Chinese name: visitor-centered therapy
Mbth: Client-centered Therapy
Applied discipline: psychology
Application: Clinical and Counseling Psychology.
Brief introduction: Humanistic psychotherapy is a new type of psychotherapy that rose in the 1960s. Humanistic psychotherapy was not created by an outstanding leader of a certain school, but practiced by some people with the same views, including patient-centered therapy, existential therapy and gestalt therapy. Among various schools of humanistic therapy, the visitor-centered therapy advocated by Rogers has the greatest influence and is the main representative of humanistic therapy. Visitor-centered therapy believes that under normal circumstances, anyone has unlimited growth potential of initiative and self-affirmation. If people's own experience is blocked, or the consistency of their own experience is lost, suppressed, and conflicts occur, so that people's growth potential is weakened or hindered, it will be manifested as mental illness and adaptation difficulties. If we create a good environment for him to communicate with others normally, we can give full play to his potential and change his bad behavior.
The basic assumptions of visitor-centered therapy are: human nature is good, people can be trusted completely, people have the ability of self-realization and growth, and there is great potential to understand their own problems without the direct intervention of consultants. If it is a special consulting relationship, people can grow up through self-guidance. Rogers believes that the attitude and personality of the consultant and the quality of the consulting relationship are the first, and the theory and skills of the consultant are the second. He believes that visitors have the ability to heal themselves.
basic theory
(1) People tend to realize themselves.
Rogers believes that people are born with a basic motivation, which is called realization tendency. It is the central energy source of human organism and controls human life activities. The trend of self-realization is a process of guiding people to know, practice, be independent, be independent and perfect. This trend can cause changes in attitude and behavior through self-awareness and self-guidance.
Rogers believes that in the process of self-growth, individuals constantly interact with reality, and individuals constantly evaluate experiences in interaction. This kind of evaluation does not depend on some external standard, nor does it depend on the rationality on the level of consciousness, but on the satisfaction generated in one's own body, and thus produces an approach or avoidance attitude towards this experience and related events. All experiences that conform to the tendency of self-realization are liked and accepted by individuals and become favorable factors for their growth and development, while those that do not conform to the tendency of self-realization are avoided and rejected by individuals.
Visitor-centered therapy is positive and optimistic. I believe that everyone has ideals, is self-reliant and is responsible for themselves. Everyone has a positive life direction, so they can continue to grow and develop and move towards self-realization. People are constructive, sociable and trustworthy. Counselors need to give full trust and support to help-seekers, who will change themselves without the control and guidance of counselors.
Rogers' explanation of experience comes from the field of phenomena, and thinks that experience refers to the subjective spiritual world of the helper at a certain moment, including both conscious and unconscious psychological content, as well as individual cognitive and emotional events, which individuals can perceive or have the ability to be perceived. Experience is experienced and perceived by individuals, which is very important for a person's formation, development and adaptation.
Self-concept refers to how the helper looks at himself, which is his overall perception and understanding, and the unity of self-perception and self-evaluation. It is formed through the interaction between individuals and the environment, especially between individuals and important people in life, which has a great influence on human behavior.
Everyone has two kinds of value evaluation processes, one is the innate organism evaluation process, and the other is the value condition action process. Value conditioning is based on the evaluation of others, not on the evaluation of the individual's own organism. Individuals have the need for positive evaluation from others at an early stage, that is, the need for care and respect. When a person's behavior is praised by others, this demand will be met. When he is satisfied with his behavior and others are dissatisfied, there will be a dilemma, and self-concept and experience will be discordant.
Third, the nature and treatment of psychological disorders
In the theory of visitor-centered therapy, self-concept is the key to understand psychological barriers, and the disharmony between self-concept and experience is the cause of psychological barriers. In order to keep self-adaptation to the environment, individuals may deny and change their values in order to meet the expectations of others, but this change is not in line with their own wishes.
The essence of visitor-centered therapy is to rebuild the harmony between individual self-concept and experience, or to realize the reconstruction of individual personality.
In order to put yourself in others' shoes, the counselor must be able to let the client feel this concern from the beginning, that is, unconditional positive respect, which is based on "one-on-one". Regardless of the class, feelings and behaviors of visitors, we should sincerely feel that the other person is a valuable person, and this respect is sincere emotion.
Empathy refers to understanding the emotional and cognitive information of the helper and letting the helper know that their feelings are accurately understood. Promotional oral communication must pay attention to the helper's current mood and cognitive content, which is closely related to the visitor's experience. In the face of current problems and dealing with them, counselors should deeply understand the inner world of the helpers, rather than analyzing and discussing the situation of the helpers on practical issues.
Non-verbal information can be conveyed in several ways, including posture, physical activity and position, facial expression, smile, smacking, frowning, action frequency, voice characteristics, hand and foot movements, eye contact and so on. Even the distance can reflect the inner information of the helper.
In many psychological counseling situations, "silence is golden". There will be a moment in consultation when both the counselor and the helper should consider what they have said without any words. Any language may have interference. When a helper processes emotions or information, an observant consultant can feel it. Therefore, silence is also an effective way for psychological counselors to put themselves in their shoes.
Egan's help skill system based on Rogers theory (Egan, 1975) believes that frank communication includes
Psychological counselors don't fix their roles, that is to say, they are as honest as they are in real life, but they don't hide themselves in the role of internal professional psychological counselors, but continue to keep in harmony with their feelings and experiences at that time and exchange their feelings.
A spontaneous person will express and communicate freely, instead of always weighing what to say.
Honest people have no defensive response. A consultant who has no defensive reaction knows his own strengths and weaknesses and how to feel them.
For an honest man, there is only a small difference between what he thinks, feels and believes and his actual performance.
Honest people can show themselves at the right time, and counselors can understand the true feelings of those who ask for help.
Egan calls unconditional positive attention respect, and points out that this is the highest value of a high-level consultant. Unconditional positive concern for technology is manifested in:
Verb (abbreviation for verb) negotiation process
Help-seekers are unwilling to take the initiative to seek treatment and help. People who seek help are rigid and fixed in their own experience. They often look for similarities between current experiences and past situations, and then react and feel according to past behavior patterns, but they can't see the variability of new experiences. Take an absolute attitude towards most experiences, in black and white.
At this stage, the helper can talk about some topics outside the self smoothly, but still can't bear the responsibility of the problem.
If the first two stages are completely accepted by the psychological counselor, then the helper will feel more secure psychologically, and the expression will be smoother and more free at this time. Although I can feel my true feelings, I seldom admit my feelings now and can't accept them.
At this stage, help seekers can express their feelings more freely, but they are very specific and vivid in expressing their feelings. There are still some obstacles for them to express their feelings now. They can accept some of their feelings, have some sense of self-responsibility, and have some new understanding of the inconsistency between experience and self.
At this stage, emotional expression is more free, the distinction between emotion and personal meaning is more clear, people begin to accept their true feelings, and can recognize their own internal disharmony and contradiction. His communication with his inner self has become smoother and smoother, and at the same time he is aware of his responsibilities and wants to be his true self more and more.
At this stage, he no longer denies, fears and resists his true feelings, but feels that he has lifted the shackles of experience in his self-concept and can truly experience his true feelings, so he feels extremely relaxed.
At this stage, you can continue to express yourself freely without the help of a counselor, with less rejection and distortion of self-experience, more and more internal communication and more real self-experience. Try to change your old rigid personal structure so that you can deal with your various experiences effectively. Help-seekers' understanding of self-integration and treatment will expand from solving a specific problem to other areas of life and become free and open.
Matters needing attention about intransitive verbs
1. Visitor-centered therapy embodies humanistic philosophy and is a constantly changing and developing theoretical system. We can't treat this therapy as a fixed and complete therapy. We hope that others will develop his theory into an experiment rather than a dogma, and expect his model to be perfect, open and inclusive.
2. Visitor-centered therapy holds that the main responsibility of counseling and treatment orientation lies with the help-seekers, who are faced with the opportunity to decide themselves. Consultants should not impose specific goals on clients, but should let clients choose their own values and goals.
3. A potential limitation of visitor-centered therapy is that some beginners who are being trained tend to accept non-challenging help-seekers. This method limits one's reaction and consulting style, and only puts experience on reaction and listening.
4. Some treatment theories of help-seeking center therapy have been integrated into modern psychotherapy, and counselors' love, respect and sincere attitude towards help-seeking have become the basic principles and techniques of various modern psychotherapy. The basic principle of help-seeking center therapy should be the basic content of quality training of contemporary psychological counselors.