The environment in which cells live
Category name
1. Tissue fluid
Blood cell plasma
Capillary wall lymphocytes
Capillary lymphatic wall cell
2. Human extracellular fluid, the following description is incorrect ()
An extracellular fluid in the human body constitutes the internal environment of the human body.
B Extracellular fluid of human body mainly includes plasma, tissue fluid and lymph.
All liquids in the human body have become body fluids.
D human cells exchange substances with the environment through extracellular fluid.
3. The internal environment does not contain ()
Hemoglobin b urea c glucose d carbon dioxide
4. The water in the plasma comes from ()
A interstitial fluid b plasma, digestive tract c lymph d digestive tract, interstitial fluid, lymph
5. The human body accounts for the vast majority of total body fluids ()
Intracellular B extracellular fluid C plasma D tissue fluid
6. Oxygen in human tissue fluid needs several layers of phospholipid molecules to be oxidized and decomposed. ( )
A.2, B.3, C.4 and D.6
7. The internal environment does not contain ()
A. insulin, amino acids, urease b, glycerol and vitamins
C maltose, starch, lactose, inorganic salts, glucose and sex hormones.
8. The following items can be regarded as entering the internal environment ()
A sperm enters the fallopian tube to fertilize the egg, and B milk is drunk into the stomach.
C injection of insulin d oxygen in the blood enters the tissue cells.
Compulsory three-semester review questions (with answers)
First, multiple choice questions
1. Using synthetic sex attractants to lure and kill male individuals of pests will obviously reduce the population density of pests, and the direct reason for this phenomenon is ().
A. Decline of female reproductive capacity B. Unbalanced sex ratio of population
C. the number of female individuals has also decreased. The birth rate has dropped.
2. As shown in the figure, the change curve of oxygen consumption of I and II organisms when the temperature changes, the most likely situation of I and II in biological system components is ().
A.ii is the producer and I is the consumer.
B.i is the producer and II is the consumer.
C I and II can be both consumers and producers.
D.Ⅱ can only be a producer-a green plant.
3. In the narrative of water-salt balance adjustment, it is correct that
A, renal tubules absorb salt while absorbing water.
B. When you are thirsty, there is absolutely little water in your body.
C, renal tubule reabsorption of salt consumes energy.
Antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone have antagonistic effect.
4. When the cat watches TV, the image on the TV screen excites the visual center of the cat's cerebral cortex, and the changes of neural membrane potential are recorded by inserting electrodes into the cat's brain; When excitement occurs, the correct expression of this potential change is ()
A. A large number of negative external positive b. Na+ ions from the nerve membrane enter the nerve cells step by step.
C.k+ enters nerve cells in large quantities. D. nerve impulses are conducted in one direction along the nerve fiber membrane.
5. Gibberellin is widely distributed in higher plants, which indirectly promotes plant growth by increasing the content of auxin (indoleacetic acid). In order to verify this conclusion, the experimental team designed an experimental method as shown in figure 1. Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the process of auxin synthesis and decomposition.
In the following verification experiment about gibberellin promoting plant growth, it is wrong to say ()
Whether gibberellin solution is used for seedlings is a single variable in this experiment.
B. If gibberellin is applied to the seedling 1, the decapitated coleoptile on which the agar block is placed is bent to the right.
C. If the experimental team continues to explore the mechanism of gibberellin increasing auxin content, two hypotheses can be put forward: gibberellin promotes auxin synthesis or inhibits auxin decomposition.
D seedling 1 and seedling 2 can come from different kinds of plants with different growth conditions.
6. In the process of ecological succession, which of the following is the least likely to happen ()
A. The species composition of the community is constantly changing in the process of ecological succession [Source: 265438+20th Century Education Network]
B. The total number of species increases gradually at the beginning, and then tends to be stable.
C after the initial stage, the total biomass in the ecosystem decreases.
D. the increase of total abiotic organic matter in the ecosystem
7. In the ecosystem, when the wolf preys on goats, the wolf is ().
First, consumers at the third and first levels
B. tertiary and secondary consumers
C, the second nutrition level and the second consumer
D, the second nutrition level and the first consumer
8. The following can be called ecosystem ()
Plankton and all decomposers in the lake
B. Water, soil and plankton from the pond in the beaker.
All the water fleas and decomposers in a pond
D. all the goldfish and aquatic plants in the fish tank.
9. On June 8th, 2008, Wu Zhengyi, an authoritative scholar of plant diversity protection and plant resources research, won the highest national science and technology award in 2007. His proposal of establishing "nature reserve" and "wild germplasm resource bank" has made forward-looking arrangements for biodiversity protection and sustainable utilization of resources in China. The following statement about biodiversity is true ()
A. In the ecosystem, various relationships among organisms maintain the structure and function of the ecosystem, which is the potential value of biodiversity.
B. Environmental pollution is the main reason that biodiversity in China is threatened.
C. For endangered species, logging or killing should be prohibited [Source: 2 1 Century Education Network]
D. nature reserves are established to protect rare and endangered animals and plants.
10. According to the investigation, Y, X and Z in an ecosystem are the first, second and third trophic levels respectively, and the number of individuals of different species in each trophic level is shown in Figure A (each column in the figure represents one species). After a period of time, the number of individuals changes, and the result is shown in figure B.
The following statement is true ()
The predation pressure of a.x trophic organisms increased obviously.
The increase in the number of individuals in the B.Z trophic level is caused by the specificity of prey.
The change of individual number of C. Y trophic level organisms is the result of predator's choice of prey.
There is an obvious competitive relationship between D. X trophic organisms, and one of them is at a competitive disadvantage.
1 1. The following statement about neuroregulation and humoral regulation in higher animals is correct ().
A. The increase of adrenaline secretion in cold environment will cause involuntary trembling of skeletal muscle.
B. Stimulating the bottom of the central anterior gyrus of cerebral cortex can cause upper limb movement.
C. The pituitary gland regulates the activities of endocrine glands such as thyroid gland and gonad through related hormones secreted by hypothalamus.
The excitement generated by D-stimulated neurons can only be transmitted to the next cell in one direction along the axon.
12. inject the serum recovered from SARS patients into SARS patients, repeatedly inject a vaccine into infants, and inject drugs into patients receiving organ transplantation to reduce their immunity. The principles of the above three measures are ().
The serum of SARS rehabilitation patients contains corresponding antibodies, and the second immunization can improve the immune ability and the survival rate of transplanted organs.
B the serum of patients with infectious atypical pneumonia contains a large number of phagocytes, which can devour pathogens. Repeated injections can prevent pathogens from entering the body and improve the survival rate of transplanted organs.
The serum of patients recovering from SARS contains corresponding antibodies. Repeated injections can prevent pathogens from entering the body and prevent transplanted organs from being infected by pathogens.
D. None of the above statements is true.
13. Among the following diseases, the one that does not belong to human immunodeficiency is ().
A. pharyngitis
B. severe combined immunodeficiency disease
C. lupus erythematosus
D. Rheumatoid arthritis
14. (Haidian detection 20 1 1) In the process of bare rock succession to forest, the description of community succession is incorrect ().
15. Xiao Ming, a senior three student, recently went to the hospital for a physical examination. The test results in the physical examination report show that hepatitis B antigen is negative (-) and hepatitis B antibody is positive (+). He said he hadn't been vaccinated against hepatitis B, and he asked you what the result was. What kind of reasonable advice should you give him (note: "+"means yes, "-"means no) ()
A. You have hepatitis B antibodies in your body, which means you must have hepatitis B virus and need to go to the hospital.
B. You don't have hepatitis B virus in your body, but you do have hepatitis B antibodies. This must be the immunity that your mother passed on to you when you were pregnant.
C. You don't have hepatitis B virus in your body, but you have hepatitis B antibodies in your body, which means that you may have recovered after being infected with hepatitis B virus.
D. You don't have hepatitis B virus in your body, but you do have hepatitis B antibody, which is an immunity inherited from your parents.
16. As shown in the figure, it shows the quantitative change relationship of populations A, B and C in an ecosystem. The following description is correct.
( )
A.a must be a producer and B must be a primary consumer.
B.c → b → a constitutes the food chain.
C.a and b, b and c are predatory relations.
D.a and c are competitive.
17. The following figure is a schematic diagram of the reflex arc structure, and the wrong one in the related narrative is ().
A. There are both receptors and effectors in the extensor group.
The cerebral cortex can control the activity of B.B. neurons.
C. If an effective stimulus is applied at I, the membrane potential at A changes.
Cheng: internal negative external positive → internal negative external negative → internal negative external positive.
The contraction of flexor muscles caused by D. ⅱ stimulation is a reflex.
18. (A model in Jining is 20 1 1) The right figure 1 is an artificially designed ecosystem diagram, and the following figure 2 is a schematic diagram of earthworm population changes with time after adding a certain amount of edible fungus debris to the earthworm culture pond. The following statement does not conform to the ecological point of view is ()
A. The energy of the ecosystem is utilized at multiple levels, which improves the total energy utilization efficiency of the system.
Rational use of farmyard manure can increase the total energy flowing through the ecosystem.
C. when the earthworm population reaches K/2, the intraspecific struggle is the most intense.
D. Edible fungi and earthworms belong to decomposers, which promote material circulation and energy flow in the ecosystem.
19. The secretory accessory pharyngeal organ was transplanted into the old larvae of Bombyx mori, which delayed the old larvae from entering the pupal stage, which proved that the accessory pharyngeal organ was secreted.
A. brain hormone B. juvenile hormone C. exfoliating hormone D. pheromone
20. The following figure is a schematic diagram of the functions of some information molecules in the human body. A, b, c and d represent information molecules. According to the analysis of the diagram, the following statement is wrong ().
A.a is thyrotropin releasing hormone, which is secreted by hypothalamus.
B.c hormone is secreted by hypothalamus, and E stands for the reabsorption process of water.
C.d stands for insulin, which can reduce blood sugar concentration by promoting the utilization and transformation of glucose.
D. there is feedback regulation in the process of a, c and d regulation in which information molecules participate.
Second, fill in the blanks
2 1. "If winter comes, can spring be far behind?" When people expect the early arrival of spring, many interdependent species in the ecosystem begin to have dangerous changes in reproductive development. As the picture shows, some phenomena recorded in a national park appear ahead of time with the germination and long leaf time of oak trees. Please analyze and give a reasonable explanation.
(1) Write the food chain according to the diagram: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(2) The reasons for the above-mentioned reproductive development unsynchronization in this ecosystem are _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。
(3) The main types of information that lead to the early germination of oak trees are _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
(4) What are the effects of early germination and long leaves of oak trees on birds? _____________________________
________________________________________________________________________。
(5) According to the above data, the possible impact of global warming on biodiversity is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
__________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________。
22. The following are the problems encountered by experimenters in biological experiments. Please analyze and answer them:
(1) In the experiment of identifying reducing sugar, sugarcane was selected as the experimental material, and the experimental process and method were standardized, but the ideal experimental results were not obtained, and the reason may be _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. In the identification experiment of protein, 2 mL of biuret reagent A solution was added to 2 mL of protein solution, and then 2 mL of biuret reagent B solution was added, and the solution was shaken evenly and the color was blue. The most likely reason is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
(2) In the experiment of extracting and separating pigment from green leaves, the process of extracting and separating pigment is standardized, but the upper two colors in the obtained pigment band are clear, while the lower two colors are very light. The possible reasons are as follows
__________________ __________ 。
(3) When observing the meiotic fixation of locust spermatocytes, we can judge the cell division period according to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
(4) In the test experiment of simulating urine sugar with glucose test paper (urine sugar test paper), the method of judging urine sugar content is to compare the test result with _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
(5) Adding diphenylamine reagent to the sodium chloride solution containing DNA will not turn blue after a period of time. The most likely reason is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
___________________________________ 。
23. The content of amylase in germinated grain seeds increased significantly, mainly α -amylase and β -amylase.
α -amylase is acid-resistant and heat-resistant, and can be quickly inactivated at pH 3.6 and 0℃, while β -amylase is acid-resistant and heat-resistant, and inactivated after 70℃ 15m in. According to their characteristics, the catalytic efficiency of an enzyme can be determined separately. An experimental group carried out related experiments such as "extracting α -amylase from wheat seeds and determining the optimum temperature for α -amylase to catalyze starch hydrolysis".
Experimental materials: Wheat seeds germinated for 3 days (bud length is about 1 cm).
Main reagents and instruments: 1 mg/mL standard maltose solution, 5% soluble starch solution, iodine solution, distilled water, quartz sand, constant temperature water bath pot, etc.
Experimental steps:
Step 1: Prepare enzyme solution.
Step 2: Omit.
Step 3: Take six clean test tubes with the same volume and scale, number them in turn, add reagents according to the requirements in the following table, and then observe the color change of each test tube. (Note:+means that the iodine solution turns blue,-means that the iodine solution does not change color)
Tube number 1 234 56
5% soluble starch solution (ml) 8 8 8 8 8 8
Constant temperature water bath for 5 min (℃) 0 20 40 60 80 100
Solution (ml)111111.
Constant temperature water bath for 5 min (℃) 0 20 40 60 80 100
Mix the solutions and oscillate in a constant temperature water bath.
5 minutes (℃) 02 1 Century Education Network 20 40 60 80 100
Add iodine solution, shake and observe.
Color change+++-+++
Please answer the following questions:
The data of (1) show that when wheat seeds germinate, the embryo produces gibberellin, which diffuses to aleurone layer and induces the synthesis of amylase. The main mechanism of gibberellin inducing amylase synthesis is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. The main reason for choosing germinated wheat seeds to extract enzyme solution is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
(2) The specific operation of the second step is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
________________________________________________________。
(3) Add iodine solution and observe the color change after shaking. It was found that the iodine solution in the test tube 4 did not change color. Can it be inferred that the optimum temperature of α -amylase must be 60℃? _________________。 The reason is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
________________________________________________________。
In this experiment, the main reason why Linfei reagent can't be used to detect the experimental results is that
____________________________________________ 。
(4) In order to further study the optimum temperature of β -amylase in wheat seeds, it is necessary to obtain an enzyme solution in which β -amylase remains active and α -amylase is inactivated. Please briefly write out the preparation method of this enzyme solution:
________________________________________ 。
24. Someone has done the determination of grassland food chain energy conversion, and the result is as shown on the right:
(1) The energy flow shown in this figure starts from _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, and the total energy flowing through the whole ecosystem is _ _ _ _ _ _ kJ.
(2) The reason for the gradual decrease of energy in this food chain flow is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
____________________________________。
Answer analysis
First, multiple choice questions
1.D
2.A
Analysis: Curve I shows that the oxygen consumption increases during the decline from 20℃ to 0℃, which is unique to warm-blooded animals. Curve Ⅱ shows that during the process of decreasing from 20℃ to 0℃, the oxygen consumption decreases, which may be caused by producers or temperature-changing animals (consumers).
3.C
4.B
5.D
Analysis: The experiment in the stem is a validation experiment, and the univariate is whether the seedlings are treated with gibberellin solution. If the seedling of 1 is treated with gibberellin solution, the content of auxin in the coleoptile taken from the seedling is high, and the truncated coleoptile with agar blocks bends to the right (similar to light growth). Fig. 2 shows the synthesis and decomposition process of auxin. If we continue the experiment of gibberellin affecting plant growth, we can explore the mechanism of gibberellin increasing auxin content. There are two hypotheses: gibberellin promotes the synthesis of auxin or inhibits its decomposition. In this kind of experiment, the growth of seedlings and plant species are irrelevant variables and should be highly consistent, otherwise it will violate the univariate principle.
6.C
Analysis: In the process of ecological succession, with the increase of species number and trophic level, the total biomass will only increase gradually without decreasing, so the decrease of total biomass is the most unlikely situation in the process of ecological succession. A does not meet the requirements of the topic, and the number of species will increase with the progress of ecological succession. B does not meet the requirements of the topic, because when the ecological succession reaches a mature community, the number of species will remain stable and will not increase. D does not meet the requirements of the topic, and the increase of total abiotic organic matter is one of the main trends of ecological succession.
7.B
8.B
9.C
10. Analysis: As the number of three species in trophic level X decreases, while the number of trophic levels Y and Z increases, the predation pressure of organisms in trophic level X increases obviously; At the same time, it also shows that it is wrong to say that the change of individual number of Y trophic organisms is the result of predators choosing prey, and the increase of individual number of Z trophic organisms is not caused by the specificity of prey, because if Z predator is single, A species in Y should be significantly reduced, but there is no such phenomenon in Y; Even if there is a competitive relationship between organisms of X trophic level, it will not be obvious. This is because if an organism is at a competitive disadvantage, its number will be significantly reduced or even eliminated. However, compared with A and B, the number changed before and after, but the three species did not reflect who won or lost in the same period.
A: A.
1 1. Analysis: In a cold environment, cold stimulates the cold receptors in the skin, and through the regulation of the thermoregulatory center, the blood vessels in the skin contract, reducing the blood flow in the skin, thus reducing the heat dissipation of the skin; Promote adrenal secretion, increase the content of adrenaline in the body, and strengthen metabolic activities in the body; Nerve impulses from the thermoregulatory center are transmitted to skeletal muscle, which causes skeletal muscle to tremble, not adrenaline. Stimulating the bottom of the central anterior gyrus of the cerebral cortex can cause the movement of the head organs, so B is wrong. Hormones secreted by hypothalamus act on pituitary gland, so that the hormones secreted by pituitary gland regulate the activities of endocrine glands such as thyroid gland and gonad, so C is wrong.
Answer: d
12.A
Analysis: The serum of recovered SARS patients contains corresponding antibodies, so it can be used to treat SARS patients. The second immunization is characterized by faster and stronger response (mainly the function of memory cells), so babies should be vaccinated many times to obtain stronger immune ability. The difficulty of organ transplantation lies in how to overcome the rejection of transplanted organs, so it is necessary to reduce the immune recognition and response ability of the body to improve the survival rate of transplanted organs.
13.A
14. analysis: bare rock has been transformed into forest, and the forest community has strong self-regulation ability.
Answer: c
15.C
Analysis: Negative hepatitis B antigen indicates that there is no hepatitis B virus in the body; Positive hepatitis B antibody indicates that the body contains hepatitis B antibody; Antibodies may have survived after being infected with hepatitis B virus.
16.C
17.D
18. analysis: when the population number reaches k, the population number is the largest and the intraspecific struggle is the fiercest. When the K/2 value is reached, the population growth rate is the largest.
Answer: c
19.B
20.A
Second, fill in the blanks
2 1.( 1) Oak → Caterpillar → Bird
(2) The temperature rises ahead of time, and oak trees sprout and grow leaves ahead of time, which leads to the peak of caterpillar population; But birds feed their young.
Time is constant.
(3) Physical information
(4) The lack of food during feeding reduced the survival rate of young birds.
(5) Global warming makes some plants germinate and grow leaves earlier, which leads to the unsynchronized reproductive development of related animals.
Can not adapt to new changes and die, or even become extinct, thus affecting biodiversity.
22.( 1) Sugarcane mainly contains sucrose, which is due to excessive biuret reagent B added with non-reducing sugar, resulting in excessive Cu (OH) 2. (2) The chlorophyll content in the selected leaves is less. (3) Form, quantity and location. (4) Standard colorimetric card. (5) The DNA mixture added with diphenylamine is not heated in boiling water bath.
23.( 1) Gibberellin induced amylase gene expression. Wheat seeds (rich in starch) germinate to form a large amount of amylase.
(2) Put the enzyme solution in a water bath at 70℃ for 65438±05min, then take it out and cool it quickly. (3) This experiment may not only show that the enzyme activity at 60℃ is higher than other experimental temperatures, but also that the enzyme activity at other temperatures between 40℃ and 80℃ is not higher than 60℃ (or it is necessary to further set the temperature gradient between 40℃ and 80℃ in order to compare other temperatures with 60℃.
(4) Put the enzyme solution prepared in step 1 in an environment with pH value of 3.6 and temperature of 0℃ to inactivate α -amylase for a short time.
24.( 1) Fixed solar energy for alfalfa photosynthesis 6× 107.
(2) Plants at all levels consume a part of energy through breathing due to various life activities; The energy of the last trophic level cannot be completely obtained by the organisms of the next trophic level.