The so-called civil engineering cost refers to the sum of fixed assets reproduction, intangible assets and working capital formed by construction projects. The cost control of civil engineering is mainly aimed at price control and investment cost control. In civil engineering, various methods and means are used to effectively control the project cost, solve practical problems such as risk prediction, analysis and supervision in engineering construction, and make the investment reasonably and evenly distributed among projects.
1 phased characteristics and key points of cost control of government investment projects
In government investment projects, once the expected cost target is determined, all parties involved in the construction should work around this target. Cost control is included in all stages of project construction.
1. 1 Pre-project
An important work in the early stage of the project is the comparison and optimization of construction schemes. By organizing many expert argumentation meetings, conducting project argumentation and putting forward expert opinions, on the basis of adopting experts' rationalization suggestions, the technical and economic comparative analysis of several alternative schemes is carried out, and the technically feasible and economically economical design scheme is selected to avoid unnecessary waste.
1.2 design stage
In the case of a certain investment, the two main means to achieve the goal of cost control are value engineering and quota design. In each stage of design, geological survey must provide sufficient data to facilitate the combination of quota design and functional analysis in value engineering, and achieve the maximum economic and social benefits with the least investment, and on this premise, do a good job of quota design in each stage, so as to achieve the purpose of reasonably reducing the project cost.
1.3 bidding stage
When the government investment project enters the bidding stage, each bidder will make a bid quotation according to the bidding documents, bill of quantities, design drawings, geological data, water and electricity and other project-related information provided by the tenderer for the tenderer's review and selection. According to the perfect construction drawing, it is the key point of cost control at this stage to accurately compile the bidding documents and bill of quantities and carefully review the bidding quotation.
1.4 construction stage
In view of the frequent design changes are the main reason for the waste of investment in the construction stage, the author thinks that strengthening the audit and supervision of the quantity and content of design changes should be one of the main means to effectively control the project cost in the construction stage.
1.5 Completion settlement (final) calculation stage
Project cost control in the final stage of completion: ① pay attention to the appraisal of completion data to ensure the accuracy and reliability of completion data, so as to better safeguard the interests of all parties; (2) Establish a strict auditing system, strictly implement the tracking auditing system throughout the project, and take good things into consideration. To sum up, the cost control of government-invested projects is closely related to the work of all major links in engineering construction, and it is an important means for scientific management and effective supervision of engineering construction. Strengthening cost control can provide better services for the smooth progress of government investment projects.
2. The main problems and reasons in the project cost control.
For a long time, due to the hasty start of the project, there are problems such as missing investment, over-estimation, over-estimation and over-settlement. The reasons are mainly reflected in the following aspects:
(1) With the deepening of the reform of the capital construction management system, the market barriers of regional buildings has been broken, and the number of units and enterprises undertaking engineering design and construction in different places or across industries has increased year by year. As the current budget quota, charging basis, charging standards and budgeting regulations are different due to the differences in regional currency industries, some enterprises undertaking project design and construction across regions and industries are not familiar with the relevant regulations of the project location or related industries, and mistakes will inevitably occur in the actual process of compiling project cost:
(2) Due to the progress of society, new technologies, new materials, new processes and new structures are constantly emerging in the field of engineering construction, and it is necessary to carry out quota conversion frequently when compiling engineering cost. However, at present, the methods to determine the project cost in China are mostly static and lagging, and the quota consumption is usually based on the statistical data of manpower, materials and machinery teams years ago, which represents the past level of project construction and cannot accurately reflect the real situation of the present and future. However, the new compensation quota is calculated based on a typical project and lacks representativeness, which is bound to be different from the actual situation, leading to errors in the determination of project cost;
(3) At present, most of the cost management is in a phased management mode, lacking comprehensive management of the whole construction process. Construction units, design units and construction units lack unified cost management objectives and mutual communication mechanisms. Engineering supervision units are often limited to quality and progress management in the construction stage and rarely intervene in investment decision analysis. Although the design unit has made the project budget estimate and budget in the design stage, it is easy to cause conservative design and high investment due to the lack of control and constraint on the design cost index.
(4) The design changes in the construction stage are arbitrary. It stands to reason that the project has gone through strict feasibility study and investment quota approval procedures. In all stages of project construction and implementation, as long as careful preparation, scientific and reasonable organization and strict monitoring are carried out, the actual amount of project cost should be controlled within the approved limit. However, construction units are often eager to start construction and have not made the necessary preparations. Failing to strictly check the investment quota requirements, construction standards, design depth review, bidding documents and the rationality and perfection of the contract, resulting in the change of the construction party, the project under construction being changed if it wants, and some projects even changed again, and the necessity and rationality of the change were not studied and supervised, and the corresponding responsibility constraints were not imposed on the losses caused by the change;
(5) There are loopholes in the management of the current bidding system for engineering construction design. The quota design has not been fully implemented, the design work has not received due attention and supervision, and the construction unit has not taken due measures to urge the design unit to carefully design and quota design. Many engineering projects did not carry out design bidding and did not optimize the design scheme. Many design units have imperfect management systems, one-sided pursuit of design workload and economic benefits, and lack of quality awareness. At the same time, under the current management system, some contractors deliberately depress or raise the project budget cost when compiling the pre-tender estimate or bidding quotation, which makes some project costs deviate from the normal social average level;
(6) Cost management personnel cannot meet the needs of cost control due to their own professional background and quality restrictions. The concrete manifestations are as follows: ① lack of professional and technical quality, inability to deal with complex engineering technical and economic problems independently and decisively, weak investment pre-control ability, and a lot of work still stays in the post-processing stage; ⑦ Lack of in-depth understanding of the project, unable to better organize and coordinate the relationship between the main bodies of the project; ③ Lack of economic and legal knowledge, and insufficient understanding of the corresponding contract conditions.
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3 measures to strengthen the cost control of government investment projects
In order to effectively control the project cost after reasonably determining the project cost, it is necessary to strengthen the project cost management in all aspects during the construction process.
(1) Strengthen the cost management in the whole process of engineering construction. Through the calculation of engineering economic index, the reasonable engineering investment estimation index and design budget basis are determined. By strengthening the management of investment estimation, carrying out quota design, reasonably determining the static investment of the project, and fully predicting the dynamic investment, it is ensured that the funds are in place and there is no gap in the decision-making of the construction project. Strengthen the cost control in the design stage. In the process of project construction and completion acceptance, we should pay attention to the comparison with the design scheme. Design changes that have a great impact on the project cost must be approved by the original project examination and approval authority. Without approval, those who increase investment, change design, improve standards and expand the construction area without authorization will not be recognized when reviewing the cost, and the relevant departments should also investigate the corresponding responsibilities.
(2) The cost management authority should strengthen the supervision and management of the project budget (final) calculation link [tK2]. First of all, we should strengthen the guidance of project budget, do a good job in the management and research of budget and quota, charging standards and equipment and materials prices, improve relevant economic laws and regulations, carefully review the submitted budget, and track and supervise the approved project investment and economic activities in the process of project implementation. Secondly, all kinds of information about budget preparation should be released regularly to meet the requirements of budget preparation and management. In addition, budget management should also be the focus of law enforcement and supervision of construction projects, and timely organize project budget (decision-making) inspection.
(3) The development and application of dynamic cost information system is an effective tool for investment control. Using modern information technology to develop high-performance dynamic cost information system can provide timely, comprehensive and accurate market information. According to the historical data collected, the future price trend can be predicted by regression analysis and other methods; Through a variety of price combinations and the actual construction technology level of enterprises, the dynamic quota of construction enterprises is truly established. Through the intelligent pricing function of the dynamic cost information system, the project cost can be calculated quickly and dynamically or the comprehensive price of the list can be derived.
(4) Strengthen the cost management in the bidding stage. At present, in order to shorten the bidding time, the construction unit generally compiles the bill of quantities and the control price simultaneously with the compilation of the bidding cost documents, which makes the compilation of the bill of quantities and the control price easily separated from the bidding terms and construction contract terms. Due to factors such as the design depth of construction drawings is not in place or the joint review of construction drawings can not be carried out before the construction bidding, when compiling the bill of quantities and the control price, if the construction drawings are unclear or contradictory, the editors often use "provisional press, provisional estimate, tentative" and so on; When there are problems with construction drawings, editors often use "not counting, not counting, not counting", which has laid a lot of hidden dangers for subsequent project cost management. Therefore, the cost management in the bidding stage should focus on the following aspects: ① While ensuring that the bill of quantities in the bidding documents clearly and accurately describes the engineering characteristics and work contents, strictly check whether the contents of the bill of quantities are consistent with the bidding documents to avoid wrangling over the comprehensive unit price in the future; (2) The cost management organ should strengthen the management of the editors, hold training courses on engineering budget, hold academic seminars and experience exchange meetings on preparation and management, improve the professional ethics awareness and professional quality of budget personnel, ensure the editing quality of the bill of quantities, and control the price; ③ Adhere to strict bid evaluation system and procedures. When reviewing the bidding documents, we should focus on: reviewing the engineering quantity to prevent over-calculation, miscalculation and omission; Check the contents of subdivisional work to prevent double calculation and miscalculation; Review the charging rate to prevent overcharging. It is necessary to adhere to the strict bid evaluation system and determine the price of bidding contract; (4) Whether the bidder's selection of materials and equipment meets the requirements of the tender documents and whether the quotation is in line with the actual situation of the market, so as to prevent individual bidders from replacing the materials and equipment required by the tender with low-grade materials and equipment in order to improve the possibility of winning the bid. Otherwise, the quality of the project can not be guaranteed, and the contract price is easy to break through in the process of project construction, which brings many contradictions to the bidding parties in the completion settlement; ⑤ The bidding management department should introduce the system that bidding activities are not allowed for projects that do not meet the conditions of construction drawing design stage as soon as possible, and stipulate the proportion limit of "tentative, tentative and tentative" in the bill of quantities to reduce the opening part of the project cost.
(5) Strengthen the management of design changes. ① The construction administrative department should establish and formulate a unified design change management method as soon as possible to promote the standardization and institutionalization of design change management; (2) In the concrete engineering practice, we should do a good job. A _ Strengthen the audit and supervision of the quantities and contents of design changes. For the change of content and the increase or decrease of engineering quantity, engineering technology and cost control personnel should conduct on-site sampling and actual measurement to ensure the accuracy of the changed content. Jian 'an project cost is an important part of project investment, such as urban sewage treatment plant project, which generally accounts for more than 55% of the first part of the project cost, while the construction cost of municipal projects such as large-scale urban roads and bridges accounts for more than 95% of the first part of the project cost, so some design units "ambush" and "guarantee" the number of projects. Therefore, the calculation of construction and installation quantities is one of the key points of audit supervision; B. review whether the design changes meet the requirements. That is, whether the contents of design changes are duplicated with the original pre-tender estimate of the project, and whether the increased funds of design changes have been included in the contract cost. If there is such a situation, you should contact the visa officer to make supplementary amendments to make them conform to the regulations, and then make adjustments and amendments; C. whether the contents of the review are clear. Design changes should be complete and clear, with specific change parts, reasons, items and quantities, as well as technical treatment opinions for special circumstances, etc. D, check whether the visa is accurate. Whether the projects reworked by the construction unit, temporary facilities on the construction site, on-site employment of the construction unit and other items not included in the visa are included in the final accounts; E. do a good job of on-site visa. In the audit of project budget and settlement, it is found that on the one hand, on-site visa mainly appears in earthwork construction or the removal of underground obstacles, on the other hand, it mainly appears in the case that a project is constructed by multiple constructions or multiple specialties. Many projects are damaged and cross each other because of the construction of many projects, resulting in a large number of on-site visas for various units. This requires the construction unit to continuously improve the management quality, choose appropriate contracting methods and manage scientifically, thus saving a lot of money.
(6) Implement strict quota design, control the construction drawing design according to the approved design task book and investment estimate, and make the total budget estimate according to the approved preliminary design. Using the principle of value engineering, the project cost is decomposed, the function of the designed product is analyzed, and the necessary function and the lowest cost design scheme to realize the function are determined. Although structural designers meet the requirements of structural stiffness and strength when choosing beam-column section, concrete strength grade and reinforcement, different practices will lead to differences in cost. It is true that quota design should not blindly consider saving investment, but should respect science and reality. At the same time, we should pay attention to optimizing the design and improving the function.
(7) Change the design charging method and implement the system of rewarding the superior and punishing the inferior in design quality. Generally speaking, the design unit will conservatively optimize the design scheme when carrying out engineering design, but it is not the most economical and practical. Therefore, the design unit should be required to dynamically analyze and compare the investment plan values in each stage of design by means of computer-aided dynamic control within the approved project investment limit. Under the premise of ensuring safety and not reducing functions, new schemes, new technologies, new materials and new processes are adopted to achieve the purpose of saving engineering investment. The construction unit should be clear about rewards and punishments, and give a certain proportion of rewards according to the investment saved in the design process. On the contrary, the designer has to pay a certain fine, such as 1 ~ 2%, for the design exceeding the investment limit or within a certain range, so that the project budget can be better controlled in the design stage.
Analyze and reform the problems existing in the cost control of construction projects. Management, construction site control and market demand should also be considered. The project cost in the construction bidding stage, the cost control in the engineering design stage, the construction design change of the engineering construction project and the on-site visa will all increase the cost of the whole project, control the quality and cost of the project, ensure the best quality of the project and the lowest cost, and achieve a win-win situation for the construction unit and the company.
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