With the development of China's socialist market economy and the universal implementation of the bidding system, the market mechanism has been continuously improved. In the bidding of the Three Gorges power transmission and transformation single project, it is not surprising that the bids of bidders with a target price of about 30 million yuan are more and more concentrated, with a difference of more than 100 thousand yuan or even tens of thousands of yuan. Especially after China's entry into WTO, how to integrate with international practices as soon as possible has become the primary problem to be studied in various industries in China, including the power industry. The engineering cost management of our technical and economic majors is no exception. With the continuous development of the construction market, the disadvantages of the current cost management system are becoming more and more obvious. Therefore, we must speed up the reform of project cost management system. 200 1, 1, in February, 2006, the Ministry of Construction's reply to the Interim Measures for the Negotiation of National Building Decoration Bill of Quantities was implemented from June 200 1 year to June 1 year. On March 3rd, this year, Kloc-0, the Ministry of Construction issued the Letter on Printing and Distributing the Minutes of the National Conference on the Compilation of Unified Bill of Quantities, and issued the Work Plan for the Compilation of National Unified Bill of Quantities. I am very inspired by the needs of my current job and would like to discuss it with the delegates here.
First, the drawbacks of the current project cost management system
The current project cost management system in China has basically not got rid of the top-down planned management mode, and the reform of market economy is not strong enough and the progress is slow. On the basis of various budget quotas and corresponding expense quotas, the Ministry of Construction, relevant professional departments and provincial quota departments are still responsible for organizing the preparation, promulgation and implementation. It should be affirmed that these quotas and cost standards have played an important role in the long-term capital construction and cost management process since the founding of the People's Republic of China, and are the crystallization of the wisdom of the vast number of budget staff, and they are still playing a guiding role. However, due to the changes in the market economy environment, we should also objectively realize that the scientificity and seriousness of the quota revision of new technologies and new materials have weakened compared with the initial stage of reform. After the reform of electric power industry, various quotas and cost standards have been changed to be reviewed and issued by the State Economic and Trade Commission. Theoretically, the budget quota is compiled according to the principle of the average social level of the industry; The cost quota is compiled by calculating the expenditures of various construction enterprises and has been revised many times. Although various quotas have been clearly defined as guiding quotas, they still retain the characteristics of legal basis in practice. This situation has not been fundamentally changed for a long time, even after the bid. Its shortcomings are mainly reflected in:
1, the most fundamental feature of market economy is to determine the price of construction products through competition. The price of building products mainly consists of the consumption of engineering entities, construction costs, management fees, profits and taxes. The consumption of engineering entities refers to the consumption of labor, machinery and materials that meet the national technical standards, construction acceptance specifications and quality evaluation standards under normal construction conditions. This part is relatively stable in terms of social average. Taxation is stipulated by the state. The above is the relatively "dead" part. However, due to the different levels of mechanical equipment, construction management, technical management and enterprise management, the construction cost and various indirect expenses, including management fees and profit consumption, are also very different. These are all "living" factors with obvious corporate personality characteristics. The main function of the current quota and cost bidding is to estimate the project cost in advance and provide services for the owner's planned funds. According to these quota and cost standards, the project budget and budget estimate are not the real or final price of building products. The real or final price of building products is the market price determined through competition. At present, we should use the same quota and cost standard when compiling budget and bidding, and fix the above-mentioned "dead" and "alive" factors, which is a big misunderstanding in the understanding of project cost management. It seems that competition is reflected by the rise and fall of pre-tender estimate and quotation in different ranges. However, this kind of competition is not about the comprehensive management level of construction enterprises (note: the bidding of equipment and main materials purchased by the owner is not within the scope of this paper), and its obvious feature is that it is carried out around the owner's pre-tender price, which is extremely blind and uncertain. Because different owners have different ideas and starting points. This blindness and uncertainty may also turn competition into conquest, which is not conducive to promoting the improvement of management level of construction enterprises, giving full play to the advantages of excellent enterprises, and will also breed corruption to a certain extent.
2, the current budget quota of labor, mechanical machine-team consumption and unit price are relatively fixed, and only the State Economic and Trade Commission can adjust the power industry at present. These two projects have long been market-oriented, and there may be obvious differences between different construction enterprises. Looking at the labor price alone has seriously deviated from the fixed unit price that has remained unchanged for many years. And our current price of mechanical machine-shift has comprehensively considered the price difference factor from 1995 to 15. It is also inconsistent with the current market price of mechanical and electrical products.
3. The current cost quota has obvious characteristics of planned economy, such as "fixing expenses according to income", with various contents, too high partial and itemized rates, delayed publication of adjustment documents, too many coefficient sets and extremely complicated calculation methods. Construction enterprises often pay attention to low standard fees and "adjust documents" in a targeted manner. The quota management department has no choice but to add more water to the surface. Looking back at a stage, the fixed consumption level of the whole industry is not decreasing, but gradually increasing. According to China's current quota and participating in international bidding, our advantage is that the prices of people, materials and machines are competitive, while the level of quota consumption (that is, labor productivity at the same price as that of that year) lags far behind advanced countries.
4. The current project cost management mode can't keep up with the requirements of the Bidding Law of People's Republic of China (PRC). In the power transmission and transformation industry, at present, both bidding parties adopt the same quota standard base price and quotation, and we also stipulate the quotation quality score in the bid evaluation method, making bidding an examination question to examine the professional level of budget personnel. I know many power transmission and transformation construction enterprises. They put their budget staff in two departments, namely, market development and business planning, which are responsible for external bidding and internal accounting respectively. Because the business planning department is in charge of the internal development package and accounting of the enterprise and grasps the project cost, the project settlement is also undertaken by it. So there is a strange phenomenon that the quotation is out of touch with the actual cost management information of the enterprise. All of the above are against the original intention of bidding.
Second, about the bill of quantities valuation
Bill of quantities valuation is an internationally accepted bidding method. All or part of the project subject to tender shall be calculated according to the calculation rules specified in the tender and listed as part of the tender documents. The bidder shall fill in the comprehensive unit price (including various taxes and fees) item by item according to the list. Then calculate the total price. If the bill of quantities is prepared according to the construction drawing design drawings, the bid price is the contract price and will not be adjusted in principle. If the design depth of the bidding stage is not enough, the bill of quantities provided by the bidder may be uncertain or greatly deviated. At this time, the total bid price is a virtual total price, which is only used for bid evaluation and comparison. What really enters the contract is the bidder's "comprehensive unit price", and the progress payment and final settlement of the project will be recalculated according to the approved construction drawings and design drawings.
The settlement of bill of quantities quotation has the following characteristics: it embodies the principle of competition and forms the overall strength of personnel, equipment, labor organization, technology and management among enterprises and even the competition in the region where the enterprises are located; The unified bill of quantities provides a condition of equal competition, eliminates the differences and misunderstandings of enterprises in the calculation of engineering quantity, and eliminates the bidding risk caused by engineering quantity factors to a certain extent: basically eliminates the interest risk caused by engineering quantity between the owner and the winning bidder, that is, ensures the reasonable expenditure of the owner and the legitimate income of the contractor; Simplifying and clarifying the contract execution procedure and accepting according to the physical quantity is beneficial to the disbursement of project progress payment: reducing wrangling is beneficial to shortening the project settlement time after completion; Conducive to the owners to prepare capital plans and raise funds; Because the bill of quantities is sensitive to design changes. Therefore, it is convenient for the owner to make a decision on whether to make changes or not, and it is beneficial to control the project investment.
The bidding of bill of quantities requires the owner to re-study the function of pre-tender estimate and its compilation principles, especially to ensure that the bid evaluation method is scientific, rigorous and reasonable. Bidders must be allowed to break through the current quota and charging standards. If it is a virtual quotation, it is suggested that the bidder be required to make necessary explanations on the adjusted quota in the pilot stage to facilitate the owner's bid evaluation.
Thirdly, the establishment of enterprise quota is an inevitable requirement for the sustainable development of enterprises.
Construction enterprise quota is the basis of enterprise production and operation, an important reference or basis for enterprise bidding and quotation, and also the basis for enterprise internal accounting. The establishment of construction enterprise quota is conducive to providing construction technology, improving construction organization, reducing engineering cost and improving economic benefits of enterprises. Therefore, the construction enterprise quota is an important carrier and concentrated embodiment of comprehensively improving and improving the comprehensive management level of enterprises.
Construction enterprise quota should be compiled according to the enterprise's own technical expertise, equipment and characteristics, cooperative units, material sources, management methods (such as project manager management and administrative department management) and management systems (such as the implementation methods of project manager decentralization and supervision), and there is no need for a unified model.
In the past, the quota of construction enterprises was often ignored, and the development between enterprises was uneven. International bidding usually adopts the principle of winning the bid at a low price without reserve price, and bidders can't move without their own quotas. In China, the current Bidding Law still has the characteristics of China's system. In order to prevent vicious competition, Article 23 of the Bidding Law stipulates that "a bidder shall not bid at a price lower than the cost ...". In this respect, I don't think it meets international standards. If the "cost" here refers to the average social cost, it means that the tender offer cannot be lower than the budget estimate quota; If it refers to the average cost under market competition, it should be the average quotation of all bidders; If it refers to the cost of a single enterprise, only the enterprise itself is clear, and it is usually difficult for the outside world to understand the accurate information inside the enterprise and evaluate it. Therefore, I think that article 23 is not feasible.
The establishment of enterprise quota should be based on the reality of all aspects of the enterprise, on the basis of the current budget quota, reasonably adjust and determine the quota subheads, quota consumption of people, materials and machines, and establish various databases by using modern means such as computers. It is suggested that the electric power technology and economic center conduct investigation and study, and give guidance to other enterprises after gaining experience.
At present, when bidding, construction enterprises can first prepare a quotation with their own quota, that is, first determine a guaranteed price. On this basis, the quotation is prepared according to the current conventional method. Finally, the final quotation is determined according to the above two quotation levels. In the process of project implementation, professionals will selectively calibrate the rationality of enterprise quota level, make rolling revisions and constantly improve it.
Four, the bill of quantities valuation needs to study and improve the problem
The quota management department makes necessary revisions and improvements to the current division of thermal power and power transmission and transformation projects; Strengthen the supplement of consumption quota of various new projects and improve the consumption quota of old projects.
Study and compile the osmanthus version and gold version of bidding that adapt to the management mode of bill of quantities valuation;
Seriously discuss the function of pre-tender estimate, reasonably determine the best score point of quotation, and strengthen the scientificity of bid evaluation;
Ensure the depth and quality of design documents and strengthen the joint review of construction drawings;
Give full play to the supervisory responsibilities to ensure the correct disbursement of the project progress payment;
5. In the Three Gorges power transmission and transformation project, we tried the bill of quantities pricing model in some civil engineering and installation projects.
Two years ago, when bidding for Wanxian Substation, Jingmen Switching Station and Fuyang Substation, the power grid company partially implemented the bill of quantities quotation. At present, these projects have been put into production. In the civil engineering of the Huizhou Converter Station in Sanguang, which started shortly, we quoted the bill of quantities for the relatively simple projects such as concrete foundation, cable trench and road, and the quantities were finally settled according to the construction drawing of the joint review. At present, the first batch of settlement has been successfully completed.
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