Beyond the scope and integration function of MRPⅱⅱ;
Support mixed-mode manufacturing environment;
Support dynamic monitoring ability to improve business performance;
Support an open client/server computing environment.
ERP was originally based on the management idea of enterprise internal supply chain, and expanded the management scope on the basis of MRPⅱⅱ. Its basic idea is to regard the business process of an enterprise as a closely connected supply chain and divide the enterprise into several supporting subsystems, such as finance, marketing, manufacturing, service maintenance and engineering technology. , which can control all links in the internal supply chain of an enterprise, such as order, purchase, inventory, planning, manufacturing, quality control, transportation, distribution, service and maintenance, finance, cost control, business risk and investment.
The expansion of supply chain With the rapid development of the tertiary industry and the advancement of digitalization, networking and informatization, people have changed their production, work and lifestyle again, and the industrial economy has gradually changed from manufacturing to manufacturing and service industries. In recent years, knowledge economy is on the rise, and the proportion of manufacturing industry in GNP is decreasing year by year. In developed countries, this proportion has dropped from 30% to 50% at its peak to about 20% at present. Even from the manufacturing industry itself, compared with the traditional manufacturing industry, great changes have taken place and a lot of knowledge and technology have been added. Especially when enterprises face the global market competition environment, it is impossible for any enterprise to become the leader of all businesses. If all the business is undertaken by the enterprise itself, it will inevitably face competitors in all related fields. Therefore, only by combining other upstream and downstream enterprises in this industry and establishing a supply chain with close business relations and economic interests can we realize complementary advantages and enhance market competitiveness.
In view of this, the concept of supply chain extends from narrow internal business process to broad industry supply chain, that is, a network composed of supply chains of some enterprises and departments, which obtain materials and process them into middleware or finished products, and then send the finished products to consumers. In this way, the management scope of ERP has correspondingly changed from enterprise internal expansion to the management of raw material supply, production and processing, distribution, circulation and final consumers, that is, the supply chain of the whole industry. This new management mode can realize resource sharing among enterprises more effectively. William harald, a famous professor of management at George Washington University in the United States, stated in his book "infinite resources" that it is not enough for enterprises to operate on their own limited resources in 2 1 century, and they must make maximum use of all available resources. He said that enterprise cooperation is the most important development trend in contemporary business activities, which enables knowledge and ideas to be exchanged and enjoyed in a wider range, and information and resources to be rationally utilized in a wider range, thus greatly improving the efficiency of business activities.
In this process of supply chain management, we must first establish an interlocking supply chain in the whole industry, so that multiple enterprises can realize coordinated operation under the overall ERP management. Incorporating the scattered plans of these enterprises into the whole of supply chain planning can realize the sharing of resources and information, thus greatly enhancing the overall advantages of the supply chain in the big market environment, and at the same time enabling each enterprise to achieve greater cost advantages with the minimum individual cost and switching cost. For example, under the unified ERP plan of the supply chain, upstream and downstream enterprises can minimize their inventory, so that all products of upstream enterprises can reach downstream enterprises accurately and timely, which not only accelerates the logistics speed in the supply chain, reduces the inventory and capital occupation of enterprises, but also obtains the demand information of the final consumer market in time, so that the whole supply chain can keep up with market changes. Through the optimization of supply chain ERP management, the value-added of the whole value chain is realized. 2 1 century, the competition between enterprises will evolve into the competition between supply chains.
Secondly, establish a dynamic enterprise alliance (also known as a virtual company) to coordinate the related business among marketing, processing, assembly and circulation. It refers to the cooperative organization form formed by a number of enterprises in order to complete the task of providing goods or services to the market. It connects these enterprises into a network through information technology, thus providing goods and services to the market more effectively and completing market functions that a single enterprise cannot undertake. This not only enables each enterprise to maintain its own technological advantages, but also expands the scope of its resource utilization, so that a single enterprise can enjoy the resources of other enterprises in the alliance. For example, the circulation link is a bridge connecting the manufacturing and circulation fields and plays an important role in connecting the preceding with the following. Taking it as the core can make the supply and demand of the two more closely linked. In countries with developed market economy, in order to speed up the circulation of products, distribution centers are often taken as the core, connected with production and processing fields, wholesalers, retailers and supermarket chains, and enterprise alliances are established, all of which are managed in their own supply chains, so as to plan and call the overall resources most effectively, realize cross-industry, cross-regional and even transnational operations of their own businesses, and respond quickly to the needs of the big market. Under its function, the products in the supply chain can be produced in time, delivered in time, delivered to the final consumers in time, quickly realize capital circulation and value chain appreciation, and basically realize zero inventory management. China has also begun to incorporate this related technology into the national 863/CIMS theme science and technology project, and plans to complete this project within two years.
Supporting technology
Advanced IT technology provides technical support for the supply chain management of this industry, such as network technology, Internet/Intranet technology, EDI technology, bar code technology, e-commerce technology, data warehouse technology, remote communication technology and so on. The adoption of these technologies enables enterprises to realize electronic connection in the process of business dealings and data transmission; In terms of management technology, ERP also provides enterprises with management tools from the inside out, especially today's ERP system, which has integrated the above advanced IT technology into its own system. For example, R/3, the product of SAP, which ranks first in the world, has all the above supporting technologies and functions, which can completely help enterprises to realize this industry-wide supply chain management and enterprise alliance management, and realize the optimal allocation and full utilization of social resources between enterprises and departments.
Practice has proved that this new management method can reduce the overall logistics cost and expense level, speed up the capital turnover rate and information transmission, and make the resources in the supply chain be used reasonably to the maximum extent. Therefore, this kind of supply chain management is the best choice to adapt to the international economic development trend and improve the scientific management level.
At present, the market economy tends to be international, the regional economy tends to be global, the production environment is more complicated and changeable, the consumer demand is changing rapidly, and the diversification trend is more intense. In order to meet this demand, enterprises have turned to ERP management. According to the survey of authoritative organizations, the annual sales of 1996 global enterprise resource planning and supply chain management software exceeds 5 billion US dollars, and will continue to grow at a rate of more than 30% per year. The application results abroad show that enterprises have improved service quality, reduced costs and increased profits after adopting supply chain management.
The concept of ERP system and its management thought
European revival plan
In recent years, with the acceleration of global economic integration, the rapid development of IT technology, and the wide application of Internet/Intranet technology and e-commerce, human beings have entered the era of knowledge economy from the era of industrial economy, and the business environment in which enterprises are located has undergone fundamental changes. The rapidly changing customer demand, accelerated technological innovation, shortened product life cycle and increasingly fierce market competition constitute three forces that affect the survival and development of modern enterprises: customers, competition and change (3C for short). The business rules, "bureaucratic" management mode and management method based on MRP-II application in the past industrial economy era are no longer applicable to the development of today's enterprises, and even seriously affect their survival. In order to adapt to the external environment characterized by "customer, competition and change", enterprises must carry out a revolution in management ideas (reengineering of management mode and business process) and a reform in management means (called 3R by Hampton Company), thus triggering a worldwide management mode revolution with BPR as the main content and a management mode revolution with BPR as the main content.
The difference between ERP system and MRP-Ⅱ
ERP is an enterprise management information system developed on the basis of MRP-Ⅱ. In order to further understand the concept and main functions of ERP system, it is necessary to clarify the difference between ERP and MRP-II.
1. Differences in resource management scope
MRP-II mainly focuses on the management of human, financial and material resources within the enterprise. ERP system puts forward the concept of supply chain, that is, integrating customer demand with manufacturing activities within enterprises and manufacturing resources of suppliers, and effectively managing all links in the supply chain. These May Day festivals include ordering, purchasing, inventory, planning, manufacturing, quality control, transportation, distribution, service and maintenance, and financial management.
2. Differences in production mode management
MRP-Ⅱ system divides enterprises into several typical production modes for management, such as repeated manufacturing, mass production, make-to-order production, assemble-to-order production and make to stock. , each type has a set of management standards. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, in order to keep up with the changes in the market, multi-variety, small-batch production and kanban production became the main production methods adopted by enterprises, and ERP can well support and manage this mixed manufacturing environment and meet the diversified business needs of enterprises.
3. Differences in management functions
In addition to the manufacturing, distribution and financial management functions of MRP-II system, ERP also supports transportation management and warehouse management among all links. Support quality management, laboratory management, equipment maintenance and spare parts management of production assurance system; Support the management of workflow (business process).
4. Differences in transaction control
MRP-ⅱ controls the whole production process by rolling the plan in time, which has poor real-time performance. Generally, it can only be controlled in the process. ERP system supports on-line analytical processing OLAP (online analytical processing), after-sales service and quality feedback, and emphasizes the pre-control ability of enterprises. It can integrate design, manufacturing, sales and transportation, and carry out various related operations in parallel, providing enterprises with real-time analysis ability on key issues such as quality, adaptation to change, customer satisfaction and performance.
In addition, in MRP-II, the financial system is only a summary of information, and its function is to convert the quantitative information in supply, production and sales into value information, which is the embodiment of logistics value. ERP system integrates financial planning function and value control function into the whole supply chain. For example, in the production planning system, in addition to retaining the original master production plan, material demand plan and capacity plan, the sales execution plan SOP and profit plan are also expanded.
5. Differences in transnational (or regional) commercial transactions.
With the development of modern enterprises, the coordination between internal organizational units and between enterprises and external business units has become more and more important. The ERP system adopts a perfect organizational structure, which can support the application requirements of multinational operations in many countries, regions, factories, languages and currencies.
6. Differences in computer information processing technology
With the rapid development of IT technology and the application of network communication technology, ERP system can realize the integrated management of the whole supply chain information. ERP system applies client/server (C/S) structure and distributed data processing technology, and supports Internet/Intranet/ e-commerce, e-business CSS and EDI. In addition, interoperability among different platforms can be achieved.
Management thought of ERP system
The core management idea of ERP is to realize the effective management of the whole supply chain, which is mainly reflected in the following three aspects:
1. embodies the idea of managing the whole supply chain resources.
In the era of knowledge economy, it is impossible to effectively participate in market competition only by relying on the resources of its own enterprises, and all parties involved in the operation process, such as suppliers, manufacturers, distribution networks, customers and so on. , must be incorporated into a close supply chain, so as to effectively arrange the production, supply and sales activities of enterprises, meet the needs of enterprises to use all market resources of the whole society for production and operation quickly and efficiently, so as to further improve efficiency and gain market competitive advantage. In other words, modern enterprise competition is not the competition between individual enterprises, but the competition between one enterprise supply chain and another. ERP system realizes the management of the whole enterprise supply chain and meets the needs of market competition in the era of knowledge economy.
2. Reflect the ideas of lean production, synchronous engineering and agile manufacturing.
ERP system supports the management of mixed production mode, and its management ideas are manifested in two aspects: First, the idea of "lean production", which is a business strategy system put forward by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), that is, when enterprises organize production according to mass production mode, customers, sales agents, suppliers and cooperative units are included in the production system. The relationship between enterprises and sales agents, customers and suppliers is no longer a simple business relationship, but a partnership with * * *, which constitutes the supply chain of enterprises. This is the core idea of lean production. The second is the idea of "agile manufacturing". When the market changes and enterprises meet specific market and product requirements, the basic partners of enterprises may not be able to meet the requirements of new product development and production. At this time, the enterprise will organize a short-term or one-off supply chain composed of specific suppliers and sales channels to form a "virtual factory", and regard the suppliers and cooperative units as part of the enterprise. The core idea of agile manufacturing is to use "synchronous engine ring" to organize production, to bring new products to market in the shortest time, and to maintain high quality, diversity and flexibility of products at all times.
3. Reflect the idea of pre-planning and process control.
The planning system in ERP system mainly includes master production plan, material demand plan, capacity plan, purchase plan, sales execution plan, profit plan, financial budget and human resource plan, and these planning functions and value control functions have been completely integrated into the whole supply chain system.
On the other hand, the ERP system defines the accounting subjects and accounting methods related to the transaction, so as to automatically generate accounting entries when the transaction occurs, and ensure the synchronous record and data consistency of bonus flow and logistics. Therefore, according to the present situation of financial funds, we can trace the ins and outs of funds, further trace related business activities, change the situation that funds information lags behind material information, and facilitate the control and real-time decision-making in the process.
In addition, the functions of planning, transaction processing, control and decision-making are all realized in the business process of the whole supply chain. It is required to give full play to everyone's work potential and sense of responsibility in the business process of each process, and to emphasize the spirit of cooperation among people between processes, so as to give full play to individual's subjective initiative and potential in organic organizations, realize the transformation of enterprise management from "towering" organizational structure to "flat" organizational structure, and improve the response speed of enterprises to market dynamic changes.
In a word, with the rapid development and application of IT technology, ERP system can transform many advanced management ideas into practical computer software systems. However, the ERP system is also developing continuously, mainly in the following aspects:
First, we should fundamentally consider the requirements of continuous technological innovation and rapid changes in the market competition environment in the era of knowledge economy for the dynamic adjustment of enterprise production processes and management processes. The further development of ERP system needs to separate the model from the software system in order to realize the dynamic reorganization process of enterprises.
Second, in the era of knowledge economy, service industry will become the leading industry of social economy. How can ERP break through the traditional manufacturing industry, especially in customer service and online customer service (like the function of foreign HelpDesk software system), in order to achieve rapid response and high satisfaction to customer service needs.
Third, in the era of knowledge economy, intellectual capital has become an important part of enterprise value, and knowledge management (including knowledge acquisition, processing, enjoyment and use, etc. ) is becoming more and more important. ERP system is still facing the challenge of how to establish knowledge management system and management means within the enterprise or enterprise supply chain.
Fourthly, Business procss, which is composed of ERP system functions, should be more closely integrated with workflow to effectively control and manage business processes.
With the further development of IT technology and modern management ideas, the functions of ERP system will continue to develop. The development and application of ERP system will certainly improve the management level of China enterprises and greatly enhance the competitiveness of China enterprises in the international market.