Source: Market Operation Department of Ministry of Commerce, March 2, 20051
Since 1999, the Ministry of Commerce, together with Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Railways, the Ministry of Communications, the Ministry of Health, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, the State Environmental Protection Administration, the State Food and Drug Administration, the National Certification and Accreditation Administration and the National Standards Committee, has jointly implemented the "Three Green Projects" with the main contents of "promoting green consumption, cultivating green markets and opening up green channels". In order to fully grasp the implementation situation and better implement the spirit of the State Council's Decision on Further Strengthening Food Safety (Guo Fa [2004] No.23), the Ministry of Commerce organized the National Federation of Urban Agricultural Trade Centers and China Chain Store & Franchise Association to conduct a two-month survey on food safety in the circulation field. The relevant information is hereby notified as follows.
I. Main achievements
(1) The overall situation of food safety in the market has improved.
According to the monitoring of relevant departments, the internal hygiene quality of food in China has improved significantly. The average qualified rate of food hygiene is 88.6% in 200 1 year, 89.5% in 2002, 90.45% in 2003 and about 92% in 2004, showing an increasing trend year by year. In 2004, the qualified rate of the fifth monitoring of pesticide residues in 37 cities was 93%, which was 30.5 percentage points higher than that in 2006, 9.4 percentage points higher than that in 2002 and 1.9 percentage points higher than that in 2003. In April 2004, the detection rate of clenbuterol in livestock products in 16 cities was only 1.2%, which was 1.4 percentage points lower than that in 2003. The detection rate of chloramphenicol residues in urban aquatic products is 0.
(2) Strengthened food safety inspection in the market.
At present, the wholesale market of agricultural and sideline products with annual sales of more than 200 million yuan has generally implemented the self-inspection system, and the number of retail stores that carry out testing has increased year by year. The fixed-point inspection institutions of commercial departments in large and medium-sized cities have a wide coverage, forming three "defense lines": enterprise self-inspection, entrusted inspection by social intermediary institutions and supervision and sampling inspection by government departments. The survey shows that in the wholesale market of agricultural and sideline products, 42.6% have set up testing rooms, and 55. 1% are equipped with full-time testing personnel, of which 62 are equipped at most; In supermarket chains, 73% are equipped with food safety managers and operators, and a target responsibility system has been established. 265,438+0% sent health inspectors to the store.
(3) The market food safety access system has been implemented.
In recent years, the role of food safety in the market has been strengthened due to the vigorous implementation of access systems such as certification, license, ticket, credit files and affiliated factories (places). The survey shows that national food safety standards are generally implemented, and 32% of enterprises have adopted international standards; 4.45% of the agricultural and sideline products wholesale market passed the three internationally accepted quality management system certifications of ISO9000, ISO 14000 and OSHMS 18000, and 27. 1 1% set up a pollution-free product area,16.3/KLOC. In supermarket enterprises, 9 1% attaches importance to food safety infrastructure, 73% establishes a processed food safety system, 59% attaches importance to environmental factors, 9 1% implements post responsibility system for food hygiene and safety, and 86% quantifies food safety indicators as the assessment basis. In 2004, among the 329,000 food circulation enterprises in China, 15 10000 established the system of incoming goods acceptance,145,000 established the system of purchase and sale ledger, and 1 19000 established the system of food quality commitment.
(4) The infrastructure of food circulation has been significantly improved.
According to the survey, at present, 38.56% of agricultural and sideline products wholesale markets have cold storage, of which 52.4% are in Shanghai. 27.9% are equipped with rapid detectors, 10.59% are equipped with chromatographs, and 3.6% are equipped with inspection vehicles. 43% are equipped with sewage treatment equipment, of which 12.92% have garbage sorting equipment, 9.53% have closed garbage building and 8.9% have sewage treatment facilities; 24.79% have established distribution centers. In the supermarket chains, most of them regard the food cooler as the basic configuration of their operating facilities. More than 60% cities in Liaoning, Fuzhou, Qingdao, Nanjing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Ningbo and other places are equipped with freezers in the meat food market, and some enterprises are also equipped with simple testing equipment. All the supermarkets surveyed classify garbage and sewage and treat them centrally; More than 90% chain retail enterprises have established distribution centers. By the end of June 2004, there were 2,845 distribution centers in chain retail enterprises above designated size in China.
(5) Consumers' awareness of food safety has been significantly enhanced.
Consumers choose food standards from price priority to equal emphasis on price and quality. I used to believe in advertisements, but now I believe in product hygiene and quality announcements. The survey results show that among consumers, 85% are concerned about the shelf life of food, 72% are concerned about pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits, and 55% are concerned about the bacteria exceeding the standard in food, packaging materials, food additives and other related factors.
Consumers' recognition of supermarket food safety is obviously ahead of farmers' market. Consumers' safety recognition of all kinds of foods sold in supermarkets is 9 times that of farmers' markets, among which fast food has the highest safety recognition.
Consumers' ability to protect themselves from food safety hazards has been enhanced. According to the survey, among consumers, 47.9% are concerned about relevant inspection certificates, and 22.3% are concerned about the color and appearance of food. 70.4% people want to buy pollution-free agricultural products, 56.4% people want to choose green food, 52.4% people want to choose safe food and 22.3% people want to choose organic food. When encountering food safety problems, more and more consumers will take various measures to safeguard their rights and interests, including appealing to relevant administrative departments, submitting to arbitration institutions, asking consumers' associations for mediation, suing people's courts, and negotiating with producers and operators, with the proportions of 68.4%, 54. 1%, 48.7%, 30.3% and1respectively.
Consumers' awareness of participating in the "three green projects" has been greatly enhanced. According to the survey, 66.2% people want to know more about the "Three Green Projects" through TV feature films, 69.7% people are willing to make suggestions for the "Three Green Projects", 53.8% people are willing to actively promote the "Three Green Projects" and 49.2% people are willing to actively report food safety-related issues. On the question of what measures can be taken to improve consumers' confidence in the "three green projects", the proportion of consumers who think that honesty management and industry self-discipline, establishing assured brands and strict food inspection and testing are 66.9%, 56. 1% and 47.8% respectively.
Second, the main problems
(1) The problem of food exceeding the standard still exists in the market.
Although the internal hygienic quality of food in China has been obviously improved and the qualified rate of food sampling has been continuously improved, the problem of exceeding the standard of listed food still exists. At present, the average unqualified rate of food hygiene is still around 8%, the over-standard rate of pesticide residues in vegetables is 7%, and the detection rate of "Clenbuterol" in livestock products is 1.2%. Inspection of more than 70,000 food markets revealed that there were 6,543,800 kilograms of unqualified bulk food, 400,000 kilograms of diseased meat, and 95,000 boxes of fake and inferior liquor.
(2) Lack of food safety laws and regulations in the circulation field.
Both the Food Hygiene Law and the Product Quality Law involve the hygienic requirements of food production and sales, but generally speaking, the legal provisions in the process of commodity circulation are still relatively rough. Many foods are fresh products, and the requirements for preservation and storage are very high from production to sales, so there should be corresponding legal provisions. In addition, market access is an effective method, but the implementation of this system still lacks the support of the superior law. At present, food safety management mainly depends on administrative management, and it is urgent to improve the corresponding laws and regulations.
(3) The food safety standard system is not perfect.
There are nearly 3,000 food quality standards in China, and the number is quite large. However, there are also some problems, such as non-uniform test standards, complex index setting and high cost. For example, there are dozens of standards to determine the single limit of organophosphorus, and the regulations on the limit of organophosphorus are different, which leads to different opinions on the determination of safety standards. For example, the pollution-free meat standards issued by relevant departments need to test 30 to 40 indicators, and 800 yuan only needs to conduct qualitative and quantitative tests on "Clenbuterol". And the standards related to circulation are only 100. Compared with the standard quantity of production and processing, the standard for ensuring food safety in circulation is seriously insufficient. Even if the quality of food production is qualified, it is difficult to ensure that there are no quality and safety problems in the circulation process.
(D) The food circulation detection and environmental protection system is still not perfect.
The survey shows that less than 1% of the more than 50,000 food retail enterprises in China have established testing centers, and less than 1‰ of the 26,000 farmers' markets in China are equipped with garbage disposal equipment. Consumers' trust in the safety of any kind of food is less than 50%. In addition, the detection system is not perfect, which is also manifested in the uncoordinated detection work of various departments, the lack of integration of detection power, the inability to enjoy detection resources, and the backwardness of rapid detection technology. For example, the rapid detection equipment for pesticide residues in key agricultural products wholesale markets takes about 30 minutes at the earliest; It will take several days to complete the detection of thirty or forty indicators of pollution-free meat, which will inevitably reduce the efficiency of "checking" in circulation.
(E) The construction of food safety credit system needs to be strengthened.
China's social credit system construction has just started, and the credit system construction of food safety is still relatively backward, and the collection of enterprise credit data in this field is also in a small-scale trial stage. Therefore, on the whole, it is still very difficult to grasp the credit status of food hygiene quality in enterprises, and it is more difficult to eliminate information asymmetry, praise trustworthy people, curb untrustworthy people, trace the responsible parties and form an honest management atmosphere.
Third, the main measures to improve the safety of food circulation
Practice has proved that the implementation of the "three green projects" is an effective measure to establish and improve the food safety guarantee system in the circulation field. We should make steady progress in accordance with the requirements of the five-year development outline of the "Three Green Projects". Generally speaking, it is necessary to establish and improve six systems of legal guarantee, technical support, policy support, social credit, organizational guarantee and public opinion supervision to ensure food safety, rationally utilize and save resources, protect the environment and promote sustainable consumption. Strive to make the vast majority of urban residents form a consumption pattern conducive to food safety, resource conservation and environmental protection in about five years, and consciously buy safe and secure food and green products; The vast majority of agricultural and sideline products wholesale markets and fresh supermarkets meet the green market standards, of which 500 have passed the green market certification; 60% of farmers' markets in large and medium-sized cities have retired or changed to chain supermarkets, and the proportion of chain supermarkets selling fresh food has risen sharply; The vast majority of slaughtering and processing enterprises have reached the three-star standard required by the qualification grade of pig slaughtering and processing enterprises, and the slaughtering rate in large and medium-sized cities has reached100%; The food entering the green channel meets the requirements of hygienic quality standards. Fresh food transportation adopts fresh-keeping measures, white meat is sealed by road transportation, and cold meat is transported by cold chain. The logistics distribution center of fresh food facing the society has made great progress.
(1) Strengthen the legal system.
We will promptly revise the Regulations on the Management of Pig Slaughtering and strengthen the management of livestock and poultry slaughter according to law; To study and formulate the Administrative Measures for Market Access of Edible Agricultural Products, and strictly implement the market access systems such as packaging, labeling, labeling, claiming certificates, claiming tickets, testing, labeling and certification; Further strengthen the construction of the "three green" project standard system, and formulate and revise a number of urgently needed standards in the current circulation field with reference to the International Food Safety Code; Implement standards such as the green market of agricultural and sideline products and the qualification grade requirements of pig slaughtering and processing enterprises.
(2) Strengthen policy guidance.
By formulating scientific policies and measures, actively implementing the government's green procurement plan, and cultivating consumers' consumption preference for green products; Improve the community food processing and circulation service system, vigorously develop chain operation, cold chain distribution and e-commerce, and increase the sales proportion of fresh food in modern marketing methods such as convenience supermarkets; Carry out "field-factory linkage" and "site linkage" to encourage food with excellent quality, good reputation and high brand awareness to circulate throughout the country; Actively develop fresh food preservation transportation and cold chain transportation, and focus on supporting operational food infrastructure such as meat and aquatic products relay low-temperature refrigeration distribution centers and food enterprises to purchase advanced and efficient testing equipment.
(3) Promote market certification.
Implement the "Measures for the Administration of Green Wholesale Market Certification" and related implementation rules to accelerate the pace of green market certification. The Ministry of Commerce will regularly organize training for green market auditors of certification bodies and conduct strict qualification examination, and the CNCA will recognize green market auditors who have passed the qualification examination. CNCA and the Ministry of Commerce announce the qualified certification bodies and their certified green markets, and conduct dynamic management.
(4) Strengthen market inspection.
First, speed up the construction of enterprise self-inspection system, actively urge large-scale livestock and poultry slaughtering and processing and agricultural products circulation enterprises to establish strict incoming inspection system, equip them with necessary harmful residue detection equipment, and conduct detection in accordance with relevant standards and technical specifications to form an exit mechanism for foods with harmful substances exceeding the standard; The second is to further improve the entrusted inspection system. Vigorously promote enterprises without self-inspection ability to take the initiative to send inspection to social intermediary testing institutions established according to law; The third is to further improve the food transportation source detection system, strictly control the hygiene, quality and safety, and products that have not been tested by testing institutions or failed to pass the test shall not enter the market circulation; The fourth is to establish and improve the routine monitoring system of market health quality and safety.
(5) Improve the credit files.
Relying on the e-government system of the Ministry of Commerce, using information technology, focusing on alcohol, meat and vegetables, on the basis of more than 200 pilot enterprises, we will continue to improve the national food safety credit file management system in the circulation field, carry out the food safety credit file work in the circulation field nationwide, and build a credit supervision and early warning mechanism for dishonesty. At the same time, strengthen the sharing and exchange of food hygiene information among various departments and release it to the society in a timely manner.
(6) Intensify publicity.
The first is to set up the "Three Green Projects Publicity Month". Through the website of the Ministry of Commerce, street consultation of local departments, and centralized reporting by news media, the knowledge of "three green projects" such as food safety, resource conservation and environmental protection will be systematically publicized to form a good environment for environmental protection consumption; The second is to hold the "China Three Green Projects Expo" to fully display the achievements of the three green projects and enhance people's confidence in food consumption; Third, actively promote green consumption into the community, publicize the relevant knowledge of scientific consumption to consumers, improve their consumption skills such as identification and purchase, and form healthy consumption psychology and rational consumption behavior.
(7) Strengthen supervision and inspection.
Strengthen the management of food circulation, consumption and livestock and poultry slaughter industry, actively implement the systems of inspection and acceptance of incoming goods, claiming certificates and tickets, purchasing and selling ledgers and quality commitments, and implement the responsibility system for market operators; Fully implement the market inspection system, and strictly implement the system of delisting, recall, destruction and publication of unqualified food. Give full play to the role of news media and form an effective public opinion supervision mechanism.
(8) Give play to the role of trade associations.
Give full play to the role of trade associations and intermediary organizations in formulating and implementing national and industrial standards and industrial policies, form a self-discipline mechanism in building integrity and standardizing business practices, and become an important social organization supporting the safety of food circulation.