First, Pavlov's classic experiment: the dog eats the bell experiment.
The experimental process can be summarized as follows:
1. Before its establishment: dog+food? Drooling (food is an unconditional stimulus, and salivation is an unconditional reflex, that is, instinct)
Dog+ringtone? Don't spit (ringtones are neutral stimuli, just to attract attention)
2. under construction: dog+food+ringtone? Drooling (food is an unconditional stimulus, Bell is a neutral stimulus, and salivation is an unconditional reflex)
3. After the establishment: dog+ringtone? Drooling (dogs salivate when they hear the bell, which is an acquired reaction, that is, conditioned reflex, and the bell is a conditioned stimulus)
Dog+ringtone? Do not secrete saliva (conditioned stimuli appear repeatedly, unconditional stimuli no longer appear, and finally,
The dog's saliva secretion behavior weakens until it disappears)
Second, reflection.
Reflex is the basic way of nervous activity system, and it is a regular response of the body to internal and external stimuli through the nervous system. Reflection is generally divided into two categories:
1. Unconditional reflex: an innate reflex, that is, instinct, such as dogs drooling at the sight of food.
2. conditioned reflex: acquired reflex, that is, learning, such as dogs drooling when they hear the bell.
3. The first signal system: physical stimulus that causes conditioned response, such as watching a tiger turn pale.
4. The second signal system: conditioned stimulus mediated by language, causing conditioned response, such as talking about a tiger.
Third, the Basic Law.
1. Gain and attenuation
Acquisition refers to the process of establishing conditioned reflex, that is, the process of matching conditioned stimulus and unconditional stimulus repeatedly, so that conditioned stimulus obtains linguistic meaning.
Fading means that after the conditioned reflex is formed, if the conditioned stimulus is repeated many times without unconditional stimulus, the conditioned response will become weaker and weaker until it disappears.
2. Stimulate generalization and differentiation
Generalization means that once people and animals learn to make conditioned responses to specific conditioned stimuli, other stimuli similar to conditioned stimuli can also induce their conditioned responses. Like a bow and a snake, once bitten, twice shy.
Differentiation refers to forcing organisms to learn to respond differently to conditioned stimuli and stimuli similar to conditioned stimuli through selective reinforcement and regression. For example, students are required to distinguish between courage and recklessness, humility and retreat.
Gossip about sb.' s mistakes
Unconditional reflex: innate instinct
Conditioned reflex: acquired learning
Stimulation generalization: Similar stimuli are indistinguishable.
Stimulus discrimination: Similar stimuli can be distinguished.
Exercise questions:
1. You drool at the smell of cooking. Here, the smell of food and your saliva are () respectively.
A. conditioned reflex, conditioned stimulus
C. Consequence, neutral stimulus D. Reflex, conditioned stimulus
1. Answer B. Analysis: This question examines conditioned stimulus and conditioned reflex. Conditioned reflex refers to acquired reflex, which is learning. Conditional stimulus refers to the stimulus that causes conditioned reflex.
In the stem, you smell cooking and drool, which shows that the smell of vegetables as a conditioned stimulus causes conditioned reflex to secrete saliva. Options a, c and d are inconsistent with the meaning of the question, so choose item b of this question.
2. Once humans and animals learn to make conditioned responses to specific conditioned stimuli, other stimuli similar to the conditions can also induce their conditioned responses. This is conditioned stimulus ().
A. Generalization B. concretization C. Differentiation D. Generalization
2. Answer D. Analysis: This question examines stimulus generalization.
Option A, generalization, refers to the universal and inherent laws of things.
Option B, concretization, refers to the process of solving practical problems with general principles and guiding practical activities with theory.
Option C, differentiation, refers to forcing organisms to learn to respond differently to conditioned stimuli and stimuli similar to conditioned stimuli through selective reinforcement and regression.
Option d, in summary, means that once people and animals learn to make conditioned responses to specific conditioned stimuli, other stimuli similar to conditioned stimuli can also induce their conditioned responses.
In the stem, once people and animals learn to make conditioned responses to specific conditioned stimuli, other stimuli similar to this condition can also induce their conditioned responses. This is a summary of conditioned stimulus. Options a, b and c are inconsistent with the meaning of the question, so choose item d of this question.
analyse