background
1842 In July, there were more than 100 British ships with about 9,000 officers and men sailing from Wusongkou to Jiangxi. Attack Zhenjiang at the intersection of the Yangtze River and the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. It is intended to cut off north-south traffic and prevent water transport. 1500 Eight Banners soldiers stationed in Zhenjiang engaged in fierce street fighting with the British army, causing heavy casualties, and the whole city was burned and robbed, in ruins. Daoguang then decided to accept the British peace conditions. On the other side of Yangzhou, the gentry businessmen were frightened and gave the British 500 thousand in exchange for not taking it. On August 4th, a British warship arrived in Shimonoseki, the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties, and the two sides formally signed the treaty of nanking.
pass by
1842 On August 29th (July 24th, Daoguang 22nd), the British representative Pu Dinghui and the Qing court representative Jane Ying signed the treaty of nanking on the Sino-British gorgeous warship on the Nanjing River. Subsequently, France and the United States forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-French Huangpu Treaty and the Sino-American Wang Xia Treaty respectively. The authentic copy is in Taiwan Province Province, and the other copy is kept by the British government.
The main contents of treaty of nanking's treaty of nanking are: ceding Hong Kong Island to Britain;
Compensation for British "commercial debts and war reparations" 2 1 10,000 yuan;
Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai will be opened, plus the original Guangzhou, and five trading ports will be opened;
The two countries communicate on an equal footing.
Abolish the public banking system and freely choose businessmen to trade.
Impact: Politics: Loss of sovereignty
Whether the treaty of nanking itself is an unequal treaty is still controversial. However, in the Charter of Sino-British Five-Port Trade (1July 22, 843) and the Provisions on the Aftermath of Trade (Humen Treaty,1843,65438+1October 8), Britain has successively obtained agreed tariffs and extraterritorial jurisdiction (consular jurisdiction, consular jurisdiction, At that time, the Qing government gave up these sovereignty easily, and one of the important reasons was that it didn't understand international law and the seriousness of these clauses damaging national sovereignty. On the contrary, it believes that there are many conveniences and it is a fairer solution. If you think that the demarcation of concession can be convenient for outsiders to guard against and cause less nuisance to China people; However, compared with the past, the agreed tariff actually increased China's tax revenue and gained tangible benefits. Economy: five-port trade
From 1843 to 1844, four newly opened trading ports, namely Xiamen, Shanghai, Ningbo and Fuzhou, were opened one after another. Xiamen, Fuzhou and Ningbo are not prosperous due to geographical restrictions. Only Shanghai, which is adjacent to the Yangtze River estuary, is closest to the origin of silk and tea, and it is located in the rich areas of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. At the same time, it is the intermediate station of domestic north-south shipping. British and American businessmen in Guangzhou and their comprador (mostly Cantonese or Ningbo people) flocked to set up foreign companies. From 65438 to 0853, Shanghai began to overwhelm Guangzhou and became the largest trading port in China. Britain, the United States and France successively set up concessions along the Huangpu River, and continued to expand, forming the Shanghai Public Concession and the Shanghai French Concession. Later, the central road of the Shanghai Concession was named Nanjing Road to commemorate the Treaty on the Opening of Ports in Nanjing. As for the ceded Hong Kong, it was originally a desert island fishing village with pirates. The British dug mountains and filled the sea here, becoming the military, political and economic center of Britain in the Far East, and was once a distribution center for opium and coolies. Mission and culture
During the Opium War, there were about 300,000 underground Catholics in China. Christianity (Protestantism) does not preach openly, and only 20 British and American missionaries do some preparatory work in Macao, such as translating the Bible and writing dictionaries. 1846, Daoguang banned Catholicism and returned to the restored church, so Catholicism turned to public activities. Jesuits are responsible for missionary work in Jiangsu, Anhui and southeast Zhili. The embassy is responsible for Zhili and most areas of Zhejiang and Jiangxi. Domingo will take charge of Fujian. More than a dozen Christian (Protestant) churches from Britain, the United States and Germany have also established churches, schools and hospitals in five places. Among them, the American Reformed Church built the first Protestant Church in China, and John Jia of the Presbyterian Church in North America took over the first Western-style hospital in China. Diplomatic relations
Unfortunately, the people of China at that time did not pay any attention to this war, nor did they reflect. After the war, China people continued to immerse themselves in the dream of "going to China". 1842 August 29th, treaty of nanking, Daoguang July 24th, 22nd. Because the Qing emperor and the British monarch wanted to explain the recent discord and stop the trouble, they agreed to establish a permanent peace treaty. It is based on the Qing emperor's special envoy, Prince Shao Bao, an honest minister, guarding the imperial clan of Guangdong and Guangxi and wearing a red ribbon. The plenipotentiary minister of the monarchs of Britain, Ireland and other countries, the hereditary baron Park Dincha, the third-class general of India and other places belonging to Britain; The people and the public compare the imperial edict with the orders given to them. Even if the article is drafted and displayed on the left, there is no problem: from then on, the Qing emperor and the British monarch will live in peace forever, and the Chinese and British people who belong to them will be friends with each other, and people living in other countries will be protected by that country. From then on, the Great Emperor allowed the British to live with their families in five ports along the coast of the Qing Dynasty, such as Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai, and the trade was unimpeded. Moreover, the great British monarch also sent consuls, butlers and other officials to the five cities to deal with merchant affairs and communicate with local officials. The British are required to pay goods tax, paper money and other expenses in accordance with the following terms. Because British merchant ships sail far and wide in the ocean and often need to be repaired, they should be given a place along the coast to repair their ships and preserve used materials. Today, the great emperor, Brigadier General Hong Kong Island, gave the great British monarch and later the hereditary throne, Chang Yuan, who was in charge of the master's palm and made it subject to legislative jurisdiction. Because Daxian, an imperial envoy of the Qing Dynasty, forced British consular officers and civilians to stay in Guangdong in February of the 19th year of Daoguang, and threatened to use opium to redeem their lives, today's great emperor allowed 6 million foreign bankers to make up the original price. Where British businessmen trade in Guangdong, they will set up dealers, also known as contractors. Today, the great emperor must take this as an example, and there is no need to follow suit in the future, but all British businessmen who trade in various ports will listen, no matter what enterprises they trade with; Take the number of Hong Kong businessmen as an example, and so on. Many people owe money to British businessmen and have no way to pay it back. Today, it was decided to use 3 million foreign banks as the amount owed by businessmen and allow China officials to repay. Because Qing Qin ordered ministers and others to be unfair to British officials and people, it was necessary to send soldiers to ask for an extension. Today, it is decided that the navy and army will pay silver12 million, and the great emperor will make up for it. However, since June 20 1 1 year 15, Britain has received the amount of silver redeemed from the city, and the British plenipotentiary is allowed to be the monarch, which will be deducted according to the amount. The above three items are listed as follows: (1) How to pay off 21 million employees in installments: 6 million employees will be paid at this time; In the year of Guimao, three million will be issued in June, three million in December and six million in * *; Chen Jia had 2.5 million employees in June, 2.5 million employees in/kloc-0 and 5 million employees in February; In June of the following year, the bank paid two million members,1February, two million members and four million members. From the year of Renyin to the year of Yisi, the bank pays its members 21000000 in four years. If it is not paid in full on time, it is appropriate to raise interest rates by 5 per 100 members every year. All British people, regardless of their country, their dependent countries, soldiers and civilians, etc. Now banned in all parts of China, the Qing emperor will immediately release. Everyone who is from China, former residents of the city where the British live, or people who have contacts with the British, or people who follow and wait for British officials, are all condescending emperors, known all over the world, and completely exempt from punishment; In addition, all China victims imprisoned for British affairs will also be released with grace. As mentioned in Article 2 above, five places, such as Guangzhou, where British businessmen are allowed to live and trade, should pay import and export goods tax and reimbursement fees, and it is appropriate to negotiate the rules fairly, and the Ministry will issue instructions to let British businessmen pay according to the regulations; Today, it is also agreed that after British goods are taxed in a certain port, China businessmen are allowed to transport them to all parts of the world, and the tax regulations passed on the way must not be aggravated, only according to the valuation regulations, and the tax increase is not excessive every two. It was agreed that British officials in charge of living in China should have the word "note" in their correspondence with Minister Qing, whether in Beijing or outside Beijing; British membership, with the words "Chen Shen"; The minister replied that Zahang members of these two countries must exchange notes in parallel. If the businessmen of the two countries reach an official charter, it will not be discussed, and the word "Ming Ming" will still be used. As soon as the Qing emperor allowed all the terms of the peace treaty to be implemented, the six million members paid off, and the British amphibious sergeant immediately withdrew from the rivers in Jiangning, Jingkou and other places to stop obstructing the trade of businessmen in China provinces. Zhaobaoshan in Zhenhai Town will also give in. Only Zhoushan Island in Dinghai County and Gulangyu Island in Xiamen Hall are temporarily stationed by British troops. After all the foreign exchange and foreign exchange are paid off and all the seaports are open to British trade, the sergeant stationed in the second place will quit and no longer occupy it. All the above articles are related to discussions and proposals and should be used by ministers and other officials respectively. Personal approval, that is, rapid intersection, so that the two countries have a total of books to show their commitment; But the two countries are far apart and can't get there once. Two copies will be prepared. First, the imperial envoys of the Qing Dynasty, the ministers who handle affairs cheaply, and the British ministers who are plenipotentiaries make decisions for the monarch, and each copy is subject to the seal of the customs, so that the implementation is carried out in accordance with the terms of the peace treaty. Someone who wants to make peace.
On July 24th, 22nd year of Daoguang, that is, on August 29th, the year of British Chronicle, the British monarch Hua Khan made an inspection tour from Jiangning, the capital.
The boat bell rang.