● According to the different channels of learning funds, it is divided into national planned graduate students, entrusted graduate students (referred to as entrusted graduate students) and self-funded graduate students. The state-planned postgraduate training funds are provided by the state, which are divided into non-oriented postgraduate students and oriented postgraduate students (referred to as oriented students). Among them, non-directional graduate students implement two-way choice free employment system when they graduate; Orientation students must sign a contract at the time of admission and work in the orientation area or unit according to the contract after graduation. The training funds for entrusted graduate students are provided by the entrusting unit, and a contract should be signed when entering the school, and they will work in the entrusting unit after graduation. The training funds for self-funded graduate students are provided by themselves, and sometimes they can be spent from the research funds of tutors or sponsored by the society. The state plans non-directional graduate students, which is what we usually call it? Quot At present, publicly-funded graduate students account for a large proportion of the graduate enrollment, but with the continuous expansion of enrollment scale, the number of self-funded graduate students is also expanding.
● According to different majors and uses, they are divided into ordinary graduate students and special types of graduate students. Among them, ordinary graduate students account for the vast majority. At present, the mature special graduate students in China mainly include MBA and LLM (generally called "Master of Laws"). Recently, the Master of Management (MPA) appeared. There are great differences between special graduate students and ordinary graduate students in qualification, academic system requirements and learning content.
Postgraduate academic system and scholarship
The academic system of master students varies from school to school, generally 2 to 3 years, most of which are 3 years and some are 2 and a half years. Postgraduate study under the credit system. Like undergraduates, courses include compulsory courses and elective courses. Generally speaking, the first two years are the study time of basic courses and professional courses, and most credits can usually be completed. The third year is used to finish graduation thesis, practice and find a job. Many schools stipulate that if you complete the required credits in advance and meet certain conditions, you can apply for early graduation. According to the regulations, the study period of in-service postgraduate students can be extended by one year accordingly. The tutorial system is implemented for master students, that is, there is a tutor (associate professor or above) to guide them, which is very different from undergraduate study. A tutor is generally responsible for one or several graduate students, guiding daily study and academic research, leading scientific research projects, guiding graduation thesis and so on. According to Document No.85 of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Finance [1996], master students enjoy state subsidies during their studies, which are called general scholarships. The specific distribution varies from school to school, generally above 200 yuan. The number of people with work experience before entering school is relatively large, which will increase with the working years according to certain standards, but it will not exceed that of 300 yuan. In addition, graduate students can earn part of their income by engaging in project research or teaching assistants. What are the ways to go to graduate school?
Going to college must pass the national unified college entrance examination, and the learning methods of master students are relatively more and more flexible.
Those who have already worked, in addition to giving up their jobs to apply for graduate students, can also apply for degrees without leaving their jobs or apply for them alone.
If you don't leave your job and apply for a degree, generally speaking, you are studying for a degree while working, which is the so-called "on-the-job degree student". Degree students study with formal graduate students in the form of auditing and take the same exams. After passing, they can apply for a degree. Study, examination and defense all need to pay a certain fee, which is generally around tens of thousands of yuan. At present, there are only a few key universities approved by the Ministry of Education to recruit degree students, and there are not many opportunities, so the consent of the work unit must be obtained. With the strengthening of degree management, it is more and more difficult to get a degree in this way. Generally, the proportion of students who can finally get a degree through defense is not high.
Individual examination is the postgraduate entrance examination for employers to train business backbones. Only those who have graduated from university and have worked in applied or related majors for four consecutive years, published papers or become the backbone of their business can apply for separate examinations. The subject setting of individual examination is consistent with the national unified examination, and the difficulty of public examination questions is also equivalent to the level of unified examination.
For fresh graduates, there are two main ways to study for graduate students: one is to take postgraduate exams, and the other is to take postgraduate exams.
Guarantee research, that is, "recommend master's research without examination?" Quot Generally, senior students are screened every autumn semester from the end of September to the end of June 10, and the right to make rules and operate is in the hands of each school. So the situation of insurance research is different from school to school. There are usually the following types:
● Direct promotion without test is mainly based on academic performance. This accounts for most of the insurance research. Schools usually specify the basic academic performance requirements (such as a few points or more in credit scores), allocate them to departments according to a certain proportion of places, and the school will submit a list for approval in combination with other aspects. Under normal circumstances, only the top students in the class can apply for graduate students.
● Special students are free to try and push directly. In order to attract or retain special talents, some schools often give special treatment and recommend graduate students without examination. It is very common for students majoring in sports and literature, but the number of places is very small and the requirements are very strict. Many schools do not have such a policy.
● Direct push without test between schools. In order to encourage academic exchanges between universities and reduce academic inbreeding, the education authorities have strongly advocated recommending outstanding graduates to other universities without examination in recent years. Due to the differences in postgraduate insurance conditions and students' learning conditions in different schools, sometimes students who are difficult to obtain postgraduate insurance qualifications in our school may get their wishes in other schools. Therefore, if your grades are good and your ranking is relatively high, but it is estimated that your school's research hope is not great, you can try cross-school research. However, it should be pointed out that most schools will not actively recommend their students to other schools for postgraduate study, and they are not obliged to do good things for you. Therefore, when the time comes, you should seek relevant information and contact each other actively.
● Exempt from trial recommendation and reserve admission qualification. These students don't go to graduate school immediately, but keep their admission qualifications for one or two years. According to the arrangement of the school, they will work in relevant departments first, or be sent to teach in remote areas as members of the education department. The conditions for such walks are relatively low, but not everyone can apply. Generally, only outstanding student cadres or activists are eligible to be selected. At the same time, this is not necessarily the best choice, after all, it will delay a year or two of great youth.
Just because you are recommended to be exempt from the exam doesn't mean that you won't take it. In order to ensure the quality of recommendation, many schools will try some subjects, such as English and specialized courses. In addition, a second interview is also necessary.
If it is difficult to estimate your grades directly, and you have no outstanding sports or literary expertise, it is not what the teacher thinks. Quot "cadres, and you really want to go to graduate school. At this time, Huashan has only one road left since ancient times-postgraduate entrance examination.
Types of postgraduate entrance examination materials
Postgraduate entrance examination is becoming more and more difficult, and review is becoming more and more professional. Therefore, it is almost impossible to review without postgraduate materials. But there are many kinds of postgraduate entrance examination materials, so how to choose them is effective? To choose accurately, we must first understand deeply. According to the content, purpose and pertinence, the review materials for postgraduate entrance examination can be divided into the following categories:
● All real questions. Including political, English, mathematics test questions for the postgraduate entrance examination over the years and professional test questions for the majors you applied for. These questions are of great significance for candidates to understand the thinking of writing questions, strengthen their answering skills and understand the key points of the proposition.
● Examination outline. Examination outline is a programmatic document that provides important information such as examination knowledge points and examination questions in postgraduate entrance examination. The examination center of the Ministry of Education organizes expert meetings in April and May each year, which are revised and published by Higher Education Press. The political program changes greatly every year; The syllabus of English and mathematics is relatively stable.
● Unified compilation of teaching materials and professional teaching materials. Unified textbooks are the basis for the review of public * * * subjects for postgraduate entrance examination, and generally refer to the unified textbooks compiled by the Ministry of Education. Professional textbooks generally need to consult the admissions department and the seniors who have just passed the exam.
● Postgraduate counseling books. This kind of counseling materials refers to the review instructions of subjects such as politics, English, mathematics, Japanese, Russian, Chinese medicine and western medicine. There are many varieties and large quantities, and there are about hundreds of them on the market every year, including many fine works and a number of misleading works patched together in the name of publication. The specific identification method will be introduced in detail below.
● Internal information. More authoritative professional postgraduate counseling institutions generally have a complete set of internal information to cooperate with teaching counseling, after-school exercises and simulated sprint training.
● Information materials. There are various forms, including postgraduate entrance examination information scattered in various media, and postgraduate entrance examination information regularly compiled by authoritative counseling institutions.
The quality of all the real questions, exam outlines, unified textbooks and professional textbooks is guaranteed, but the more chaotic ones are the postgraduate counseling books and internal materials.
The guide book for the review of postgraduate entrance examination is an official publication for the review of national unified examination subjects such as political theory, English, mathematics, and integration of traditional Chinese and western medicine. It is the most important and complicated system in postgraduate entrance examination materials. At present, there are no fewer than 200 kinds of postgraduate entrance examination books published in Beijing alone (politics, English, mathematics, comprehensive western medicine and so on). ), plus books such as professional course counseling materials, the total number may be around 300. These counseling books give more choices and help to the majority of candidates, but there are undeniable problems such as uneven quality, sloppy writing and chaotic logic. As for internal information, it is even more confusing. Although almost every counseling institution has several copies, the quality of compilation and printing and packaging are very different.
Four criteria for distinguishing the good from the bad data
How to identify and choose the really effective counseling books you need? I suggest you judge according to the following four criteria.
■ Whether to write according to the latest outline. There are some changes in the examination syllabus of public subjects every year, sometimes big changes, sometimes small changes, some subjects big changes, and some subjects small changes. Usually, the political outline of the postgraduate entrance examination changes greatly, such as 199 120 test sites, 192 in 2000 (excluding "An Introduction to Mao Zedong Thought" instead of "History of China Revolution") and several hundred, 5438+0 in 2006. Such drastic changes have made the political information published before the introduction of the outline worthless. Therefore, it is strongly recommended to buy political textbooks one or two months (around June and July) after the revision of the syllabus, because it will take a cycle for the corresponding revision and publication of the textbooks. All the political materials that appeared in the market before were often compiled according to the old outline of the previous year, so don't worry at all.
■ Compliance with review rules. The review of each subject has obvious rounds, usually three rounds, each round has its own characteristics, and the materials should be targeted accordingly. Therefore, don't buy any "sprint" and "simulation" counseling books easily in the first round of review; Don't go back to buy Daquan in the last round of review. It is best to buy a set of corresponding materials according to the review progress, and the effect will be better.
■ Timeliness. The most typical is current affairs politics. After the major meeting of the party and the state in September every year, the content of current affairs can be roughly determined, and it will take some time to sort out and compile it, until 10 is considered mature. 9, 10 month can't wait to put it on the market, often the content is incomplete, the focus is chaotic or shoddy, and the only purpose is to make money first.
■ Writing quality. This is the core of judgment. One of the identification methods is that candidates compare similar books according to what they are most familiar with. Another method is to compare the examination questions of that year with the review materials of that year to see how well the materials grasp the key points. The easier way is to look at the publishing house. Because authoritative publishing houses should give consideration to long-term interests and signboards, the books they publish are strictly controlled and of high quality; And some "pheasant" publishers, with the mentality of "grabbing and running", naturally cannot improve their quality.
Four misunderstandings to be avoided in purchasing materials
Because most candidates don't know much about the postgraduate counseling materials, they are prone to the following negligence when purchasing. I hope you can pay attention to avoid it in the future.
▲ Pursuing quantity. No matter what the quality is, whether it suits you or not, buy the information when you see it, do it when you buy it, and equate review with making information. Doing so will not only make the review messy, but also waste money.
▲ Too impatient. Many students are afraid that they won't have time to review the materials, especially when they see that others have several copies, so they buy one in a hurry, regardless of the willy-nilly. It is often difficult to buy really useful counseling materials, so hold your breath and choose to review counseling materials step by step according to your own situation and specific needs.
▲ Too credulous. Students often worship some celebrities, and as long as they appear on the information, they will buy them out. Although the materials edited by some famous teachers are excellent, it does not rule out that many poor works are aimed at money. For example, some teachers can compile more than three millions of words a year and write tens of thousands of words a day on average-how is that possible? In fact, those are often published by teachers after some graduate students or even undergraduates have survived.
▲ Ignore the printing quality. Printing quality is actually an important part of book quality, which is very important. For example, misprinting a number or letter in a math tutorial material may make you waste half a day without results; Political multiple-choice questions? Quot standard answer "If it is printed wrong, the problem will be even bigger (as we all know, politics has always been justified by any answer); In addition, the clarity of printing and the quality of paper will also have an impact on your eyesight. After all, it takes more than 6 hours to process these materials every day in the preparation and review stage.
Choose a major that suits you.
How to choose a major is a big problem, because it is likely to involve your future career and future. We suggest that when choosing a major, we should comprehensively measure our own following aspects, that is, "interest comes first, advantages and disadvantages, and needs are considered".
● Interest is the primary factor in choosing a major. On the one hand, if a person has to deal with things that he is not interested in all his life, his life will be very uncomfortable; On the other hand, interest also determines whether you can persistently review for the postgraduate entrance examination to ensure higher efficiency. According to the survey, most students who work hard for the postgraduate entrance examination will fail in the end.
● Consider future employment. The employment rate varies greatly among different disciplines and majors. For example, among undergraduate graduates, the immediate employment rate of graduates in political science, forestry engineering, materials, instrumentation and other disciplines is over 90%, while the employment rate in sports, plant production, aquatic products, Chinese medicine, agricultural economic management and other disciplines is less than 50%. Things are much better when graduate students graduate, but the overall situation is still the same.
● Strength is also an important reference index. There are 3,000 teachers in Meng Changjun, each of whom has his own expertise, even including the skills of snoring and stealing. The success of life and the success of postgraduate entrance examination depend on whether we can foster strengths and avoid weaknesses. The first is to look at the existing foundation. If you have never been exposed to computers and are not good at math, but now you want to apply for the computer major in Tsinghua, you'd better not take that risk. Secondly, it depends on the objective learning ability. If your logical thinking is not developed enough, it will be very difficult for science and engineering majors to review, and the effect may not be good. If you don't have a strong memory, I'm afraid it's also a problem to apply for the history major.
● Whether you are determined to win. I have a bright future, I have no worries about my job after graduation, and there are opportunities for further study in the future. So I suggest you choose a major you want to go to most. It will be better if you succeed, and it doesn't matter if you fail. If you expect to change your life's destiny through the postgraduate entrance examination, and you are determined to win, then it is safer to suggest that you don't set your professional goals too high.
● Personal objective needs. This is very realistic and helpless. For example, family reasons or personal reasons need you to get a well-paid job as soon as possible, so even if you have a soft spot for literature, you may have to consider reality.
When choosing a major, we should not only have a general scientific estimate of our comprehensive situation, but also avoid several common problems.
One is short-sighted. Judge how the major is, whether the employment prospect is good or not, whether there is a market, and only pay attention to the tip of your nose. Time flies, and professionals win or lose faster. In a few years, it will be enough to fall from being a big hit to being neglected. The junior should see the development trend of the major at least five years later (graduate graduation).
Second, people follow suit. Lack of understanding of oneself, no judgment. Obviously, it takes half a day to understand a legal provision. When you see others rushing to report the law, you have to join in the fun.
The third is too eager for quick success. In most cases, the choice of major is mainly based on the "utilitarian" standard. But you can't overdo everything. If you are too eager for quick success and instant benefit, haste makes waste, because that will blind your eyes and cause mistakes in your major choice.
Fourth, we should have a correct understanding of the choice of major. In the era of planned economy, what school a person goes to, what major he studies and what post he goes to are very rigid and often never move. Nowadays, there is no longer a rigid connection between major and employment destination. It is a common phenomenon that those who study languages go to companies and those who study philosophy go to enterprises. Moreover, the career is no longer single-minded, and job-hopping has become a commonplace. A survey of senior white-collar workers in Beijing shows that 95% of them have had job-hopping experience; 62% people are engaged in jobs unrelated to their original major. The bosses of many well-known enterprises are not majoring in business administration. On the contrary, there are many graduates in philosophy and Chinese. So when choosing a major, don't hold the idea of "follow it all your life" and relax. In fact, no matter which major, the key is to make something famous. As long as there are achievements, all other material and spiritual rewards are only natural things.
Select a satisfactory applicant.
After determining the major to apply for, you need to determine the candidates.
At present, there are nearly 700 enrollment units listed in the national enrollment plan catalogue, mainly concentrated in the capital, municipalities directly under the central government and provincial capital cities. There are 265,438+07 enrollment units in Beijing, 59 in Shanghai and dozens in other provinces. There are many enrollment units in economically developed provinces, but there are far fewer enrollment units in remote areas with small population and relatively backward economy. For example, Jiangsu and Guangdong have 53 and 33 enrollment units respectively, while Guizhou Province has only 8 enrollment units.
Enrollment units can be divided into the following two categories:
● Institutions of higher education. Usually, when it comes to graduate enrollment units, XX University and XX College come to mind. These are institutions of higher education, which are well known to students because they provide undergraduate education. The undergraduate and postgraduate education in these units is coherent.
● Professional research units. Another kind of applicants who are often neglected are various scientific research institutes, such as the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Financial Research Institute of the People's Bank of China. In fact, there are a large number of such enrollment units. For example, among the enrollment units in Beijing, scientific research institutes and research institutes account for more than half, reaching 135, and the annual enrollment is considerable. Because many people don't know much about this kind of enrollment unit, the number of applicants is relatively small, and the competitive pressure may be less, which is worth a try.
When choosing an enrollment unit, you need to carefully consider the following aspects.
■ High and low quality. In a high-quality unit, you can really learn something without wasting time. Quality can usually be judged from these aspects: status in this professional field; Tutor quality; Academic achievements of our unit in recent years.
■ The size of fame. Fame is often an external evaluation index of quality. Moreover, well-known units are conducive to graduate research and employment.
■ Competitive situation. Due to the different quality and geographical distance of each enrollment unit, the number of applicants for the same major may vary greatly, and the competition will be different. Combined with our own strength, we can try to avoid the focus of competition and improve the admission probability.
Four types of information to be collected.
● Catalogue of enrollment majors. This is the basis for entering the exam. In recent years, the reform of colleges and universities and the frequent adjustment of majors should pay special attention to avoid the sudden change of name and surname of the major that you have long been eyeing. The enrollment professional catalogue is generally published at the end of August and the beginning of September each year. Candidates should contact the admissions unit to purchase the catalogue in time to determine the direction of application.
* * * Course examination contents and questions. This is stipulated in detail in the syllabus of each subject published in June and July every year, so we should pay close attention to it.
● Contents and problems of specialized courses. Public courses have an outline, and the scope of review can always be clearly defined sooner or later, but professional courses need to be inquired by themselves, because the Ministry of Education prohibits enrollment units from delineating the scope of review. Whether you are clear about the content of the professional course exam has a great influence on the review. For example, in the School of Journalism, Renmin University, many students who didn't know the information spent a lot of time and energy memorizing these hundreds of pages after failing in the examination of Chinese journalism history in 49 years.
● Admission adjustment information. Although most people don't need it, for those who are on the verge of admission, their fate may be changed if they know the transfer information of an enrollment unit one day in advance.
Channels for collecting information
■ Newspapers, TV, Internet and other mass media. The national policies on postgraduate enrollment and examination are generally officially announced through the above media. For example, Guangming Daily publishes an enrollment advertisement in the fourth quarter of each year. Now the Internet is popular, and there are also some specialized websites run by professional organizations and individual enthusiasts. Although many of them are of low quality, it is still useful to have a casual look.
■ Enrollment unit. Including the research and recruitment office, the department to be enrolled, and the tutor. They often give you some authoritative and practical information about the examination scope and admission.
■ interpersonal network. For example, seniors, brothers and sisters, professional tutors, etc. I have just passed the postgraduate examination in this major. You can get detailed information about the scope of the proposition and the characteristics of the exam from them. In order to ensure the accuracy of information, you can consult more people. Almost out of showing off after victory, even strangers, these brothers and sisters will be very enthusiastic and help each other.
■ Relevant written materials. For example, if you study the professional test questions in the last five years, you can roughly find the scope of the test, the ideas and highlights of the proposition.
■ Authoritative postgraduate remedial classes. Large-scale and long-term remedial classes often have their own unique sources of information, such as propositions and so on. These messages, which are only transmitted within the remedial classes, are sometimes very useful.
Collect different information in different periods.
Pay attention to the stages of information collection, and focus on collecting different information in different stages of the postgraduate entrance examination process. The following table is the phased points that suggest you collect information in the coming year.
Channels and methods of collecting monthly information
12-2 understand the basic situation of majors and enrollment units, and initially determine the intention to apply; Understand the basic situation of postgraduate entrance examination review, and initially formulate the overall planning of media, newspapers and professional websites; Ask classmates, senior classmates; Ask the teacher for advice
3-4 situation of remedial classes; Professional examination subjects; Counseling materials; Consult with the advisory body on basic policies; Negotiate with the applicant; Pay attention to mass media
5-6 After the examination syllabus is adjusted and announced, go to the counseling institution for consultation; Procurement outline and related latest information
7-9 adjustment of professional catalogue; The admissions brochure was issued; The scope of professional examination questions, focusing on consulting the applicant, asking for purchase or consulting the counseling agency; Ask the seniors.
10- 1 1 current political information participates in sprint counseling; Go to the consulting agency for consultation; Buy the latest political information
12- 1 sprint simulation, proposition prediction, participation in cross talk, sprint counseling, etc.
Six Essential Qualities for Scientific Research Personnel
First, physical strength. Most students who have succeeded in postgraduate entrance examination have had the experience of making up lessons in Dai Yue and burning the midnight oil to do simulation problems. Without a strong body, it is best not to try the postgraduate entrance examination easily, otherwise.
It may not be worth the loss.
Second, perseverance. Postgraduate entrance examination is a protracted war, and it takes at least half a year to prepare. In other words, you need to stay away from all entertainment and resist all the temptations of a comfortable life for at least half a year. This pair
It is definitely a severe test of one's perseverance.
Third, determination. For this year's candidates, when job fairs are held on campus one after another, when the students around them are busy doing resumes and looking for jobs, their hearts are most likely to ripple.
At this time, concentration is particularly important. Only by relying on it to calm the impetuous mood, the key to winning is at this moment.
Fourth, financial resources. It costs a lot of money to sign up, buy materials, attend remedial classes and invite tutors. If you pass the exam, you will have to endure three years of poor scholar life, and during this period, it will be the same as before.
Students and colleagues may "get rich".
Fifth, courage. The reality that many people don't have enough to eat is doomed to be sad in the end. Can you promise not to regret paying so much? Do you have the courage to make one last attempt?
Sixth, motivation. Without sufficient strength, the above five forces may be difficult to maintain. You should have a motivation to convince yourself to take the postgraduate entrance examination, so that you will have the courage to overcome all difficulties.