
The Silk Road was opened. The international highway corridor is of far-reaching significance. Through Central Asia, West Asia, Eastern Europe, and North Africa, the lines of traffic intersection have formed some great commercial roads in the world, not only in the Han and Tang Dynasties, but also in the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and have been playing an important role in linking ancient eastern civilization with western civilization.
The road after Tang dynasty
The development of ancient roads in China During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Chang 'an, the capital at that time, was not only as famous as the eastern waterway canal, but also a domestic and international land transportation hub, and had become the largest city in the world. The wall of Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty was unprecedented in scale, with a length of 36.7 kilometers from north to south, a width of 972 1 m from east to west and a length of 865 1 m from east to west. The area is 10 times that of Xi city today. There are 1 1 north-south street and 14 east street in the city, and there are more than 100 neat squares in the city. The imperial city is divided into north and south, in the middle of a street called Chengtianmen Street, 44 1 m, with a wide view. Jiang 12 Menliu Street Zhuque Street, one of the whole north-south streets in Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty. The central axis, 147 meters wide, is defined as the east and west of Chang 'an City, the Jessie District is called Chang 'an County, and the Dongjie District is called Wannian County. The streets are busy, bustling and very lively. Trees are planted on both sides of the street, and there are many gardens and blooming peonies scattered among the pools, which makes the whole city very neat and beautiful. Chang 'an, east, west, north and south, constitutes a rich land transportation network, which is not only the leading in the country, but also has frequent traffic at home and abroad. In addition, Luoyang, Yangzhou, Quanzhou, Guangzhou and other cities, as well as the political, economic and cultural development of the Tang Dynasty, have also become important centers of domestic and international transportation.
During the Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties, highway construction in China entered a new stage of development, especially in urban road construction and traffic management. The combination of urban construction, streets and organic in Sui and Tang Dynasties is obvious. Cities on both sides of the road have become key areas for the first time? During the Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang dynasties, all industries closed their partitions, forming an unprecedented square and investing in active urban life. Residents' restaurants, teahouses and Goulan tile houses work during the day and at night, and artists' suppliers fill the streets. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the capital became the center of Bianjing Street (now Kaifeng, Henan Province), known as Yujie Street, with a width of 200 steps. In two big cities, the population exceeds one million, and there are more than 6,400 shops in the city. On both sides of the road are the Royal Art Museum. The government of the Northern Song Dynasty changed the old rules that residents were not allowed to open the door to the streets or engage in trading activities outside the designated city squares during the Qin, Han and Tang Dynasties, so that citizens could shop. In the active economic and cultural life, the curfew was also relaxed and it was closed very late. Imperial Street set up a military patrol shop as early as two or three hundred steps ago, and the anti-corner shop patrolled during the day to maintain traffic order and facilitate passenger flow. Guard the official residence day and night in case anything happens. This may be the earliest patrol in history. In the Tang Dynasty, there was a kind of public transportation, called oil-walled car. In the Southern Song Dynasty, this kind of oil-walled car in the capital city of Lin 'an (now Hangzhou) was very long, with a carriage, walls, windows and curtains, beautifully decorated and equipped with satin mats, and paid great attention to providing sightseeing for six passengers. This is the earliest bus, and Lin 'an can be considered as the first city bus in the world. The dense network of road traffic network after Yuan and Ming Dynasties was built around Beijing. The postal route radiates all over China. Since the Yuan Dynasty, Han and Tang Dynasties, the mainland transportation network has been expanded in an all-round way, covering a vast area of the Asian continent, including the Arabian Peninsula. In the heyday of Mongolia, there were many leaders from various ministries. Under the command of the Mongolian army, Genghis Khan conquered a small front, and the army of Ji Inn transported by land crossed the Duonao River in Dongou, the land and the destroyed Jin regime and the Southern Song regime, and entered his territory in a large area in southern China. During the comparative period of the Silk Road in Han and Tang Dynasties, the road was bigger, more efficient and more direct.
China's last feudal dynasty, the late Qing Dynasty, basically laid the foundation of traffic, traffic facilities, traffic power and traffic management in modern China. Compared with previous dynasties, there are qualitative breakthroughs in addition to quantitative changes. However, the layout of national roads by the merged Qing government was more reasonable and effective than before. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, roads were divided into three categories: "Guanma Avenue is the main passage of the provincial capital on all sides; Highway is the only way from the provincial capital to local cities, and it is the branch road from the surrounding major cities that reaches Beijing ahead of time. The official road motor is the official road of a country. Huanghua Station outside Donghuamen, the capital, serves as the national transportation hub, the management and cluster system of the east road, the north road, the west road and the south road of Guanma Avenue. The most important part of Guanma North Road system is the international passage that extends the northeast trunk line from Beijing Shanhaiguan and Fengtian (now Shenyang) to jaxa Situtun Hekou (Heilongjiang) Lu Guan to the Korean Peninsula. Guanma North Road system is divided into Hulunbeier Qiketu main road and plush transverse passage. These roads played an important strategic role in the struggle between the Qing Dynasty and the North and in defending the development of the North. The official road system includes Lanzhou official road and Sichuan official road. The former runs from Beijing to Baoding, Taiyuan, Xi, Lanzhou, Qinghai, Tibet and Xinjiang to Central Asia and West Asia, while the latter runs to the southwest, from Xi to Yunnan-Guizhou-Sichuan, and extends westward to Lhasa, Tibet. The coverage of the official system in the whole western region played a very important role in the establishment and consolidation of the Qing Empire. The official Ma 'nan Road system includes Lu Guan in Yunnan, Lu Guan in Guilin and Lu Guan in Guangdong. The first two routes are Taiyuan going south to Luoyang via the Yellow River, then passing through Kunming and Guilin, and extending to Indochina Peninsula; This trunk line is the main road in Lu Guan, Guangdong Province, starting from Xuzhou, which is economically located south of Beijing, and passing through Hefei, Nanchang, Ganzhou and Shaoguan to reach Guangzhou. This is the official road, from Beijing to Guangzhou in the Ming Dynasty, running through the north and south of China. Guangzhou was the only foreign trade port in the late Qing Dynasty, and the Qing government paid special attention to tree trunks. The only way out for the official horse track is Fujian Official Road, which passes through Tianjin, Jinan, Xuzhou, Nanjing, Suzhou, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Fuzhou and other major cities along the way. This is an important way for the Qing government to survive economically. In addition, the official road of the Yangtze River runs through the east and west. It was through these roads that the Qing government realized political control and economic contraction of provinces, cities, counties and towns, and even the natural villages and countries of people of all ethnic groups throughout the country. In order to survive and develop, it realized exchanges in various fields such as economy and culture through this huge transportation network.
The ancient roads in China were paved with gravel or muddy roads instead of useful asphalt or cement. Until the end of 19, until the railway and highway. 1876, British imperialism deceived Wusong, the Manchu government, and built railways without authorization. This is the first railway in China. Built in 188 1, the first railway in China, Tangshan-Xuzhou coal railway, was newly built with capital contribution, and the expansion should be retained. The first expressway in China was built at 1908, and Su Yuanchun was stationed at Nakan Road, Longzhou County, Guangxi in southern Xinjiang. Unfortunately, it's not all over. 19 13, the expressway built in Hunan is about 50 kilometers, from Changsha to Xiangtan. Inheriting the rise of modern means of transportation, such as trains, ships, automobiles, railways, highways and air routes, China's ancient post road transportation system has finally completed its historical mission, and often gradually disintegrated and abandoned.