In ancient times, the so-called country, the vassal conquered the country, the doctor conquered the city, and had a home. Three returns, when Qi Huangong rewards three possessions.
Yan Zi's Spring and Autumn Miscellanies (II): Yan Zi is old, so please "resign from the city" and Qi Jinggong "forbid". It is planned to "comfort his work" according to the law of former monarch Huan Gong "rewarding his three newspapers for the benefit of future generations". From the perspective of Yan Zi Chun Qiu, "going back" means going to a place and gaining something. "Three returns" means rewarding three possessions.
"Everything is wrong" is a reference to Guan Zhong's requirement of "uniformity". That is to say, Qi Huan asked Guan Zhong to be the prime minister, and Guan Zhong asked for the status of "noble, rich and respectful (pro)". Obviously, Spring and Autumn Annals was a reward for Yan Zi in his later years, and Han Feizi became the original "pursuer". According to common sense, what Yan Ying said is more reasonable. Aside from the end of the branch, Han Feizi records "wealth", but there is a "home of three returns", which can not only reflect "Yanzi Chunqiu", but also "benefit future generations". It can also verify the words of Confucius in The Analects of Confucius, and "three returns" can be used as a symbol of Guan Zhong's luxury and wealth. Because of his extravagance and wealth, Confucius sighed with emotion: "There are three times when you are in charge, and you are not doing business properly. Why are you frugal?" Only then did I come to the conclusion: "Guan Zhong's instrument is small!"
According to Yan Ying, Guan Zhong was rewarded by Huan Gong for "caring about the country". According to Han Feizi, Guan Zhong is "humble", "poor" and "sparse" because of his "harmony", while Huan Gong is "superior"; Rich "has three homes"; Zunzhi's "Standing in Guanzhong" ("The Foreign Reserve Says Left" and "Difficult One"). There are two differences, one is reward, and the other is want.
Liu Xiang's Shuo Yuan is obviously clear about the previous two statements, and he chose to defend Guan Zhong: because this world is "meanness can't make you rich", "poverty can't make you rich" and "sparseness can't care about your relatives", so he needs Qi Huan's reward, "thinking about Shangqing", "giving Qi a year's rent" and "thinking about Guan Zhong". In order to increase the persuasiveness, his Zun Xian also contains Confucius' statement that "the sage of Guan Zhong can't have these three powers, and he can't make the monarch bully from the south", and his Mountain Theory says that "Guan Zhong built a platform for three times and hurt himself." Among the historical materials of the three generations, the Spring and Autumn Annals, Mandarin, Warring States Policy and Historical Records are the official history of the post-Confucianism, and they are mostly accepted. Of course, there are mistakes, especially historical records, which is another topic.
The Analects of Confucius is a collection of quotations, and disciples treat each other with holy words, so it is more objective. Throughout the ages, later scholars never doubted or picked out mistakes. The Analects of Confucius said "three returns" without any explanation, indicating that Confucius and his disciples had no doubt about it at that time, that is, they all knew the meaning of "three returns"
The philosopher's book is not entirely correct. The philosophers after Lao Kong used historical materials casually, and even made up fables conveniently, with Zhuangzi as the most representative. Therefore, in the words of such philosophers, their historical materials need to be corroborated. Although Han Feizi can't be compared with Zhuangzi, the materials cited have a very clear intention, that is, it plagiarizes its legalist point of view, so its plagiarism should be treated with caution. I suspect that the "three returns" in Everything is wrong have this wind.
Although Yan Zi was in the early days, The Spring and Autumn Annals of Yan Zi was not written by later generations, and it is impossible to verify what Chun, who was contemporary with Li Si, wrote. What's more, there is a lot of internal evidence that there are traces of re-editing. Throughout the book, the editor did not carefully textual research. Religions, unofficial history, and rumors are readily available, with a strong short story color. Many stories have traces of writing, and mistakes can be seen everywhere. To read the history of Yanzi Chunqiu, we must consult other official historical materials.
Although Historical Records and Hanshu contain errors and biases, Hanshu is even worse, but its official position and citation function are unshakable. However, the records of "three returns" in Historical Records and Hanshu are vague, such as "Guan Zhong's family has three returns" and "taking three returns with the minister". Perhaps, Er Gong thought that his predecessors had made it clear, and there was no need to go into details. Maybe we should simply avoid the test mentioned by our predecessors. The future Confucianism is more like the latter. It is precisely because of the vagueness of Historical Records and Hanshu that there are many speculations and truths in later generations. Look at "marrying a woman with three surnames", "hiding Qian Ku" and "renting the market" and so on. Generally speaking, there are many speculations. This theory first appeared in the Analects of Confucius. "Jie Ji" quoted Bao Xian as saying: "Three returns, three surnames. The woman said that she would marry back. "
Bao Xian was a Confucian scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty. During the Jianwu period in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it entered The Analects of Confucius, the Pope's Prince, and The Analects was handed down from generation to generation. Therefore, most of them are quoted by later generations, and it is easier to be arrogant and impetuous. The post-Confucianism only thought that the "three surnames" were inappropriate, but changed it to "marry the daughter of the Three Kingdoms".
Song Xingbing's Notes on the Analects of Confucius: "Li, although the doctor has a concubine, the first wife only marries a surname. Now Guan Zhong has married the daughter of three surnames, so he has three times. "
Zhang Shoujie's Justice in Historical Records in the Tang Dynasty and Yan Shigu's Notes on Hanshu in the early Tang Dynasty all used this theory. Bao Biao's annotation "The Warring States Policy" also uses this statement, saying that "Gai San takes a woman" is a matter of "surname". Huang Kan thought that the word "surname" in On Semantic Sparseness was inappropriate, so he changed it to "marry a woman from the Three Kingdoms" and said that "Guan Zhong is a doctor from the State of Qi, and when he marries nine people from the Three Kingdoms, the cloud has" three returns ".
Liu Baonan's The Analects of Qing Dynasty quoted his father Liu Lu as a martyr in Notes on Autumn Tea, and explained in detail: "The emperor and the princes married in three classes", "The princes married in two countries, and the wives were nine women in their own country", "One woman in their country, one in each country, so it was called three returns". In Guisi Draft, it was slightly revised, that is, it was changed to "Mrs. Sanzheng", saying that the ancient emperors would have three palaces (three wives), the Qing dynasty, doctors and scholars, so it was indecent for Guan Zhong to marry three wives. But in ancient times, Qi Huangong and others were regarded as indecent acts, and it was difficult to justify themselves.
The reason why Bao Xian "married a woman with three surnames (countries)" has not been verified so far, and it is generally difficult to rule out the factors of speculation.
Shuowen: "Return, women marry." "Twenty-eight years of Zuo Zhuan and Zhuang Gong": "The daughters of the princes all returned home in peace. "Three generations of classics, this meaning is especially common. For example: "Poem Yao Tao": "The son of a son belongs to his home." "Poetry Ge Tan" and "My wife is mothering." "Yi gradually": "Female return, Ji. "Yitai:" The emperor's righteousness belongs to his sister. "
Historical records and Han books are vague. In ancient times, the official marriage was called "Gui", and the Zhou Dynasty married more than one room, so it gave birth to "Three Gui, married women with three surnames" (Note to Historical Records). Guo Songtao's Collection of Good Books, Volume One, Three Releases, was verified as "city rent". There are two sources: "One third of the people belong to Guan Zi Shan Zhi", and the name of "Three Returns" is actually here. In Shuo Yuan Zun Xian, "Huan Gong gave the city rent" and "three returns" are called "city rent".
A close reading of Guanzi Shan Zhi's Book shows that "three people return to the top" is the result of Guan Zhong's teaching Qi Huan to use loans to collect grain: the government lends money when the grain is scarce, and urges money when the grain is expensive. If farmers have no money, they must "take out 30% of the grain to repay the loan". As soon as the loan is repaid, the government will buy more grain.
Attached is Guan Zishan's translation of numbers.
Duke Huan asked Guan Zhong, "How can you enjoy the world all your life without losing it?" Guan Zhong replied: "[This method] cannot be implemented all over the world, but only in China." Duke Huan said, "What does this mean?" Guan Zhong said: "The size of the country and the fertility of the land are fixed, and the annual grain surplus is also fixed. Defend the national government and manage the grain well. For example, how much land a county has, or how small a county is, it is necessary to reserve the money for public loans in this county and this state. During the autumn harvest, food prices fell by a third, and the monarch ordered all counties and doctor towns to sell food to the government. One-third of the grain price is used for the national reserve, and then two-thirds of the grain is collected. It is inevitable that the price of grain reserves will double the next spring. When sowing in summer, people distribute grain to expand the market, and people will accept the grain from the state treasury for sowing. When it comes to the autumn harvest, say, "You keep some of the collected grain yourself, and now you can converge the surplus grain and exchange it for money to repay the loan." The common people said, "There is no money at home, so we have to make up for it with food." As a result, 30% of the autumn grain belongs to the state. In this way, it is a good policy for the state to follow this principle repeatedly and seize the opportunity to implement it.
..... Therefore, people who govern the world well must strictly abide by the principle of good price circulation and not let the vassal countries share our money and grain. Good prices lead to returns, such as water flowing downwards. Our country is not a famine year, so we hoard money and wait for the grain price to double to absorb the grain of the princes. In this way, if you hide a point, you can absorb a point from the princes. Market profits will not be taken away by foreign countries, and doctors cannot be rich and expensive because of hoarding. This policy of "emphasizing Tibet over Tibet" can make the country earn ten times as much as usual. Warlords serve without fighting, and courtiers serve with loyalty. This is the way to control the world by light and heavy technology, which is called the effect of destiny.
Liu Xiang's words in Shuo Yuan Zun Xian: "Zhong Dui said' poor can't be rich', and Huan Gong gave him a year." In Han Feizi's Stories from Left to Outside and Difficult One, it is all "to make the son have three ways". Liu Xiangzhi's words can't find the source so far, so it's an isolated certificate. Perhaps "returning home three times" and "renting the city for one year" go hand in hand, which is unknown. Historical Records and Hanshu are mentioned repeatedly, but they are slightly different after careful consideration. Historical Records always regards "three returns" as a symbol of wealth, and it does not go beyond the category of home: "Guan Zhong's family has three returns", "Guan Shi also has three returns, which is rich in princes of other countries" and "Guan Zhongfu is interested in public office and has three returns, but Qi people do not think it is extravagant."
Obviously, Hanshu has a critical point of view, but it seems that the meaning of "three returns" is not clear: "I take three returns with my ministers" and "I follow my ministers to manage Zhong and Ji's family and break it down."
It can be seen that Historical Records is more rigorous. Although there is no explanation (it is difficult to rule out), there are traces of the old saying, at least it will not recreate the misunderstanding. However, Hanshu is ambiguous (ignorance is not excluded), which has caused some misunderstandings. The "three returns" are related to trespassing.
Hanshu failed to follow the theory of Historical Records, but changed to "take three returns". Obviously, Ban Gu or Yan Shigu played a word game between Sima Gong and Bao Xian. "Take three returns" can be understood as taking three places and marrying three women. This treatment obviously has the influence of salinization. Bao Xian, 7-65 years ago, was a Confucian scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He was taught by the Prince and wrote The Analects of Confucius, whose annotations were widely praised by later Confucianism. Hanshu is an official history, and its historical materials are far more influential than Zhang Ju annotated by famous scholars.
The "Three Returns" was very clear from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and it was Qi Huan who gave Guan Zhong the "Home of Three Returns". In the Han Dynasty, there was suspicion, and "three returns to hometown" gave birth to "marrying the daughter of the Three Kingdoms", which is also a good guess. As a prime minister, Guan Zhong is not only the founder of "Fu", but also an advocate of extravagance. As the saying goes, "Jun is also lewd and extravagant" ("Liezi Yang Zhu"), since there is a three-return home, it is bound to marry three houses to build a town house.
In "Talking about Yuanshan", "Guan Zhong therefore built a platform for self-harm in three places", which is completely taboo to Liu Xiang: Guan Zhong's extravagance is to cover Qi Huan. In the Zhou Dynasty, especially in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the marriage and sex of kings were very open-minded, and immoral and incestuous marriage and sex were very common. Qi Huan's half-brother Qi Xianggong also played the role of brother and sister, and murdered her brother-in-law Lu Huangong.
Liu Xiang suddenly appeared "Therefore, a platform for three returns has been built", and the shadow can be found from the "home of three returns". Liu Xiang must be "returning to his hometown" and must be renovated in an orderly way. Building sightseeing platforms or pavilions can better show the luxury and richness of Guan Zhong's residence. Feng Menglong's History of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty follows this sentence: "Huan Gong ... China people have quite a discussion about his tyranny. Guan Zhong built a three-story platform in the mansion and named it Sanguitai. " "Guan Zhong said ... I also talked about slandering my monarch for this. Although Uncle Bao was passive, he didn't agree. Mao Qiling's The Analects of Confucius in the Qing Dynasty also had the same idea: to build a platform named after the three marriages.
Wuyi's "Qunjing Yizheng" also gave full play to his imagination: "Taiwan belongs to the national treasury, which used to store spring (money) coins in ancient times." There were no banks in ancient times, so it is reasonable that every family must have collection room.