2. The secretariat system of the Eastern Han Dynasty 2. County system and feudal system coexist 1. County System and Feudalism in the Western Han Dynasty
2. favor decree 3. Procuratorial system 1. The system of selecting officials in the Western Han Dynasty
2. The system of selecting officials in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The user's system is 1. The editors of the Eastern Han Dynasty all enjoyed themselves with the people.
2. Teaching requirements and suggestions for farmers living in poverty 1. The key point of this lesson: Many knowledge points involved in this lesson are not mentioned in the China history textbook of junior high school. Students are unfamiliar and have some difficulties in learning. The key point is to master the system of centralization and household registration, so as to deepen the understanding of the essence of feudal society. Difficulties in this lesson: How to correctly understand the meaning of "Han inherited Qin system" Second, before talking about the specific content of this lesson, the teacher explained that the Han Dynasty refers to the Western Han Dynasty (pre-Han Dynasty) and the Eastern Han Dynasty (post-Han Dynasty). Then, recalling the historical background and guiding students to correctly understand the system of the Han Dynasty is a question of connecting the past with the future and an inevitable product of the feudal era. From the late Qin Dynasty to the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty, after eight years of war, the social economy was ruined and desolate, and even the ruling class could not search for more wealth. Sima Qian said: "Since the son of heaven can't have the ambition to be a militarist, he will ride an ox cart, and the Qi people will have nothing to hide." This shows the seriousness of the problem. In this case, how to restore the feudal ruling order and how to restore and develop the social economy is the primary issue related to the survival of the Western Han regime. Liu Bang realized that it was difficult to conquer the world, and it was even more difficult to rule the world. He built his capital on the bank of the Weihe River and named it "Chang 'an", which meant to pay attention to long-term stability. This shows that the rulers are seriously thinking about how to govern the country. The first thing that several emperors in the early Han Dynasty thought of was how to formulate the ruling system, because only a clear system could consolidate the political power and develop the economy. The ruling system of the Han Dynasty was basically in line with the national conditions at that time, and to a certain extent, it reflected the people's desire for peaceful reunification, living and working in peace and contentment, and adequate food and clothing. The Qin system was basically inherited in the early Han Dynasty. The so-called "Han inherited Qin system" can not be understood as copying and unchanging, but constantly improving and developing on the basis of Qin system. The system of Han Dynasty is very extensive, and the text only talks about several main aspects. These systems are of progressive significance to safeguarding national unity, stabilizing society and developing economy, which made the Western Han Dynasty reach its peak and become the most advanced country in the world at that time. Third, "Secretariat system", we need to clarify two issues: 1. In the Qin dynasty, the imperial censor was responsible for supervising officials. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in order to strengthen the supervision of local governors and county orders, all States set up secretariat officials. In the Western Han Dynasty, the official rank of the secretariat was lower than that of the county magistrate, but it represented the central government and had great power. In this way, a set of supervision system has been formed, and the control of the central government over local governments has been strengthened. 2. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu changed the secretariat of the Western Han Dynasty to a state-level local governor, ranking higher than the county magistrate. When he became emperor, in order to suppress the peasant uprising, he changed the name of the secretariat to the state shepherd, allowing it to master the military and political power of a state. Later, the herdsmen in these States gradually formed a separatist force, and the future troubles were endless. The supervision system is necessary, but the secretariat has gradually evolved into a local governor, and its power has been expanding, thus losing the role of an inspector. Four, "county system and feudal system coexist", we need to clarify three issues: 1. After the reunification of Qin, the county system was implemented throughout the country, which was a local political organization. The Western Han Dynasty inherited this system. Due to historical reasons, before and after the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Bang implemented the system of sealing off the country. There are seven kings with different surnames,1more than 40 princes were sealed. This is the origin of the post-country. Later, Liu Bang cut off the king with different surnames and made the nine sons of Liu the king, that is, "the king with the same surname". Since then, the number of kingdoms has been increasing. The existence of a large number of countries within a country is a hidden danger of division, which is not conducive to centralization and national unity. 2. In the early Western Han Dynasty, the local separatist forces were mainly attacked by violence and nonviolence. It was not until the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty that the kingdom became smaller and smaller, and the "Supplementary Interests Law" was enacted to restrict the activities of vassals. From then on, kings and princes were forbidden to interfere in political affairs, and the problem of sealing the country was finally solved. Although the country exists in name only, it has existed in name only. The coexistence of counties and countries is not conducive to the unified management of the country and is in danger of division. This is a historical lesson. V. The "inspection system" needs to be clarified: 1. In order to strengthen centralization and expand the ruling foundation of the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty promulgated a new system of selecting officials, paying attention to selecting talents and enriching the bureaucracy. There are several channels to select talents, and the most important thing is to examine the selection system. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty wanted pioneering talents with both ability and political integrity. No matter where they come from, as long as they are "extraordinary people" with extraordinary merits, they will be appointed as "generals" or "ambassadors abroad" Therefore, during his reign, there were many talented people, including Zhu Fuyan and Zhu Maichen from a poor background, Bo Shi from a shepherd, Sang Hongyang from a businessman, looking for General Wei Qing from slaves, and appointing Jin Ri in the process of surrender. Gong was accompanied by Zheng Dangshi, Dong Zhongshu, Su Wu, Zhang Qian, Sima Qian, Huo Qubing and Huo Guang. , forming a situation that "those who have gained the Han Dynasty are prosperous here" ("Hanshu Gongzhuan"). It is precisely because of this recognition that military commanders became modern people in China's feudal society. 2. The Eastern Han Dynasty continued the procuratorial system of the Western Han Dynasty. At that time, although nominally, the people under investigation must be "talented and famous" and highly praised by the public opinion of the township party. However, in order to obtain high-ranking officials and generous salaries, many scholar-officials demanded bribes, engaged in malpractices for personal gain, and ran rampant with privileges, "promoting virtue by family status, and Ren Xian by position (power position)" (Wang Fu's On Latent Husband and Honor). These aristocratic families developed into aristocratic families in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. At the same time, those so-called leaders, government leaders, students and old officials collude with each other to form bureaucratic groups. When the Yellow Scarf Uprising was suppressed at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, these bureaucratic groups took the opportunity to expand their armed forces and formed many independent warlords. Six, the purpose of "making up households for the people", we need to clarify three issues: 1. Making up households for the people is not only an administrative system, but also a tax system. After the reunification of Qin Shihuang, the tax system was unified and reformed. In 2 16 BC, all localities were ordered to report the number of fields they occupied, that is, "making Guizhou leaders (people) realize fields" as recorded in the literature. This is the beginning of the national land registration system in the history of China. The Qin dynasty also stipulated that land rent 10% tax 1% tax, and the people were obliged to perform corvee and military service. Han dynasty inherited and developed the system of Qin dynasty, and formally formed a complete feudal management system and tax system. Teachers should explain to students what is called the system of benefiting the people by compiling households, and then point out that the purpose of implementing the system of benefiting the people by compiling households by the Western Han government is to control the population and exploit farmers. The number of registered households is mainly farmers, but it also includes landlords and small officials without titles, of which the largest number is farmers. 2. The system of supplementing households and benefiting the people is beneficial for the state to levy taxes on farmers. At that time, there were four main burdens on farmers, namely, land rent, population tax, military service and corvee (or paying more taxes instead). 3. The teacher should point out that the tax system in the early Han Dynasty exploited the peasants lightly, but with the consolidation of the Han Dynasty regime and the development of social economy, the life of the ruling class became more and more extravagant and corrupt. The exploitation of farmers by the state, landlords and officials is also increasing. By the end of the Han Dynasty, class contradictions finally intensified. China ancient supervisory system originated from the Western Zhou Dynasty, formed in the Qin Dynasty and established in the Western Han Dynasty. The Qin dynasty set up an imperial censor, who was a deputy prime minister and sent by the court and had the right to supervise administrative officials. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, it inherited the Qin system. By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, a set of strict supervision system was established, which was as follows: ① The whole country was divided into thirteen departments (states), with a secretariat to supervise the county chiefs; (2) It is typical to adopt the principle of "controlling the big with the small", which is humble but weighty, and to send the secretariat of 600 stone ranks to supervise the 2,000 stone garrison; (3) Formulate "six" standards for local supervision, including excessive housing, violation of laws and regulations, abuse of power for personal gain, substituting power for law, creating unjust prisons, cronyism, conniving at children's misdeeds and accepting bribes. This is of great significance to maintaining the feudal ruling order, and it is also used for reference by later feudal rulers. However, the feudal supervisory organization itself is an integral part of the bureaucracy, which inevitably leads to corruption in the supervisory department. In the late period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the whole country was divided into 13 states, and counties and countries coexisted in the early period of the Western Han Dynasty. The county is directly under the central government, and the kingdom has greater independence. After Emperor Jing put down the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms, he placed the power of appointment and removal of officials in the kingdom under the central government, making the counties and countries basically the same. During Liang Wudi's reign, he implemented the "Grant Order", reduced the fiefs of the kingdom, added a number of inner counties, expanded the territory and added a number of border counties. There are about 120 counties and countries in China, all of which are municipalities directly under the central government. In 106 BC, except for seven counties in Feng Jingen, he divided the whole country into 13 states (departments), and each department set up a secretariat to supervise its officials and powerful people, and made it a routine system. In the 13 department, 1 1 adopted the state names of Gong Yu and Professional Party, both of which are called state secretariats. It is customary to take a department as a state, collectively referred to as 13 state. According to Geography of Hanshu, Jizhou, Yanzhou, Qingzhou, Xuzhou, Yangzhou, Jingzhou, Yuzhou, Yizhou, Liangzhou, Youzhou, Bingzhou, Jiaotoe and Shuofang have 13 secretariat. Supplementary benefit law Supplementary benefit law, referred to as supplementary benefit law for short, is the legal name of the Han Dynasty and was formulated by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. "Han Shu Wang Biao:" As a left official law, a law and interests have been set up, and the prince only gets taxes on food and clothes, not political affairs. "It is also stipulated that any official whose subordinate status is lower than that appointed by the Central Committee shall not serve in the Central Committee. In order to limit the recruitment and illegal activities of vassals. After Chaju and the conquest of the Qin Dynasty, the feudal official selection system developed. There are two main methods to choose officials in Han Dynasty: "inspection" and "expropriation". The so-called "inspection" means that local governors regularly inspect and select talents and recommend them to the court within their jurisdiction. These recommended people passed the examination and were awarded different official positions. In addition to "inspection", emperors and senior officials can also recruit prestigious and talented people to be officials. Those recruited by the court as court officials are called "Zheng", and those recruited by senior officials as their own officials are called "Jun" or "Guo Jun". So it is called "expropriation". Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty accepted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion and regarded filial piety as one of the important subjects in selecting officials. Everything that conforms to feudal ethics is recommended by the county and county countries among their officials and people. " Filial piety is a filial person, and honesty is an honest official. For example, the story of Guo Ju (now a native of Changqing, Shandong Province), a dutiful son in Twenty-four Filial Pieties, said: In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Guo Ju "had a poor family, her son was three years old, and her mother went on a diet. The giant refers to the wife: poverty can't support the mother, and the child is the denominator of food, so it is difficult to bury the child. The child can have it again, but the mother can't get it. " This cruel "foolish filial piety" was later rendered as a typical filial piety, so Guo Ju was recommended as filial piety. Later, the so-called feudal ethics as the standard, in fact, many aristocratic families touted each other, cheated, fishing for fame and reputation, in order to be recommended to promote Xiaolian to official positions and win high officials and generous salaries. For example, Deng Yujia said, "There are twenty-nine assistant ministers, two men, thirteen generals, fourteen generals, twenty-two captains, forty-eight state animal husbandry chiefs, and numerous assistant ministers, generals, doctors, lang and worshippers. "Yang IV, Hongnong, is fair, and had, Runa, is fair. Tips for answers to exercises 1. C 2。 "Han inherited the Qin system" is mainly manifested in: 1. Inheriting the absolutism of the Qin Dynasty and centralizing it; (2) Inherited the supervision system of the Qin Dynasty. In order to strengthen centralization and control local governments, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty developed into a secretariat system, which was divided into 13 states, and each state set up a secretariat to supervise local senior officials such as counties and countries. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the position of the secretariat was further improved, and later he became a local governor in charge of military and political affairs. ③ Inherit the county system of Qin Dynasty. The appointment and removal of county magistrate belongs to the emperor; (4) The Western Han Dynasty inherited the land rent, corvee and military service system of the Qin Dynasty, and developed it into a household system to strengthen the management and control of the people.