First, a reasonable tender offer at the tender offer stage is a prior measure to do a good job in project cost process management. Bidding quotation is the core of project bidding, and if the quotation is too high, the contracting opportunity will be lost; And the quotation is too low, although it may win the bid, it will bring the risk of loss to the project contracting. This requires our quotation personnel to make a reasonable quotation and work out a bid quotation that can not only win the bid, but also be profitable. Therefore, the following principles should be adhered to when quoting: 1. Before compiling the tender offer, the tender documents and bill of quantities should be carefully studied to meet the requirements of "meeting all kinds of comprehensive evaluation standards stipulated in the tender documents to the maximum extent" or "meeting the substantive requirements of the tender documents" in the Bidding Law. (Refer to "Architectural Chinese Website") 2. Compilers communicate with technicians, and take the construction scheme and technical measures as the basic conditions for the calculation of tender offer. 3. Make full use of field investigation, research results, market price information and market data, prepare the pre-tender estimate and determine the price adjustment method. 4, to reflect the enterprise technology and management level of enterprise quota as the basic basis for calculating labor, materials and machinery consumption. At present, many construction enterprises do not have their own enterprise quota, and the bidding quotation is based on the budget quota of the national and provincial systems. The budget quota and cost quota are changed from mandatory to guiding, all the prices of buildings, materials and machinery are set at the same time, and the project cost is formed by the market. With the deepening and development of market-oriented reform, construction enterprises should gradually establish enterprise quotas that reflect their own construction management level and technical equipment level. 5, quotation personnel should use certain strategies, which can not only make the bidder accept the quotation, but also make the enterprise get more profits. For example, under the premise of not affecting the total quotation, the unit price of some sub-projects is set higher or lower than the normal level. (1) The unit price of partial projects (such as earthwork and foundation projects) that can be settled and paid in advance will be set high, and the unit price of later construction components (such as painting, painting and electrical equipment installation) will be appropriately reduced. (2) The unit price is expected to increase for projects that may increase in the construction process; The unit price of projects with reduced quantities will be reduced. (3) If the design drawings are unclear or wrong, it is estimated that the number of modified projects will increase in the future, and the unit price will increase; If the project content is not clear, reduce the unit price. (4) If there is no engineering quantity, only fill in the unit price (such as dredging silt and rocks in earthwork, etc.). ), the unit price will increase, without affecting the total bid price, and the enterprise will earn more when it happens in the future. (5) For the tentative amount (or project), it is more likely to be done, the price quota is higher, and the unit price that may not happen is lower. (6) The quotation for sporadic use (daywork) is higher than the wage unit price in general partial projects, because it belongs to the scope of the total contract price, and it will be reimbursed if it happens. The higher the price, the more profits. In the past, we paid too much attention to the total quotation and often ignored the quotation strategy. In order to compile a bid quotation that can win the bid and be profitable, the quotation personnel should not only master the information of policies and regulations and the construction market, but also use the quotation strategy flexibly, so that the enterprise can obtain more profits and the project cost management can achieve results.
Second, the construction contract is the basis of project settlement at the signing stage of the construction contract, and the settlement effect is directly related to the economic benefits of the enterprise. Therefore, it is very important whether the contract signing is perfect. Contract signing personnel should master the contract law, construction law, bidding law and other laws and regulations, and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of enterprises according to law. In the process of signing the contract, we should pay attention to: 1. If a fixed-price contract is adopted, the risk expenses included in the contract price and the scope of taking risks must be agreed in the special terms and conditions. The method of adjusting the contract price outside the risk scope is stipulated in the special terms and conditions. For example, it is clear what the contract price includes and how to calculate what it does not include when it happens. It should be noted that the fixed total price is suitable for (1) design to be further studied in bidding, which has reached the requirements of construction drawing design, the engineering design drawings are complete and complete, the engineering scope and engineering calculation basis are accurate, no major design changes will occur during contract performance, and the quoted quantities based on the contractor will not be significantly different from the actually completed quantities; (2) For small and medium-sized projects with small scale and uncomplicated technology, the contractor can reasonably foresee various risks that may be encountered in the implementation process when quoting; (3) The contract period is short, usually a one-year project. So when we sign lump sum contract, we must combine the scope of the contract and sign the contract after systematic calculation. 2. Where an adjustable price contract is adopted, the adjustment method of the contract price shall be stipulated in the special terms and conditions. Adjustable price refers to the total contract price or unit price that can be adjusted in the way agreed in the contract during the contract implementation period, that is, the price that can be adjusted according to the agreement and with the changes of resource prices and other factors during the contract implementation process. This contract pricing method is more suitable for projects with a construction period of more than one year. At present, we often sign construction contracts with adjustable prices, and employers bear the risk of inflation. We should pay attention to the scope of price adjustment in the adjustable price contract, and stipulate in the special terms: (1) Changes in national laws, regulations and policies will affect the contract price; (2) the price adjustment announced by the project cost management department; (3) Within one week, water supply, power failure and gas stoppage caused by reasons other than the contractor have accumulated for more than 8 hours; (4) Other adjustment or increase or decrease agreed by both parties. 3. The language of the contract should be rigorous, and the rights, obligations and respective responsibilities of both parties should be clearly stipulated in the special terms, so as to provide a basis for claiming compensation from the owner during the construction period.
Third, the project construction stage is the process of forming the construction project entity and realizing the use value of the construction project. It is a process of investing a lot of money and forming a lot of settlement bases. Therefore, in the construction stage, we should not only pay attention to controlling the project cost and reducing the construction cost, but also pay attention to the preservation of settlement evidence. The three goals of project cost, construction period and quality are contradictory and unified. The objection is intuitive and easy to understand. Generally speaking, if the function and quality requirements of construction projects are high, more funds need to be invested; At the same time, careful work and strict management are needed, which not only increases the input of manpower (the labor cost increases accordingly), but also takes a long time to construct. If we want to speed up the progress and shorten the construction period, we need to work overtime or appropriately increase the construction machinery and manpower, thus increasing the project cost; On the other hand, speeding up the progress will often disrupt the original plan, which will have a favorable impact on the project quality or leave hidden dangers for the project quality. If we want to reduce the cost, we can only arrange the plan according to the principle of lowest cost, and the construction time of the whole project will be longer.
The above analysis shows that there is an antagonistic relationship between the three major objectives of the construction project. Therefore, we can't expect the three objectives of cost, construction period and quality to be "optimal" at the same time, that is, less investment, short construction period and good quality. When determining the objectives of construction projects, we cannot separate the three major objectives of cost, duration and quality, and we cannot expect them to achieve "optimal" at the same time, that is, not only less investment, but also short duration and good quality. When determining the objectives of a construction project, we should not separate the three major objectives of cost, time limit for a project and quality, analyze and demonstrate them separately, and even more, we should not unilaterally emphasize one objective and ignore its consideration of the other two objectives as a whole system, repeatedly coordinate and balance, and strive to achieve the optimization of the whole objective system. The unified relationship among the three major objectives of construction projects needs to be analyzed and understood from different angles. For example, although accelerating and shortening the construction period requires a certain increase in investment, it can reduce the management expenses of enterprises and the expenditure of on-site funds. In addition, from the perspective of quality control, if strict quality control is carried out in the implementation process, the rework cost in the implementation process can be reduced. On the other hand, strict quality control can also ensure the progress.
It is precisely because of the unity of opposites among cost, time limit for a project and quality that one aspect cannot be emphasized in isolation. We must consider the three goals of cost, construction period and quality as a whole, realize the unity of the three goals, and take organizational measures, technical measures, economic measures and contract measures to control the project cost on the premise of meeting the quality and construction period, so as to strengthen the project cost management in the construction stage. 1, organizational measures Take measures to control the project cost from the aspects of organization and management, such as implementing the organizations and personnel controlled by the three major targets, and defining the tasks, functions, powers and responsibilities of the target controllers at all levels. Organizational measures are the premise and guarantee of other measures, which generally do not need to increase any cost, and can receive good results if used properly. (1) Divide the economic responsibility of a single project into responsible persons, and the project manager is mainly responsible for cost, benefit, time limit for a project and quality. (2) Accounting is the core of the operation and settlement work of the project department, and it is the concrete executor of the settlement work. (3) Other management personnel (technicians, builders, and material workers) attach importance to cost and benefit and do their jobs well. 2. Technical measures are not only indispensable for solving technical problems in the process of construction implementation, but also play an important role in controlling project cost. Any technical scheme basically determines the economic effect, and different technical schemes have different economic effects. In practice, it is necessary to avoid choosing the technical scheme only from the technical point of view and ignoring the analysis and demonstration of its economic effect. (1) Arrange the schedule reasonably to minimize mechanical shutdown and manual slowdown;
(2) Make technical and economic analysis of different technical schemes, and adopt the technical scheme with the lowest cost on the premise of ensuring the construction period and quality; (3) Handling design changes and technical visas in time as the basis for settlement; ? (4) Carry out on-site acceptance of materials according to the prescribed procedures, and unqualified materials are not allowed to be used in the project, so as to avoid unnecessary waste caused by rework; (5) Carry out the construction in strict accordance with the contract quality standards, and carry out intermediate quality acceptance according to the quality acceptance and procedures. The construction of the next procedure can only be carried out after the acceptance, so as to avoid economic losses caused by quality problems. 3. Economic measures are the most easily accepted and adopted cost control measures. (1) The budget officer of the project department shall notify the engineer (or Party A's representative) in writing of the adjustment reason and amount within 14 days after the contract price can be adjusted, which will be included in the project settlement as an additional contract price after the engineer confirms it. If the engineer fails to reply or put forward improvement suggestions within 14 days after receiving the notice, it shall be deemed as agreeing to the adjustment (or as agreed in the contract). (2) Carefully check the engineering quantity, make intermediate measurement, and report the increased engineering quantity due to reasons other than the construction enterprise to the engineer (or owner) for approval in time as the additional price of the contract. (3) Apply for economic visa in time. 4. Contract measures As the contract is the basis of project settlement, contract measures are particularly important. Cost management personnel should carefully study the contents of the contract and claim compensation from the owner in time for the economic losses and delays caused by non-construction enterprises. Claim is a claim for loss and time delay caused by the owner's responsibility rather than the fault of the construction enterprise according to laws, contract provisions and practices during the implementation of the construction contract.
The situations that can claim compensation from the owner include: (1) the owner's breach of contract: if the owner fails to allocate the project payment within the specified time; The owner fails to provide the contractor with the right to use the site within the specified time; The engineer fails to issue relevant drawings, instructions, instructions or replies within the specified time; The materials provided by the owner are delayed or do not meet the contract standards; There are also inappropriate decisions and harsh inspections by engineers. (2) Contract defects: This includes not only defects in commercial terms, but also defects in technical specifications and drawings. In this case, the engineer has the right to make an explanation, but if we carry out the engineer's explanation, which leads to an increase in expenses or an extension of the construction period, we can lodge a claim with the owner. (3) Changes in construction conditions: Changes in construction site conditions have a great impact on the construction period and cost. Due to unfavorable natural conditions and obstacles, experienced contractors can't predict changes in advance, which often leads to changes, prolonged construction period or substantial increase in expenses. You can claim compensation from the owner. (4) Engineering change: In engineering construction, the change of engineering quantity is inevitable. In the process of construction, when engineers find problems such as design, quality standards and construction sequence, they often instruct to add new jobs, replace building materials, suspend construction or speed up construction. These change orders will inevitably lead to new construction costs or the need to extend the construction period. All these circumstances force us to file a claim through the contract to make up for the economic losses we should not bear. (5) Time delay: Due to the influence of weather, hydrogeology and other factors, time delay often occurs, and the responsibility is not borne by the construction enterprise, so you can claim compensation from the owner. (6) Engineer's instructions: In order to ensure that the contract achieves the established objectives, the engineer may issue various necessary instructions. Accordingly, the construction enterprise can of course claim compensation from the owner for the expenses and/or delays caused by such instructions (including wrong instructions).
The claim report is only valid after the owner can make a claim: (1) The construction enterprise shall submit a notice of claim intention to the project within 28 days after the claim event, stating that it will make a claim for this event. This notice of intention is the claim desire and requirement expressed by the construction enterprise to the engineer and the owner on the specific bead claim event. If this period is exceeded, the engineer and the owner have the right to reject the claim of the construction enterprise. (2) Within 28 days after submitting the notice of intention to claim, or other reasonable time that may be agreed by the Engineer. The construction enterprise shall submit a formal claim report. The contents of the claim report shall include: the cause of the incident, the evidential materials affecting its rights and interests, the basis of the claim, the amount of compensation claimed this time, the number of days of delay in the construction period, detailed calculation and other relevant materials.
Four, the annual settlement or completion settlement stage according to the construction contract, the annual settlement or completion settlement.
What is the project cost of the first three stages? When the basic work is done, the work in the settlement stage will be smooth. In the settlement stage, on the basis of comparing the cost with the construction cost, we should know fairly well, summarize the contract price, additional contract price and claim price to form a summary cost, and report it to the owner for approval. In the process of settlement, we should strive to be true and never give up, not only watermelons, but also sesame seeds, so that the particles can be returned to the warehouse to achieve the ultimate goal of settlement, that is, construction enterprises? Create greater profits. The settlement of the north lead project of Jiangwan Bridge in Jilin City is a good example. This project supervision standard implements the supervision in the construction stage, all kinds of engineers' instructions are issued according to the unified format stipulated in the supervision standard, and the materials such as engineering quantity, economic visa and claim price reported by construction enterprises are also examined and approved according to standard procedures, which lays the foundation for the project cost work in the settlement stage and makes the project settlement work complete smoothly.
From the above four stages, this paper expounds the measures before, during and after the whole process of project cost management in construction enterprises. Construction enterprises should take measures after the completion of the project according to their own characteristics. On the other hand, we should take active measures before and during the project, do a good job in the project cost management in the project implementation stage, and make the construction enterprises achieve good economic benefits.
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