(1) Background: (1) During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the country closed its doors, attached importance to agriculture and restrained commerce, and cultural autocracy hindered budding growth and scientific and technological progress.
(2) The rise of western capitalism, the Reformation and Renaissance, and the emergence of modern science.
(3) New air routes were opened and western missionaries came to China.
⑵ Performance: ① Late Ming Dynasty-Matteo Ricci and Xu Guangqi (original version of Taixi Water Method Geometry)
② Early Qing Dynasty-Emperor Kangxi and ferdinand verbiest (casting guns)
⑶ Result: Violating custom and interfering in internal affairs-Yong Zhengdi issued a religious ban.
16-/kloc-The cultural exchange between China and the West in the 0/8th century is different from the cultural exchange between China and the West in ancient times and from the cultural exchange between China and the West in modern times. It is "the highest example of the connection between two civilizations and cultures" in the era of Latin civilization.
Its distinctive features have attracted the attention of Chinese and foreign academic circles in later generations. During this period, there were frequent cultural exchanges between China and the West, and western missionaries came from the East, bringing China's culture to Europe again, which had a great influence on all aspects of Europe.
Let's look at the influence and function of China's culture on western countries in Ming and Qing Dynasties from the aspects of ideological education, literature and art, and social life.
First, education: middle school spread to the west, and Confucian education spread to the west.
The exchange and influence of culture and education are mutual. On the one hand, it is the introduction of western ideology and culture, on the other hand, it is the spread of China's ideology and culture to the west.
China wanted to "take the far west as an example", and the west in the18th century, especially the Enlightenment and its deism thought, also took China as an example.
In the process of middle school spreading to the west, Matteo Ricci and many other missionaries made great contributions to the spreading of China Confucianism to the west. Through these works, they provide a picture of China society as Europeans.
Missionaries not only systematically expressed some similarities between the eastern and western regimes in terms of rights and nobility, but also described and investigated the stable and good political order in China.
China people's emphasis on education and the system of selecting talents through competitive examinations soon attracted their attention and began to follow suit.
In addition, the missionary also said that China attached great importance to public morality. They think that "pure" science is not taught in education in China, but only in some fields related to public morality.
In the eyes of missionaries, China's morality is not only superior to science, but also superior to religious belief.
However, although there is some truth in the background of Confucian education in China described by missionaries, they did not actually penetrate into various ideological trends in China. The pictures they provide contain a lot of "Utopia" elements, and there are also many contradictions in their words. Nevertheless, the missionaries made great contributions to the introduction of Confucian education in China, because they provided a lot of real information about China to the west, and let the Europeans who already had a "crisis of faith" see one.
From the European bourgeois enlightenment, we can see the great influence of Confucian culture in China.
The enlightenment trend of thought in the west is largely based on the ancient Confucian civilization in China.
For example, Voltaire, the leader of the Enlightenment, whose political ideal is to eliminate the existing "religion revealed by God" and establish a "rational religion" that advocates rationality, nature and morality.
In Voltaire's mind, China's Confucianism is a model of this rational religion.
He admired Confucius and praised China's philosophy as "neither superstition nor absurd legend, nor dogma that curses reason and nature".
In addition, most European enlightenment scholars are enlightened monarchists, and the traditional holy king in the history of China has become their ideal social model.
In a word, the education of Confucian culture in China was introduced to the west through missionaries, which had a great influence on the whole western ideological education field, and thus played a great role in promoting the development of modern western thought, culture and society.
Second, literature: China literature spread to the west.
After the opening of the new sea route, it was the Portuguese and the Spanish who first began to collect China documents and study the history of China.
From 1539 to 1563, the Portuguese historian Barros wrote History of Asia in the volume 1-3, which introduced China to Europe earlier.
1585 (in the 13th year of Wanli reign of Ming dynasty), the Spanish historian Mendoza published "The History of Important Customs of Dayu in Spain" in Rome, which is the first historical book in Europe devoted to China in the early days of the new air route.
The above activities reflect the spread of China's literature to Europe in the16th century and the collection and utilization of China's literature by Europeans, which is only the beginning of the literature dissemination and exchange activities between China and Europe in the new sea route.
17 and 18 centuries, China literature was introduced into Europe in large quantities, and China literature was exported for the first time.
First of all, when Jesuits came to China, they brought many western books. When they left China and returned to Europe, they also brought many China books back to Europe.
165 1 year, when Martino Martini, an Italian Jesuit, returned to Europe, he brought back to Europe books and materials about Jesuits' activities in China, which he spent eight years in China, including Zheng Qiao's Tongzhi, Ma Duanlin's Literature General Examination, Ming Dynasty's masterpiece Yongle Grand Ceremony, and Qing Dynasty's Collection of Ancient and Modern Books.
Secondly, there are many translated China documents. The translation activities of Jesuits are an important way for China literature to spread to the west, among which there are a large number of Confucian documents and historical documents.
Jesuits introduced these two kinds of documents to Europe as the core of China's documents and the most representative documents of oriental culture.
In addition, there are some works that introduce China's thought and culture, such as Diary of Matteo Ricci, which are of great value to the study of the history of Ming Dynasty, the history of cultural exchange between China and the West, and the history of Christian missionary work in China.
17th and18th centuries were a great exchange of China literature in European history, which objectively spread China's thought and culture and had a far-reaching influence on the enlightenment.
China literature introduced into Europe in this period was unprecedented in quantity, content and scale, which not only increased the content of comparative study of Chinese and Western cultures, but also had the nature of communication in the modern sense, marking the birth of information exchange activities between China and the West.
Third, the artistic aspect: the influence of Jingdezhen ceramics on European artistic style.
Oriental art has a completely different development tradition from western art. The former starts from the abstract theory of human nature, reflects the objective material world in an illusory way, and emphasizes the expression of the realm of beauty through the perfection of nature.
The latter pays attention to intuition and unconsciousness, and demands the inner world reflected by art. Aesthetics is based on intuition.
Oriental painting emphasizes freehand brushwork, while western painting emphasizes realism.
Before the Renaissance, China's ceramic arts and crafts were mainly passed from country to country, which had only an indirect impact on the development of western art. Since China established direct trade relations with Europe in the 20th century, China's ceramic arts and crafts with oriental colors have gradually opened up the market and been appreciated and valued by the upper classes in France, Germany, Britain and other countries.
Jingdezhen ceramics, the representative of China ceramics, is exquisite, delicate, light and elegant, and European artists are deeply influenced by its art.
With China's ceramics, textiles and furniture deeply embedded in the art field of European society, China's art has also exerted a subtle influence on the aesthetic feeling of Europeans.
1 1 century, Chinese style was formed in western interior design, furniture, ceramics, silk and garden design. Chinese style refers to the artistic tendency of westerners to seek enlightenment and express spring in the Far East, especially in China, and the resulting works of art ..
At the beginning of the century, artisans in Britain, Italy and other countries began to freely imitate the embroidery of ceramics and the decorative style of cabinets imported from China. The earliest interior design related to China was discovered in Louis Vuitton? Loew designed the Torrian Palace for Louis XIV at Versailles.
This Chinese-style craze spread, and no German palace was built without Chinese-style rooms.
Chinese style mostly combines baroque and cocoa styles, characterized by the use of oriental patterns and patterns, and the love of contrast and asymmetry between blue and white, without the need for traditional perspective painting and large-scale gold lacquer.
Jingdezhen ceramics in the Ming and Qing Dynasties have exquisite patterns, rich colors, and transcendental and elegant aesthetic feeling, which has transformed from practical value to artistic value, making art get rid of the shackles of the real world and enter the realm of dreamy lines and colors.
When China ceramics, especially Jingdezhen ceramics, became popular in Europe, Rococo art flourished. Artists are natural, elegant and chic, which is the product of French traditional art fully chewing and digesting the essence of China.
Jingdezhen ceramics in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were hard, elegant, delicate and smooth, with regular shapes, clear turning points and clear details, and had a bright, rigorous, delicate and smooth artistic style, which brought a cool east wind to plain European art.
Fourth, life: China tea culture is in Europe.
Tea was first transported from Java to Macau by the maritime power Holland in the 6th century/Kloc-0.
At about 16 10, the first batch of tea from China arrived in Europe.
From then on, China's tea culture began to influence Europe.
China tea culture first influenced the social life in Holland.
When tea was introduced into Holland, it was very expensive and only the upper class could enjoy it. It's a fashionable drink in the upper class. Tea and medicine are sold together.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Netherlands occupied an important position in the world tea trade for a long time. For a long time, the Netherlands was the most important tea transshipment country in Europe, and Amsterdam, the capital, was the oldest tea market in Europe, famous for its public auction of tea.
After the Netherlands, Britain has been deeply influenced by China tea culture for a long time.
During the period of 65438+1930s, China's tea and tea-drinking habits were introduced to France, Germany, Italy, Britain and other countries from Holland, but it did not defeat the wine and beer from France and Italy, but defeated the coffee and cocoa introduced to Britain, prompting Britain to form new social habits and social fashions.
The far-reaching influence of China's tea drinking habit on British society lies in that drinking tea has become an important part of British personal life and social life.
As early as the middle of17th century (Cromwell period), when Catherine, the wife of King charles ii of England, married charles ii, the Portuguese custom of drinking tea and having tea parties was introduced to the British royal family. In addition, as early as18th century, tea party became a gathering for people to communicate or entertain friends, which was also a new social life form formed after tea drinking was introduced into Britain.
As can be seen from the above, the Ming and Qing Dynasties are an important period for cultural exchanges between China and the West.
Western missionaries introduced western science, technology and spiritual culture to China, which had little influence on China, but it still had some influence.
After China culture was introduced to Europe through Sino-Western trade and missionaries, it was popular in Europe for a long time, but it was China's tea drinking habit that had the widest, deepest and longest influence on European social life. Therefore, there is no doubt that China tea culture played an important role in the cultural exchange between China and the West in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the cultural exchange between China and Europe made unprecedented progress, forming the first cultural exchange between China and the West.
In this exchange, Catholic missionaries, especially Jesuits, played the role of bridge and link.
On the one hand, due to the need of missionary work, they introduced western scientific and cultural knowledge into China, which made China intellectuals have a preliminary understanding of "Western learning"; On the other hand, they introduced China's long and splendid culture to Europe through correspondence and translation of China classics, which set off a "China fever" in Europe.
The contact and communication between eastern and western cultures plays an important role in the development and progress of their respective societies.
The contact and collision between Chinese and Western cultures in Ming and Qing Dynasties undoubtedly promoted the development and progress of China and European society.