Li Zhixing
There are more than 100 grape diseases reported in the world, and there are about 60 in China. Among them, the more important ones are grape black pox, white rot, downy mildew and anthracnose, and the more important ones are brown spot, Fusarium wilt, powdery mildew, rust, virus disease and nematode disease.
brown spot
It is common in the Yangtze River basin and North China, and it is seriously harmful, especially in rainy years. The lesions on the leaves are nearly round or irregular, yellow-brown, with dark-brown edges and sometimes wheel lines. The affected area is covered with a dark brown mold layer (pathogenic bacteria conidiophore and conidia). When the disease is serious, the diseased leaves fall off, which seriously weakens the tree. The pathogens are brown hyphomycetes, fungi and hyphomycetes. Extensive management, insufficient organic fertilizer, weak vineyard and serious illness, the peak of the disease is in autumn. Disease control should thoroughly clear the garden after autumn, burn fallen leaves, strengthen management, enhance tree vigor, and spray fungicides such as Bordeaux mixture, dichlorvos and thiophanate-methyl in time.
withered
Also known as tendril cutting disease. It is distributed in East China, North China and Northeast China, and mostly occurs at the base of old vines near the surface. The diseased part cracked longitudinally and the xylem turned purple-brown. The diseased vines grow weakly and have small leaves. Seriously ill vines usually die after new buds appear in spring. The pathogen is Cryptosporidium vitis, which belongs to Ascomycetes and Ascomycetes. China didn't find it. The asexual state is Clostridium staphylococci red, belonging to Coccidae. It also harms hawthorn in China. Pathogens mainly overwinter in the cortex of branches and vines with hyphae and conidia. After the grape germinated in the following year, conidia were initially infected in wet weather, spread by wind and rain, and invaded by the main wound, with a long incubation period and less reinfection. When preventing and controlling diseases, the sick and dead branches and vines should be cut off and burned centrally; Spraying the mixed solution of sulfur mixture and sodium pentachlorophenol before germination, and spraying fungicides such as bactericidal Dan and carbofuran Dan during the growth period.
powdery mildew
In China, it is mainly distributed in Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia and Shaanxi, and occurs frequently in other major producing areas in individual years. The green tissue above the ground of grapes can be damaged, and the surface of the diseased part is covered with white powder, especially on the diseased tip of diseased leaves. In severe cases, leaves atrophy, wither and fall off, and the ear of fruit is seriously diseased, and the surface of fruit is covered with white powder, especially young fruit, and some varieties crack in the later stage of fruit. The pathogen is Uncaria sp. ) burr. Belonging to ascomycetes and powdery mildew. Found in Xinjiang, it is mostly asexual. The mycelium overwinters on the bud scale and infects the nearby new buds and leaves in the next spring. Less rain and drought are conducive to the occurrence and prevalence of diseases. Disease control can be sprayed with triadimefon, sulfur powder, mirex or other sulfur-containing fungicides, which are generally used before and after germination and during flowering to young fruit.
rust
Occurred in some areas, especially in Taiwan Province, China, Guangdong, Yunnan and Jiangsu, affecting the next grape production. Bright yellow powdery blister spots appear on the diseased leaves (pathogens are summer spore piles and summer spores), and in severe cases, the blister spots are covered with diseased leaves, leading to premature aging of the tree. The pathogen is grape layer rust. Etsyd。 ), belonging to Basidiomycetes. There are obvious differences in disease resistance among varieties. Grape populations planted in temperate regions, such as Vitis lalrusca, Vitis vinifera and Vitis vinifera, are more susceptible to diseases, while grape populations planted in tropical regions, such as V.coreacea, V.simpsoni and V.tiliaebolia, are close to immunity. It usually occurs in autumn in Chinese mainland, and it occurs in Taiwan Province Province from June to 65438+1October in the following year, with the heaviest incidence from mid-July to165438+1October. Spraying triamcinolone acetonide and triamcinolone acetonide can control the disease, and Bordeaux mixture and Dyson bactericide also have good effects.
viral disease
Fan leaf disease is common, and there are three kinds of symptoms: deformation of diseased leaves, fan-shaped expansion of base notch angle, asymmetry, edging and yellowing. The pathogen is grape fan leaf virus (GFLV), and the transmission medium is Xiphinema index. Leaf curl disease is more common, and the symptoms mostly appear in the late growth stage, and the leaves turn red or light green and roll. The pathogen is grape leaf curl virus (GLRV), which has four serotypes with different particle sizes, and the virus vector is the genus Actinomyces. Yellowing Dwarf Disease is distributed in Taiwan Province Province, China, and has not been reported in other countries. The diseased plants are dwarfed, yellow, fruitless or severely reduced in yield, and the pathogen is tomato spot wilt virus (TSWV). The virus vector is thrips. Stem pox is distributed in Liaoning, China, and pits or furrows appear in the xylem of root neck. Most of them occur in grape plants with rootstocks. Thrombosis is distributed in Liaoning, Hebei and Henan. The new bud of the diseased plant is swollen, the root and neck cortex is soft and swollen, and the plant can't grow up when lying on the ground. The pathogens of the latter two viral diseases are unknown. The former can be detected by St. George's grape, and the latter can be detected by LN-33. All the above five viruses can spread through asexual reproduction. It is an effective control measure to select virus-free mother plants to raise seedlings or detoxify infected seedlings in newly developed areas.
Penicillium. Penicillium. Mao kesipu Mucor Rhizopusspp。 Root rot pink trichomonad pink disease cucumber Fusarium Sclerotinia sclerotiorum gray mold fruit root cancer crown gall disease cucumber downy mildew root rot purple feather disease summer grass white silk disease cucumber Fusarium wilt stem base or root brown heart disease Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Sclerotinia Sclerotinia Sclerotinia Sclerotinia Sclerotinia Sclerotinia Sclerotinia Sclerotinia Sclerotinia Sclerotinia Sclerotinia Sclerotinia Sclerotinia Sclerotinia Sclerotinia Sclerotinia Sclerotinia. Leaf blight leaf blight leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot leaf rot.
Other common diseases of grapes
nematode disease
There are mainly two kinds of nematodes: root-knot nematodes and spot nematodes, both of which will lead to weak aboveground growth, yellowish leaves and reduced yield. The former forms many nodules on small roots and fibrous roots, which contain nematodes, while the latter has brown spots on the roots, causing the roots to die. The pathogens of root-knot nematodes are southern root-knot nematodes and northern root-knot nematodes, and the pathogens of spotted nematodes are root-knot nematodes. All belong to Polygonatum (see peanut root-knot nematode disease). Disease control, mainly using nematicides dichloropropane or bromomethane to treat soil.
Grape storage diseases
There are many kinds of 10, the most important of which is botrytis cinerea (&; Weak parasitic fungi, such as Penicillium aesculum, Penicillium. And Rhizopus species. It causes rotten fruit, especially gray mold, which has the greatest impact (see strawberry disease). All kinds of mechanical injuries are the premise of pathogen infection, and improper storage temperature and humidity are the inducement of postharvest decay. Disease control: it can be fumigated with sec-butylamine, stored in low temperature ventilation, or impregnated with Tektronix and carbendazim.
Other common diseases of grapes are shown in the table above.
Grape black pox
Anthracnose of grape scab cavity
Li Zhixing
Fungal diseases caused by anthracnose damage the tender green parts of grapes, such as flower spikes, fruit spikes, leaves, new buds and tendrils. China was first recorded in 1899.
Distribution and harm
It is widely distributed in Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Liaoning, Shanxi and other major grape producing areas, especially in rainy and humid areas, such as Jianghuai Basin and South China. In rainy years in the north and northwest, susceptible varieties are also seriously ill. Grape damage will reduce the yield and quality and weaken the growth and development of plants.
Young leaves are susceptible, with small lesions, round, gray-white center and dark brown edges. Multiple lesions healed, dried up and fell off to form perforations. Sometimes it happens along the vein, which makes the leaves deform or die, especially at the top of the new shoot. New shoots are susceptible to diseases, and the lesions are round or polygonal, purple-brown, and calluses are formed around them, and the lesions are cracked and easily broken when encountering strong winds. The symptoms on petiole, spike axis and fruit stalk are similar to those on new shoots. Flowers and fruits are susceptible to diseases before coloring, such as the death of fruit grains below the diseased axis of the ear axis. The diseased spots on the fruit are round, with dark brown to black edges, and the center changes from purple to gray, smooth and slightly concave. It will lead to fruit cracking in the later stage. All the diseased parts produce black particles, which is the acute of the pathogen.
The cause of disease
The pathogenic bacteria are Ascomycetes, Ascomycetes and Polyporus, and the asexual form is Anthracnose, belonging to Hemifusarium and Cercospora. Sessile class is black, with cylindrical sporulation cells, short and dense. Conidia are terminal, oval, transparent, monospore, with sticky cell walls and 1-2 reflective oil balls. In autumn, the formation of sterile hairs stops, and hyphae form at the edge of diseased spots in new shoots, which is the main structure of pathogen overwintering. In spring, hyphae germinate to form conidiophore, sporogenous cells and terminal conidia. Ascomycetes are embedded in the pear-shaped ascus cavity of the stroma, which contains 8 brown to dark brown 3-septate ascospores, which is not common.
Eurasian grapes are susceptible to diseases, European and American hybrids and American grapes are resistant to diseases. Serious diseases such as early rose fragrance, seedless white, longan, fiery red seedless, ruby seedless, purple seedless, Italian, vineyard queen, Bolgar, etc. Rose fragrance, small red rose, new rose, Jiali wine, fine rose fragrance, French orchid and Giemsa are moderately susceptible; New york Rose Fragrant, Red Ruibao, Black Olin, Longbao, Kyoho, Pioneer and Red Fuji are disease-resistant. Hot and rainy weather is conducive to the occurrence and prevalence of diseases.
Infection process and disease cycle
In spring, the overwintering hyphae on the new shoots are moist above 2℃ for 24 hours or longer, forming conidia, which spread to the green tender tissues of grapes with the rain. Conidia can germinate and infect at 2 ~ 32℃. The incubation period is 65438 03 days at 2℃ and 4 days at 32℃, and the suitable temperature for onset is 24 ~ 26℃. The diseased fruit overwintering on the ground of the vineyard forms conidia (and ascospores) and causes primary infection.
disease control
In the rainy areas of South China and Jianghuai Valley, it is not suitable to plant susceptible varieties with early growth stage, tender tissue and frequent wet and rainy, and new york rosemary and other excellent varieties with disease resistance, early maturity, high yield and easy cultivation should be selected appropriately; Spraying eradication agents such as sodium dinitrophosphate, dinitrophenol or sodium pentachlorophenol plus sulfur mixture, carbendazim, chlorothalonil or carbendazim during overwintering in severe epidemic areas to reduce the amount of overwintering bacteria and the source of primary infection; Spraying Bordeaux mixture during the growth period, be careful not to use excessive lime when preparing Bordeaux mixture to avoid burning leaves, and the key spraying period is before and after flowering; After the grapes are harvested and pruned, they are thoroughly cleaned to reduce the amount of overwintering bacteria; The seedlings or cuttings used in newly-built orchards should be strictly inspected to eliminate diseased seedlings, and the seedlings should be disinfected with the mixed solution of sodium pentachlorophenol and sulfur mixture.
Grape downy mildew
Grape downy mildew
Li Zhixing
Fungal diseases of grape leaves, young ears and shoots caused by downy mildew of grape axis. It was discovered in American wild grapes in 1834, and the pathogen was first described in 1848. It was first recorded in Zhongtong 1899.
Distribution and harm
It occurs in all grape producing areas in the world except high temperature and drought areas. In China, the disease mainly occurs in grape producing areas except Xinjiang, especially in the Jianghuai Valley. Causing premature shedding of diseased leaves or large-scale withered spots, seriously weakening the tree potential and affecting the annual output in the future; Branches are not full, vulnerable to freezing injury, and overwintering buds die; Reduce the accumulation of sugar in grape fruit.
The pathogen infects young leaves, and at first it appears pale yellow spots, which are oil-soaked, translucent to light and have no obvious edges. Some lesions are polygonal because of veins. White downy mildew layer (pathogen sporangium and sporangium) appeared on the corresponding part of the back of leaves. In the later stage, the lesion turned yellow-brown, which led to the early shedding of the scorched leaves. There is a white downy mildew layer on the damaged surface of the fruit, which inhibits its growth and is dark and stiff, losing its economic value. The tender tip is affected by the hypertrophy of the lesion, and there is white mold on the surface, which affects the growth. The tendril petiole is damaged and soaked in water, and then turns yellow-green to brown.
The cause of disease
The pathogen is downy mildew of grape (Berk. Wait for Curtis Bell. Et detoni belongs to oomycetes and downy mildew. Mycelia spreads between host cells and extends into mesophyll cells, and has spherical haustorium to absorb nutrients. Sporangium groups protrude from stomata on the back of leaves, clustered, colorless and uniaxial branched, and the branches are nearly right-angled; Sporangium is oval and colorless, and most of the zoospores with double flagella are produced during germination. Round, brown and thick-walled oospores are produced in the late leaf tissue. Pear-shaped sporangium is produced during germination, which is the same as sporangium. The calcium content of grapes is related to disease resistance; If the proportion of calcium and potassium in cell fluid is large, it will be resistant to diseases, for example, old leaves have strong disease resistance and young leaves are susceptible to diseases; The stomata of susceptible varieties are dense and large, while the stomata of resistant varieties are sparse and small, and there are white accumulation materials around the stomata. The density and structure of stomata are related to the resistance of grape to downy mildew. There are no varieties immune to grape downy mildew in China, only resistant varieties and susceptible varieties. Among them, Lan -5, Zhen -3, Liu -8, Liu -9, Shang -23 and Bai -35- 1 have strong disease resistance. Wild Vitis amurensis is seriously infected.
All factors that increase the humidity of soil, air and host surface, no direct sunlight and dark environment during the day, such as rain, fog and cloudy days, are conducive to bacterial infection, among which rain is the main factor causing the epidemic of diseases.
Infection process and disease cycle
The pathogen mainly overwinters in the fallen leaves with oospores. In warm climates, hyphae can overwinter in buds or in unswept leaves. Oospores survive best on wet soil surfaces. When the temperature reaches 1 1℃, oospores germinate in water and spread zoospores through splashing raindrops. Sporocysts and sporangia can only be formed through stomata of diseased tissues, and at the same time, they need relative humidity of 95% ~ 100% and dark conditions of at least 4 hours. The optimum temperature for zoospore formation is 65438 08 ~ 22℃. Sporangium can't survive for a long time, and it can only spread diseases during the growing period. The optimum temperature of sporangium germination is 22 ~ 25℃, which falls to the leaf surface with the wind and releases swimming spores when it germinates in free water. Infection usually occurs in the early morning. It takes about 4 days from infection to symptoms. Maturity, variety, temperature and humidity of leaves affect the incubation period.
disease control
Mainly chemical control. Daphne-manganese-zinc, spraying or root irrigation are effective agents, but bacteria are prone to drug resistance after long-term repeated use, so it is suitable to be used alternately with other protective agents such as lime semi-quantitative Bordeaux mixture.
Grape anthracnose
Grape anthracnose
Chen Ziwen
Fungal disease of grape fruit rotting near maturity caused by small cluster shells. Also known as late decay.
Distribution and harm
Grape cultivation areas in China are all distributed, and the Yangtze River valley and the old course of the Yellow River are common and seriously harmful. Although it has been reported in Xinjiang, it rarely happens.
The pathogen infects green parts such as branches and leaves, buds, tendrils, leaves and fruit ears, and the fruit grains are seriously damaged, and other parts generally do not show symptoms after infection. Fruit particles can be infected in young fruit, and symptoms will not appear until they are colored or close to maturity. At the beginning, small brown spots appeared on the surface of the fruit, which gradually expanded and the edge was soaked in water. The lesion is round and concave, and the peel in the depression is easy to crack, showing small black spots arranged in a ring pattern (pathogen acervulus). Under wet conditions, a large number of conidia aggregate into orange-red mucus plasmids. Some varieties, such as Rose fragrance, first appear dark brown radial funiculus on the green peel, then expand into brown circular pits, and then appear symptoms. When there is only one diseased spot on the surface of the fruit, it can't cause the whole fruit to rot. When there are multiple diseased spots on the fruit, the whole fruit will rot. The diseased fruit falls off or shrinks into black hard fruit by dehydration and stays on the ear. Dark brown, rectangular or spindle-shaped lesions appear when the fruit stalk or ear axis is infected, and the lower fruit grains shrink and fall off. In rainy years, susceptible varieties have no complete panicles, resulting in serious losses.
The cause of disease
STON pathogen is Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. ) Spauld et Schrenk, belonging to Ascomycetes, Coccidae. The asexual states are Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Hemiptera and Cercospora (see Colletotrichum gloeosporioides).
Varieties have obvious relationship with diseases. Generally, thin-skinned varieties get sick, early-maturing varieties avoid disease, and late-maturing varieties get sick seriously. Jimeisha, Jimeiyate, Seedless White, Milk, Jixin, Alexander, Bulgaria, Vineyard Queen, Heihan, Rose Fragrant, Longan and Kyoho are all susceptible varieties, while Safir 2007, Safir 2003 and Thorn Mountain Grape are resistant varieties. Poor drainage, low shelf, dense vines and poor ventilation and light transmission in orchards are conducive to the occurrence of diseases.
Infection process and disease cycle
Pathogen has the characteristics of latent infection. Green tissues such as leaves, vines and tendrils do not show symptoms in the year after infection. Immature secondary branches drawn from August to September will be seriously infected. When pruning in autumn, most of the secondary branches are cut off, and a few of them stay underground for the winter, leaving diseased branches, tendrils, fallen leaves and tendrils wrapped around the lead wire of scaffolding, which remain moist in the late spring and early summer of the following year or for a long time, producing a large number of conidia. The overwintering pathogen lurking on the annual vine produces conidia in the following year. After the first infection, with the growth and thickening of the vine, the conidia fall off with the cortex. In that year, new wintering sites were formed on new vines, and new and old wintering sites appeared alternately on vines. After the cortex of biennial and perennial vines falls off, they no longer carry bacteria.
After fruit setting, symptoms appear from infection to maturity or coloring, and the incubation period is as long as 40 days, usually about 20 days. The incubation period is only 2 ~ 4 days when the fruit is near maturity or infected after coloring. The high acid content and low sugar content of fruit particles inhibit the growth of mycelium of pathogenic bacteria, and vice versa, so the fruit only enters the peak of disease when it is close to maturity.
disease control
Strictly cut off immature branches and weak vines such as autumn shoots, and thoroughly remove the landing residue; Strengthen management during the growth period, timely pick the core, tie the vine, wipe the auxiliary tip, maintain good ventilation and light transmission conditions, and do a good job in cleaning ditches, removing stains and weeding. After seriously ill vineyards have fallen flowers, chemical agents should be sprayed, such as Bordeaux mixture, bacitracin, chlorothalonil, prochloraz, carbendazim, bacitracin and so on. Bagging protection can reduce spraying times. 7- 10 days before picking can promote coloring. According to the detection of pathogen spores, the suitable time for the first spraying was determined. In the middle and late June in North China, if the daily precipitation reaches 1.5 ~ 30mm, pathogen spores can appear in the field, and then it rains one after another, and spores continue to form until mid-July. When pathogen spores are detected for the first time in the field, the first spraying is started.