Qingdao government affairs network
The development of history
Qingdao used to be called Jiaoao. 189 1 year (the seventeenth year of Guangxu), the Qing government decided to fortify Jiaoao and Qingdao was established. The following year, Gaoyuan Zhang, the company commander of Chandelizhou Town, led his troops to Jiao 'ao. 1897165438+10, Germany occupied Jiaoao under the pretext of "Juye religious plan", and forced the Qing government to sign the Jiaoao concession treaty on March 6, 1998. Jiaoao became a colony, and Shandong was also included in the sphere of influence of Germany. After the outbreak of World War I,19141in June, Japan occupied Jiaoao instead of Germany and carried out military colonial rule.
After the First World War, the people of China fought bravely to recover Qingdao. 19 19, the famous may 4th movement was triggered due to Qingdao's sovereignty issue, which forced Japan to sign the "Treaty on Solving Outstanding Cases in Shandong" with the government of China on February 4, 1922. In the same year 10 February 10, China recovered Jiaoao, opened it as a commercial port, and established Jiaoao Commercial Port Supervision Office, which was directly under the Beiyang Government. Its administrative area is the same as Dejiaoao Concession. 1929 In April, Nanjing National Government took over Jiaoao Commercial Port, and in July of the same year, Qingdao Special City was established. 1930 was renamed Qingdao.
1938 65438+ 10, Japan invaded Qingdao again. 1945 In September, the Kuomintang government took over Qingdao with the support of the United States, which was a special city at that time.
1June 2, 949, Qingdao was liberated. After the liberation of Qingdao, it was changed to a municipality under the jurisdiction of Shandong Province. 198 1 year was listed as one of the national 15 economic center cities; 1April, 1984, was listed as one of the 14 coastal port cities that were further opened to the outside world; 1986 10, 15, the State Council officially approved the implementation of separate items in the national plan, giving provincial economic management authority; 1February, 1994, was listed as one of the national 15 sub-provincial cities.
administrative division
Great changes have taken place in the administrative divisions of Qingdao since the founding of the People's Republic of China. 1949 ends in Shinan District, Shibei District, Taixi District, Taidong District, Sicang District, Licun District and Fushan District. 1951June, the Laoshan office of JIAOZHOU Special Zone was placed under the leadership of Qingdao and renamed as Laoshan Suburb Office; In August, Sicang District and Fushan District were abolished, and sifang district and Cangkou District were established. On June 1953, the Laoshan Suburb Office was renamed the Laoshan Suburb People's Government. At the end of 1958, Jiaoxian County, Jiaonan County and Jimo County of Laiyang Special Zone in Changwei Special Zone were placed under Qingdao. 1961may, Jimo, Jiaonan and Jiaoxian were put on hold; On June+10, 5438, Laoshan county was established in the former administrative area of Laoshan suburb and returned to Qingdao. 1962 65438+February, Taixi District was abolished, and its jurisdiction was merged into Shinan District and Shibei District respectively. 1978165438+10, Jimo county in Yantai area, Jiaoxian county in Changwei area and Jiaonan county were placed in Qingdao; Huangdao District of Qingdao is a newly established district, which governs Huangdao, Xuejiadao and Xin 'an communes and is divided by Jiaonan County. 1August, 983, Laixi County in Yantai area and Pingdu County in Weifang area were placed under Qingdao. 1April, 987, Jiaoxian was abolished and jiaozhou city (county level) was established; 1988165438+10. In October, Laoshan County was abolished and Laoshan District was established. 1July, 989, Pingdu County and Jimo County were abolished, and pingdu city (county level) and jimo city (county level) were established; 1990 65438+February, Jiaonan County and Laixi County were abolished, and Jiaonan City (county level) and Laixi City (county level) were established. 1994 in the first half of the year, the administrative divisions of urban areas were greatly adjusted. On the premise that the total number of municipal districts remains unchanged, Taitung District, Shibei District, Wujiacun Street and Cuobuling Street in sifang district will be merged to form a new Shibei District. Make major adjustments to Laoshan District, merge with Cangkou District, and establish new Laoshan District, Chengyang District and Licang District. 2012110/0. In October, the State Council issued the Reply on Agreeing to Shandong Province to Adjust Some Administrative Divisions of Qingdao, and the Shandong Provincial Government issued the Notice on Adjusting Some Administrative Divisions of Qingdao, and decided to adjust some administrative divisions of Qingdao: cancel Shibei District and sifang district City of Qingdao, and establish a new one. The Huangdao District of Qingdao and the county-level city of Jiaonan City were abolished, and a new Huangdao District of Qingdao was established. The original Huangdao District of Qingdao and the county-level city of Jiaonan City were the new administrative regions of Huangdao District. After the adjustment, Qingdao has six municipal districts (Shinan, Shibei, Licang, Laoshan, Huangdao and Chengyang) and four county-level cities (Jimo, Jiaozhou, Pingdu and Laixi).
Geographical location and region
Qingdao is located in the south of Shandong Peninsula, between north latitude119 30 ′ ~12100 ′ and 35 35 ′ ~ 37 09 ′, bordering the Yellow Sea in the east and south, Yantai in the northeast and Weifang in the west. The total area of the city is 1 1282 square kilometers, of which, the urban area (six districts of Shinan, Shibei, Licang, Laoshan, Huangdao and Chengyang) is 3293 square kilometers, and the four cities of Jimo, Jiaozhou, Pingdu and Laixi are 7989 square kilometers.
Population profile
By the end of 20 14, the permanent population of the city was 9,046,200, an increase of 0.92% over the previous year.
At the end of 20 13, the permanent population of the city was 8.964 million, an increase of 1. 1% over the previous year. Among them, there are 48 1.4 million people in urban areas, an increase of 1.8%.
By the end of 20 12, Qingdao had 52 ethnic minorities with a population of 76,696. Among them, Korean 400 15, Manchu1351Hui, Mongolian 5986, Uygur 24065438, Miao 1860 and Yi 1498.
natural environment
Geological landform
Qingdao is a coastal hilly city, with high terrain in the east and low terrain in the west, rising on the north and south sides and low depression in the middle. Among them, mountains account for about 15.5% of the city's total area (the same below), hills account for 2. 1%, plains account for 37.7%, and depressions account for 2 1.7%. The coast of this city can be divided into three basic types: headland rocky coast, mountain harbor muddy coast and bedrock sandy coast. In shallow water, there are underwater shoals, modern underwater deltas and marine erosion plains.
Qingdao geotectonics is located in the northeast margin of Jiaonan Uplift and the south-central part of Jiaolai Depression, which is the secondary structural unit of Neocathaysia Uplift. The whole Paleozoic strata and some Mesozoic strata are missing in this area, but the volcanic rocks of Cretaceous Qingshan Formation are developed and widely exposed in this city. Magmatic rocks are mainly Yuejishan gneiss granite in Jiaonan period of Proterozoic and Ai Shan granodiorite and Laoshan granite in late Yanshanian period of Mesozoic. The urban areas are all located on this granite, and the building foundation conditions are excellent. The structure in this area is mainly fault structure. Since Tertiary, this area has been dominated by fault block uplift with stable integrity, with a small overall increase.
mountain range
Cities generally have three mountain systems. In the southeast is the Laoshan Mountains, with steep terrain, and the main peak is 1 132.7 meters above sea level. From Mrding to the west and north, all the way to Qingdao. In the north is Daze Mountain (736.7 meters above sea level, all the mountains in Pingdu and some peaks in Laixi belong to it). In the south, the Jiaonan Mountain Group consists of Dazhushan (486.4m above sea level), Xiaozhushan (724.9m above sea level) and Tiecha Mountain (595. 1m above sea level). The mountains in the urban area include Fushan (elevation 384m), Taiping (elevation 150m), Qingdao (elevation 128.5m), Signal (elevation 99m), Fulongshan (elevation 86m) and Reservoir (elevation 80.6m).
River flow
There are 224 rivers in the city, all of which are rain sources in the monsoon region, and most of them are small rivers that enter the sea independently. There are 33 large rivers with a drainage area of 100 square kilometers, which are divided into three major water systems: Dagu River, Beijiaolai River and coastal area.
Dagu River system includes main stream and tributaries, and the main tributaries are Xiaogu River, Guwu River, Liuhao River and Nanjiaolai River. Dagu River is the largest river in the city. Originated in Fushan, Zhaoyuan City, it flows into Qingdao from north to south, passes through Laixi, Pingdu, Jimo, Jiaozhou and Chengyang, and reaches Nanmatou Village in Jiaozhou. The total length of the main stream is 179.9 km, and the drainage area is 61310.3 square km (including the South Jiaolai River Basin 1500 square km), which is the largest water system in Jiaodong Peninsula. The average annual runoff of Dagu River is 66 1 100 million cubic meters. Before the 1970s, the runoff of rivers was seasonal, the summer floods soared and there was water all the year round. After that, except for the flood season, the middle and lower reaches have been cut off.
The Beijiaolai River system includes the main stream and its tributaries. The main tributaries of Qingdao are Zehe River, Wanglonghe River, Xianhe River and Baisha River, with a total drainage area of 19 14.0 square kilometers. Beijiaolai River originates from the northern foot of the watershed in Yaojia Village, Wanjia Town, pingdu city, goes north along the junction of pingdu city and Changyi City, and flows into Laizhou Bay in Damiaojia Village, xinhe town, pingdu city. The total length of the main stream is100km, and the drainage area is 3,978.6km2.. The average annual runoff of rivers is 253 million cubic meters, and the average annual sediment concentration is 0.24 kg/cubic meter.
Coastal rivers refer to rivers that enter the sea alone, and the larger ones are Baisha River, Moshui River, Wang Ge Zhuanghe River, Baima River, Liji River, Zhoutuan River and Yanghe River.
Sea area and tide
The sea area of coastline and bay is about 1.22 million square kilometers, of which the sea area within the baseline of territorial sea is 8405 square kilometers. The total length of coastline (including island coastline) is 8 16.98km, of which the mainland coastline is 7 10.9km, accounting for 1/4 of the coastline of Shandong province. The coastline is tortuous, with headlands and bays alternating, covering an area of more than 0.5 square kilometers. From north to south, there are Dingzi Bay, Louhang Bay, Yanshui Bay (also known as Hengmen Bay), Laoshan Bay (also known as Beiwan), Xiaodao Bay, Wanggezhuang Bay, Qingshan Bay, Yaodao Bay, Taiqinggongkou, Liu Qinghe Bay and Laoshan Bay. There are 49 bays in Jiaozhou Bay, including Haixi Bay (including Xiaocha Bay and Xuejiadao Bay), Huangdao Qianwan, Hongdao Bay, Nvgukou and Cangkou Bay.
Qingdao has 70 primitive islands. 1987, Zhaitang Qiandao and Zhaitang Houdao were connected by artificial dikes to become Zhaitang Island, and Qianliyan was classified as Haiyang City. In 2006, three unreported islands (Shidao Reef, Da Qiao Island and Xiaoqiao Island) were confirmed through satellite remote sensing image analysis and field survey, while Huangdao Island and Tuandao Island lost their island attributes and were no longer listed as islands. Qingdao has 69 islands. Among them, Shuidao, Lvdao, Xiaoqingdao, Xiaomai Island, Tuandao Island, Niudao and Dao Ji are artificial land-connected islands, and only 62 islands are surrounded by the sea. The total area of 69 islands is 13.82 square kilometers, and the total length of coastline is 106.08 kilometers. Most of the islands are very small. Only Tian Heng Island and Lingshan Island have an area of more than L square kilometers, and the other islands have an area of less than 0.6 square kilometers. Of the 69 islands, only 65,438+00 have permanent residents.
Tidal Qingdao is a regular semi-diurnal tidal port, with two high tides and two low tides every lunar day (24 hours and 48 minutes). The average tidal range is about 2.8 meters, and the tidal range appears in the new moon or 2-3 days after it (first quarter moon or second quarter moon). The tidal level in August is generally 0.5m higher than that in June 5438+ 10. In China, the average tidal level observed by Qingdao tide gauge station is regarded as the "average sea level of the Yellow Sea", and its height is 72.289 meters lower than the national level origin of Guanxiangshan in Qingdao. Since 1957 in China, the mainland ground elevation has been calculated from this zero point.
climate
Qingdao is located in the north temperate monsoon region and belongs to the temperate monsoon climate. Due to the direct regulation of the marine environment and the influence of southeast monsoon, ocean current and water mass from the ocean surface, the urban area has obvious maritime climate characteristics. The air is humid, the rainfall is abundant, the temperature is moderate, and the four seasons are distinct. The temperature rises slowly in spring, which is later than inland 1 month. Summer is hot and humid and rainy, but there is no heating; The weather in autumn is refreshing, with less precipitation and strong evaporation; In winter, the wind is strong, the temperature is low and the duration is long. According to the meteorological data of 100 years since 1898, the annual average temperature in urban areas is 12.7℃, the extreme high temperature is 38.9℃ (July 2002 15), and the extreme low temperature is-16.9℃ (/. August is the hottest year, with an average temperature of 25.3℃. 65438+ 10 is the coldest month with an average temperature of -0.5℃. The number of days when the daily maximum temperature is higher than 30℃ is 1 1.4 days; The average number of days when the daily minimum temperature is below -5℃ is 22 days. The annual average precipitation is 662. 1mm, and the rainfall in spring, summer, autumn and winter accounts for 17%, 57%, 2 1% and 5% of the annual precipitation respectively. The maximum annual precipitation is1272.7 mm (191year), and the minimum is only 308.2mm (198 1 year), and the annual variation rate of precipitation is 62%. The average annual snowfall is only 10 days. The annual average air pressure is 1008.6 mbar. The annual average wind speed is 5.2m/s, and the dominant wind direction is southeast wind. The annual average relative humidity is 73%, and the highest in July is 89%. The lowest is 65438+68% in February. There are many and frequent sea fogs in Qingdao, with an average annual fog of 5 1.3 days and light fog 108.2 days.
soil
According to the land classification system of the second national soil survey, Qingdao's soils mainly include brown soil, Jiang Sha black soil, fluvo-aquic soil, cinnamon soil and saline soil.
Brown soil covers an area of 493,700 hectares, accounting for 59.8% of the total soil area. It is the most widely distributed and largest soil type in the city, mainly distributed in mountainous hills and piedmont plains. The degree of soil development is affected by the topographic position, and it is divided into three soil genera from high to low: brown soil, brown soil and moist brown soil. Brown soil is mostly used in forestry and animal husbandry because of its high terrain, large slope, thin soil layer, heavy erosion and low fertility. Brown soil and moist brown soil are the main soils for growing cash crops in Qingdao.
The area of black soil in Jiang Sha is176,900 hectares, accounting for 0.42% of the total soil area. It is mainly distributed in shallow depressions in the south of Laixi, southwest of Pingdu, northwest of Jimo and north of Jiaozhou. This kind of soil has deep soil layer, sticky soil, light to heavy topsoil, poor physical properties, uncoordinated hydrothermal conditions and low available nutrients.
The fluvo-aquic soil area is144,900 hectares, accounting for 17.55% of the total soil area. Mainly distributed in the plains of the lower reaches of Dagu River, Guwu River and Jiaolai River. Because it is far from the river, the soil texture and soil configuration are quite different. Coastal areas are often affected by sea salt to form salinized tidal soil, and the soil fertility and utilization direction are quite different.
Brown soil covers an area of 6333.33 hectares, accounting for 0.77% of the total soil area. Sporadic distribution in Pingdu, Laixi, Jiaonan limestone residual hills in the upper part.
Saline soil covers an area of 3666.67 hectares, accounting for 0.44% of the total soil area. Distributed in coastal lowlands and coastal beaches.
natural resource
At the end of 20 12, the grain planting area in the city was 540,800 hectares, down by 0.9%; The forest coverage rate was 38.6%, an increase of 0.8 percentage points; The coastal beach is about 375 square kilometers, and the sea area within 30 meters isobath is about 9 165 square kilometers.
Qingdao has many harbors, winding coastline, vast beaches and fertile water. It is a place where a variety of aquatic organisms thrive, with high economic value and development and utilization potential. The water bodies in Jiaozhou Bay, Laoshan Bay and T-shaped Bay are rich in nutrients and sufficient in recharge sources. The number of alien bacteria is several times or even thousands of times higher than that in continental shelf area or marine area, and the content of organic matter in water is high. Especially the nearshore section of sediments in Jiaozhou Bay is an excellent sea area for the development of shellfish and algae culture. The sea area is also rich in plankton, benthos, economic invertebrates and intertidal algae.
Qingdao is rich in plant species, which is the region with the largest number of plant species and vegetation groups at the same latitude. Plant resources are 152 families, 654 genera, 1237 species and varieties (excluding greenhouse cultivated species and flower cultivated types). There are 66 families 136 genera and 332 species of primitive woody flora, accounting for 93%, 84% and 80.2% of the total woody flora in Shandong Province, respectively.
In the geographical distribution division of vertebrates, Qingdao belongs to the Palaearctic North China Huanghuai Plain subregion. Affected by the warm temperate ocean monsoon, the climate is warm and humid, and the vegetation grows well, which is suitable for animals to inhabit and reproduce, but there are few large wild mammals. Modern wild vertebrates in Qingdao are mostly small animals, but there are no large mammals or large herbivores. Mammals include squirrels, rats, rabbits, dogs, weasels, bats, reptiles and so on. Amphibians include Ranidae, Bufonidae, Bufonidae, Ranidae, etc. Reptiles include lizards, snakes, vipers, turtles, turtles and so on. There are 66 species of rare animals under national first-class and second-class protection, including 52 species under first-class protection. The special animal is the fairy embryo fish produced in Baisha River. There are many kinds of wild invertebrates in this area, which can be roughly divided into forest insects and agricultural insects. Domesticated animals mainly include cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, dogs and other domestic animals and poultry such as chickens, ducks and geese.
Qingdao is rich in bird resources. More than 2,000 specimens have been collected in Qingdao for more than 10 years, including 355 species belonging to 58 families of 19 orders 159 genera, accounting for 29.6% of the national bird 1200 species and 87.4% of the 406 bird species in Shandong Province, of which 16544 is the national first class. There are six kinds of birds in Qingdao: swimming birds, wading birds, land birds, raptors, climbing birds and songbirds.
Most mineral deposits in Qingdao are nonmetallic. By the end of 2007, 66 kinds of minerals (including secondary minerals) have been discovered, accounting for 44% of the discovered minerals in the province. Among them, there are 50 minerals with proven reserves (resources), accounting for 64.1%of the province's proven reserves; There are 16 kinds of minerals with unproven reserves. 730 proven or identified mineral deposits of various types. Among them, there are 39 large and medium-sized deposits, 39 small deposits 129 and 562 occurrences. The main mineral resources are graphite, decorative granite, decorative marble, mineral water, diabase, gold, talc and zeolite. The potential dominant mineral resources are barite, dolomite, bentonite, potash feldspar, quartzite, nacrite, fluorite and geothermal. Graphite, gold and diabase are mainly distributed in pingdu city and Lacey. Decorative granite is mainly distributed in Laoshan District, pingdu city and Huangdao District. Decorative marble is mainly distributed in pingdu city; Mineral water is distributed in Qingdao, mainly in Chengyang District, Laoshan District, three districts in the city and jimo city. Talc is mainly distributed in pingdu city; Zeolite rock, perlite and bentonite are mainly distributed in Laixi, jiaozhou city, jimo city and Chengyang. Barite and fluorite are mainly distributed in jiaozhou city, jimo city, pingdu city and Huangdao District. Geothermal energy is mainly distributed in jimo city. The reserves of graphite and stone minerals in Qingdao rank first in Shandong Province, talc and diopside minerals rank second in the province, and zeolite and mineral water are also in the forefront. Except uranium, thorium, geothermal, natural brine, sand for building and clay for brick and tile, the potential total reserves of mineral resources reach 27 billion yuan.
Qingdao is rich in wind energy resources. According to the measurement, the effective wind energy density is 240.3W/m2, and the annual average time of effective wind energy reaches 6485 hours. Light energy resources are also good. The annual total solar radiation is 1.20 kcal/cm2, the annual average sunshine hours are 2550.7 hours, and the sunshine percentage reaches 58%.