Matrix organizational structure is suitable for large-scale organizational systems.
In the matrix organizational structure, every instruction for cross-cutting work comes from two departments, so there are two sources of instructions. When the instructions of the vertical and horizontal departments conflict, the commander (department) of the organization system will coordinate or make decisions.
In the matrix organizational structure, in order to avoid the influence of the contradiction between the instructions of the vertical work department and the horizontal work department on the work, the matrix organizational structure mode of the instructions of the vertical work department or the instructions of the horizontal work department can be adopted, which can also reduce the coordination workload of the organizational system commander (department).
Let's take a look at the basic forms of project management organization structure in the textbooks of registered consulting engineers:
First, the functional style
(A) the functional organization form
Functional approach is the most widely used mode in consulting projects of domestic consulting companies. Usually, companies are divided into project departments according to different industries, and project departments are divided into professional departments. The consulting projects of the company are assigned to corresponding professional departments and departments to complete according to different majors.
Functional organization form is the most basic, and project organization form is widely used at present. There are two organizational modes of functional project management. One is to divide a large project into several sub-projects according to the characteristics and responsibilities of the company's administrative, human resources, finance, professional technology, marketing and other functional departments, and all aspects of work are completed by the corresponding functional units.
Another form of functional type is that for some small and medium-sized projects, under the condition of low requirements in human resources and specialty, according to the characteristics of project specialty, the projects are directly arranged within a functional department of the company. In this case, the project team members are mainly composed of people from functional departments.
(B) the advantages of functional organizational structure
(1) All members of the project team have no worries.
(2) Various functional departments can arrange their strength in the balance between their own work and project tasks. When the members of the project team are unable to attend for some reason, their functional departments can rearrange personnel to supplement them.
(3) When the project is entirely under the responsibility of a functional department, it becomes simpler and more flexible in the management and use of project personnel.
(4) The project team members have professionals from the same department as technical support, which is conducive to solving the professional and technical problems of the project.
(5) It is conducive to the continuity of the company's project development and management.
(C) defects in the functional organizational structure
(1) Project management is not officially authorized.
(2) It is not easy for project team members to have a sense of professionalism and accomplishment.
(3) It is not easy for functional departments, especially individuals, involved in multiple projects to arrange the investment proportion between projects.
(4) It is not conducive to the communication between team members in different functional departments.
(5) The development space of the project is easily restricted.
Second, the project type
(A) Based on the organizational form of the project
Project management organization refers to an organizational management mode in which the project organization is independent of the company's functional departments and is independently responsible for the main work of the project. The specific work of the project is mainly undertaken by the project team. The administrative affairs, finance and personnel of the project shall be managed within the authority stipulated by the company.
(B) projectized organization's advantages
(1) The project manager is the real project leader.
(2) Team members have a single goal.
(3) The level of project management is relatively simple, which makes the decision-making speed and response speed of project management faster.
(4) Whether the project management instructions are consistent. Orders mainly come from the project manager, and team members avoid multiple leaders and are at a loss.
(5) The project management is relatively simple, and it is easier to control the project cost, quality and progress.
(6) Facilitate communication within the project team.
(C) defects in the organizational structure based on the project
(1) is prone to duplicate configuration and wastes resources.
(2) The project organization becomes a relatively closed organization, and the implementation of the company's management and countermeasures in the project management organization may encounter obstacles.
(3) The communication between the project team and the company basically depends on the project manager, which is prone to insufficient communication and insufficient communication.
(4) Project team members have no sense of belonging in the later stage of the project.
(5) Due to the independence of the project management organization, the project organization has the concept of small groups, and the human resources and material resources have the idea of "hoarding", resulting in a waste of resources; At the same time, considering its relative independence, various functional departments will have reservations about its resource support.
Third, matrix type.
(A) Matrix organizational form
In order to solve the shortcomings of functional organizational structure and projectized organization and give full play to their respective advantages, people have designed a project management organizational model, namely, matrix organization, which is between functional organizational structure and projectized organization. In the matrix project organization structure, the personnel involved in the project are arranged by the heads of various functional departments. The work of these personnel during the project work is subject to the arrangement of the project team, and the personnel are not independent of the functional departments. It is a temporary and semi-loose organization form. Communication among project team members does not need to be dominated by their functional departments, and project managers often report directly to company leaders.
According to the situation in the project team, the matrix project organization structure can be divided into three forms: weak matrix structure, strong matrix structure and balanced matrix structure.
1. weak matrix project management organization structure
Generally speaking, the project team does not have a clear project manager, and only one coordinator is responsible for coordinating the work. Team members coordinate their work according to the tasks corresponding to their respective functional departments. In fact, in this mode, a considerable part of the functions of project managers are shared by the heads of functional departments.
2. Strong matrix project management organizational structure
The main feature of this model is that a full-time project manager is responsible for the project management and operation, and the project manager often comes from the company's special project management department. Project managers often communicate with their superiors through the head of their project management department.
3. Balanced matrix project management organization structure
This organizational structure is a form between the strong matrix project management organizational structure and the weak matrix project management organizational structure. The main feature is that the project manager is a team member of a functional department, and his work may be responsible for the tasks of the corresponding project in addition to project management. At this time, when communicating with superiors, the project manager has to make a balance and adjustment between the head of his functional department and the company leader.
(B) the advantages of matrix organizational structure
Obviously, the matrix project organization structure has the advantages of functional organization structure and partial project organization structure:
(1) The working objectives and tasks of the team are relatively clear, and there are special personnel in charge of the project.
(2) Team members have no worries. At the end of the project, there is no need to be distracted by future work.
(3) Each functional department can adjust and arrange resources according to its own resources and tasks, so as to improve the utilization rate of resources.
(4) The work efficiency and reaction speed are improved, and compared with the functional structure, the work levels and decision-making links are reduced.
(5) Compared with the project organization structure, it can avoid the accumulation and waste of resources to a certain extent.
(6) In the strong matrix mode, because the project manager comes from the project management department of the company, the project operation can meet the relevant regulations of the company and it is not easy to conflict.
(C) shortcomings of the matrix organizational structure
Although the matrix organizational structure has many advantages, it also has some disadvantages, mainly including:
1. Project management power balance is difficult.
2. Information circulation is complicated.
3. Project members are in a state of multiple leadership.
Fourth, compound.
(A) the composite organizational form
The so-called composite project organizational structure has two meanings:
First, there are more than two organizational forms of the company's project: functional system, project system or matrix;
Second, the organizational form of a project includes the above two or more modes. For example, the sub-projects of the functional project organizational structure adopt projectized organization.
(B) the advantages and disadvantages of the composite organizational structure
The organizational structure of composite projects has the characteristics of flexible mode. The company can determine the organizational form of project management according to the specific project and the company's situation, which is not limited by the existing model, so it has the characteristics of convenience and flexibility in giving play to the advantages of projects and human resources. At the same time, the compound organizational structure also has some shortcomings, that is, it is easy to cause management confusion in the company's project management, and it is easy to cause obstacles in the project information flow and project communication, so it is difficult to implement the company's project management system well.
According to the introduction of international project management data, the relationship between project organization structure and various project personnel can be reflected in the form of the following table.
Let's take a look at the related discussion on the organizational form of project supervision institutions in the textbooks of registered supervision engineers:
(A) linear supervision organization form
The characteristic of this organizational form is that any subordinate in the project supervision organization only accepts the orders of the only superior. Department heads at all levels are responsible for the problems of their subordinate departments, and there is no longer another functional department in the project supervision organization.
This organizational form is suitable for large and medium-sized construction projects that can be divided into several relatively independent subprojects. The chief supervision engineer is responsible for the planning, organization and guidance of the whole project, and for the command and coordination of all aspects within the scope of the whole project; The sub-project supervision team is responsible for the target value control of each sub-project. The main advantages of professional linear supervision in specific leadership areas are simple organization, centralized power, unified command, clear responsibilities, rapid decision-making and clear subordinate relationship. The disadvantage is the implementation of "personal management" without functional departments, which requires the chief supervision engineer to be familiar with all kinds of business, knowledge and skills, and become an "all-round" figure.
(B) the organizational form of functional supervision
The organizational form of functional supervision is to set up some functional departments in the supervision organization, and hand over the corresponding supervisory responsibilities and powers to the functional departments, and each functional department has the right to command subordinates within its functional scope. This organizational form is generally suitable for large and medium-sized construction projects.
The main advantage of this organizational form is that it strengthens the functional division of project supervision target control and can play the professional management role of functional institutions. However, because junior staff are led by multiple leaders, if the instructions of superiors are contradictory, they will be at a loss in their work.
(C) the organizational form of linear functional supervision
The organizational form of linear functional supervision is an organizational form that absorbs the advantages of both linear and functional supervision organizations.
On the one hand, this form maintains the advantages of linear leadership, unified command and clear responsibilities of linear organizations, on the other hand, it maintains the advantages of professional target management of functional organizations; Its disadvantage is that functional departments and command departments are prone to conflicts, and the information transmission route is long, which is not conducive to information exchange.
(D) Matrix supervision organization form
Matrix supervision organization is a matrix organization structure composed of two sets of management systems, one is a vertical functional system, and the other is a horizontal sub-project system.
The advantage of this form is to strengthen the horizontal connection of various functional departments, but the disadvantage is that the workload of vertical and horizontal coordination is large, and improper handling will lead to disputes and contradictions.
example
The meaning of the rectangular box in the organization chart is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
I. Components of the Project
B. Participating units of the construction project
C, an integral part of the organization system (work department)
D. Organizational relationship (command relationship) among various components (elements) in an organizational system.
Answer: c
example
The disadvantage of linear organizational structure is _ _ _ _ _.
A, each work department may get direct and indirect work instructions issued by its superior work department, and there will be multiple contradictory sources of instructions.
B, each department has only one instruction source, which avoids the influence of contradictory instructions on the operation of the organization system.
C, in a very large organizational system, the instruction path of the linear organizational structure model is too long, which may cause difficulties in the operation of the organizational system to some extent.
D, when the instructions of the vertical and horizontal departments conflict, the commander (department) of the organization system shall coordinate or make decisions.
Answer: c