The report of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out: While unswervingly consolidating and developing the public sector of the economy, "we must unswervingly encourage, support and guide the development of the non-public sector of the economy", "Let all the vitality of labor, knowledge, technology, management and capital compete with generate, and let all the sources of social wealth fully flow in". This has pointed out the direction for us to correctly understand the development of the non-public economy and strengthened the confidence of the rapid and sustainable development of the non-public economy.
Over the past 20 years since the reform and opening up, the non-public economy in our city has grown from scratch. By the end of 2002, the non-public economy has accounted for 35% of the city's total GDP, the non-public economy in ten counties has accounted for 36% of the county's total GDP on average, and the non-public economy in the highest county has accounted for 53% of the total GDP. The non-public economy has become an important force to promote the economic development of cities and counties, an important source of fiscal revenue and the main channel for new employment. However, compared with the whole province and the whole country, especially with the areas with rapid development such as the Pearl River Delta and the Yangtze River Delta, the development of the county-level non-public economy in our city is still slow, and the "source of wealth creation" has not yet "fully flowed in", as the saying goes: vertical ratio, development; Horizontal ratio, big gap. This paper starts with the analysis of the development status of non-public economy in our city, puts it in the overall situation of the whole province and the whole country, makes a comparative study with some cities and counties with rapid development, finds out the gaps and deficiencies, and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions.
First, the development status quo
Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the non-public economy in our city has been expanding from agriculture, handicrafts, services, large industries and even emerging industries, and the fields involved have been expanding, especially in the past five years, the development speed has been accelerating.
From the perspective of the development of the non-public economy, it has generally experienced four stages: First, from 1978 to 1989. This is the stage when the forbidden zone began to be broken, the individual economy developed rapidly and the private economy began to be recognized. The second is 1989 to 199 1 year. This is the stage of emphasizing clean-up and rectification, that is, the stage of wandering development. The third one is 1992 rpm 1996. This is a stage of the re-development of the non-public economy, but there are certain fluctuations. Fourth, 1997 till now. This is the stage of sustained and healthy development of the non-public economy. By the end of 2002, there were a total of individual industrial and commercial households 130 178, with 2032 17 employees and a registered capital of 105422 million yuan. There are 65 1 1 private enterprises with 9 1 776 employees and a registered capital of 2,432.43 million yuan. Compared with 1997, the total number of individual industrial and commercial households, employees and registered capital increased by 65.5%, 64.3% and 159.5% respectively. The total number of private enterprises, employees and registered capital increased by 174.6%, 158% and 430.5% respectively. The total non-public economy accounts for 35% of the city's GDP and has become a new growth point and support point for the city's economic development. On the whole, the non-public economy in our city has entered the transition period from primitive accumulation of capital to the second venture.
Non-public economic industries are relatively complete. According to statistics, the basic situation of individual industrial and commercial households and private enterprises in the city in the first quarter of this year is as follows:
Table 1: Basic situation of individual industry and commerce in the city
Number of project households (households) Registered capital employees (people) (ten thousand yuan)
Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery 557 780 100 1.00
Extractive industry 44 152 156.00
Manufacturing10258199071183.00
Transportation 16754 22257 45640.00
Wholesale and retail trade and catering industry 8158512861136428
Social service industry16958257118702
Other industries 2289 3563 16 16.00
According to the table 1, from the composition of individual industrial and commercial households, individual industrial and commercial households in six major industries, such as agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, mining, construction, transportation, wholesale and retail, catering and social service, account for 8.2%, 0.4%, 13%, 63.4% and1respectively. Individual industrial and commercial households engaged in transportation and wholesale and retail trade are the main force of individual industrial and commercial households in the city, accounting for more than 60% of the total number of individual industrial and commercial households in the city. From the analysis of registered capital, the registered capital of six major industries, such as agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, mining, construction, transportation, wholesale and retail, catering and social service, accounts for 1 .2%, 0.9%, 43.4%, 34.6%, 8.3% and/kloc-0, respectively. Transportation, wholesale and retail trade and catering account for the bulk.
Table 2: Basic information of private enterprises
Number of households (households) Number of investors (persons) Number of employees (persons) Registered capital (ten thousand yuan)
Agriculture, Forestry, Animal Husbandry and Fishery 189 443 2562 9485
Extractive industry114 2011242 7071
Manufacturing industry 2303 4739 38266 102707
Construction industry 285 67 1 8287 22635
Traffic188 2611515 5500
Wholesale and retail trade and catering industry 209342191934459844
Social service industry 792 1384 5870 2 1404
Other lines come from 233 409 2554 702 1
Total 615712327 79640 235667
According to Table 2, we still make a simple analysis of the basic composition of private enterprises in the city from two aspects: the number of private enterprises and the registered capital. From the industry distribution of private enterprises, the number of private enterprises in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, mining, manufacturing, construction, transportation and warehousing, wholesale and retail, catering, social services and other industries accounted for 3%, 43.9%, 2.4%, 34%, 12.9% and 3.8% of the total number of private enterprises in the city respectively. Private enterprises in the city are mainly distributed in mining, manufacturing, construction, wholesale, retail trade and catering, accounting for nearly 80% of the private enterprises in the city. From the analysis of the composition of registered capital, the six major industries account for 4%, 56.2%, 2.3%, 25.4%, 9% and 3% of the total registered capital in turn. The registered capital of mining, manufacturing and construction only accounts for nearly 60% of the total registered capital of private enterprises, followed by wholesale and retail and catering, accounting for 25.4%, and the rest industries are less than 10%.
Table 3: Development of Non-public Economy in Ten Counties
Number of individual industrial and commercial households in the project (unit) Number of private enterprises (unit) Proportion of non-public economy to GDP
figure
(1) Registered capital
Number of households (ten thousand yuan)
(1) Registered capital
Gross domestic product (ten thousand yuan)
Gross output value of non-public economy (100 million yuan)
(100 million yuan) Proportion of non-public economy in GDP
(%)
Baoji County 2290316578 934 35984 20.09 8.6 42.8%
Qishan county15340 8028 5612466017 5.9535%
Fengxiang county10130 390136716843 20.76 4.9 23.6%
Meixian county 4294 5720 3212285610.94 5.8 53%
Fufeng county 5117571722016298134.5535%
Fengxian 2653 2057172 6658 2.481.27 51.2%
Longxian 24761349114 3086 6.85 2.26 33%
Qianyang county1570 7991313358 3.291.0231%
Taibai county1063119033179620.525%
Linyou county 2749109922510 2.25 0.68 30.2%
Total 68295 46438 2875132049 98.66 35.53 36%
From Table 3, the development of ten counties is extremely uneven. The number of individual industrial and commercial households, the number of private enterprises and the absolute amount of non-public economy in five plain counties are far greater than those in five mountainous counties. The absolute GDP of non-public economy ranks in Baoji County, Qishan County, Meixian County, Fengxiang County, Fufeng County, Longxian County, Fengxian County, Qianyang County, linyou county County and Taibai County, with the highest reaching 890 million and the lowest Taibai County only reaching 50 million. However, in terms of the proportion of non-public economy in the total GDP, it is Meixian, Fengxian, Baoji, Qishan Fufeng, Longxian, Qianyang, linyou county, Taibai and Fengxiang, among which Meixian accounts for 53% and Fengxiang only accounts for 23.6%.
Through the analysis of the present situation of the development of non-public economy at the city and county levels, we can see that the development of non-public economy in our city presents the following characteristics:
1, the number continues to increase and the development speed is accelerated.
Since the 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the city's non-public economy has entered a period of great development. With the help of good policy environment, relaxed investment environment and mature market environment, a number of powerful and large-scale non-public economic leaders have been born. The non-public sector of the economy shows a strong development trend, the number is increasing and the benefits are gradually improving. The leading product market is booming, and the investment in fixed assets is increasing. The non-public economy is in a trend of geometric fission, which has driven thousands of households. More importantly, the growth of non-public economic groups, in turn, has stimulated more people to enter the market and promoted the all-round development of regional economy.
2. Industries are widely distributed and pillar industries have begun to take shape.
The non-public economy in our city is widely distributed in many fields of the national economy, and a number of pillar industrial clusters with local characteristics have initially formed. Five industries: (1) mechanical and electronic industry, there are 494 enterprises engaged in the processing and manufacturing of mechanical and electronic products in the city, with a registered capital of/kloc-0.50 billion yuan; (2) Pharmaceutical and Chemical Industry: There are 147 enterprises engaged in pharmaceutical and chemical production in the city with a registered capital of 83 million yuan; (3) Building materials industry: There are 246 enterprises engaged in building materials industry in the city with a registered capital of 320 million yuan; (4) Food processing industry: there are 360 enterprises engaged in food processing, production and sales in the city with a registered capital of 290 million yuan; (5) Non-ferrous metal industry: There are 34 enterprises engaged in non-ferrous metal processing in the city with a registered capital of 1. 1 100 million yuan.
3. The scientific and technological content has been significantly improved, and the number of high value-added enterprises has been increasing.
With the increasingly fierce market competition, people are increasingly aware of the importance of high technology. Some private enterprises originally engaged in rough machining and labor-intensive industries and fields are shifting to high-tech and high value-added enterprises. A number of private scientific and technological stars such as Baoji Dongling Group and Baoji Special Purpose Vehicle Co., Ltd. have emerged. In 2002, non-public enterprises in the city developed new products 199 items. By the end of 2002, the total number of non-public scientific and technological enterprises in the city had reached 1087. The total income of technology, industry and trade in that year was 4.2 billion yuan, the profit was 65.438+0.5 billion yuan, and the total tax payment was 65.438+0.8 billion yuan.
4. The economic strength is getting stronger and stronger, and the industry is diversified.
In recent years, with the further relaxation of the policy environment, a number of non-public enterprises have mushroomed and their economic strength has been greatly enhanced. Some enterprises have become the leaders in this industry, casting a number of "aircraft carriers" in the non-public economy. The city's non-public enterprise groups have grown from scratch to 18. At the same time, the industrial development of non-public economy has changed from a single pattern to a diversified pattern, showing a diversified trend of multi-industry development. For example, Jufeng Group, on the basis of trade circulation, expands into manufacturing industry, and plans to build a wine raw material base covering the whole Guanzhong area, with an initial investment of more than 30 million yuan. Wanquan Group expanded its business scope from catering services to other fields such as architecture, and invested 60 million yuan to build the Changxing Weihe Bridge in Meixian County.
5. Actively participate in the reform of state-owned enterprises.
Non-public enterprises actively participated in the reform of state-owned and collective enterprises by means of leasing, contracting and acquisition, which promoted the adjustment and optimization of the city's economic structure. At the same time, the reform of state-owned enterprises also provides good development opportunities and relaxed space for the non-public economy. Up to now, the total share capital of joint-stock and joint-stock cooperative enterprises in the city is 744.58 million yuan, of which state-owned shares only account for15% of the total share capital; Legal person shares account for 65% and individual shares account for 20% of the total share capital. In addition, non-public enterprises also actively participate in urban infrastructure construction such as real estate development, and have made great contributions to the construction of big cities in our city.
Second, comparative analysis.
(1) Comparison of the development of non-public economy in our city with that of the whole country, the whole province and some cities.
According to the data, the development of non-public economy in our city and the whole country, the whole province, Xi and Xianyang is shown in Table 4:
Table 4: Comparison of non-public ownership economy in our city with the whole country, the whole province and related cities.
Proportion of non-public ownership in GDP of individual industrial and commercial households, private enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises (%)
Number (1) Number of registered capital (10,000 yuan) (1) Number of registered capital (10,000 yuan) (1) Registered capital (10,000 yuan)
The national total is 23.33 million, 34.3579 trillion, 202.85 million, 1.8 trillion, 37.2.
The province's 80006937 billion 38.2
Xi 'an191428 336138 31229 26292371684 32621437.5.
Xianyang165000129000 7038 257000166 23500 40
Baoji1301781054226511243243123000 35
Note: The national figure in the table is 200 1 year-end.
As can be seen from Table 4, all indicators of non-public economy in our city are lower than Xi 'an and Xianyang in Guanzhong area, and the proportion of non-public economy in GDP is not only lower than Xi 'an and Xianyang, but also lower than the national and provincial average, even lower than the developed areas in the east. Data show that by the end of 200 1, non-public enterprises in Wenzhou accounted for more than 90% of the total number of enterprises in the city, realized industrial output value accounted for more than 80% of the city, paid taxes accounted for 7 1% of the city's fiscal revenue, created exports accounted for 98% of the city's total foreign trade exports, and employed people accounted for 55% of the city's non-agricultural employees. As the second largest city in Shaanxi Province and an important pole of Guanzhong industrial belt, the development of non-public economy lags behind the provincial and national average, which is also one of the important factors restricting the economic development of our city.
(2) Comparison between China's non-public economy and some typical counties.
In recent years, although the county non-public economy in our city has developed greatly, its economic scale is small and its proportion is low. The total non-public economy in ten counties only accounts for about 50% of the city, and its contribution to finance and employment is far less than that of counties (cities) in developed areas.
Take Fujian Province, which ranks first among the 24 top 100 counties in China, and Nanhai City, Guangdong Province, which is known as the country's "county-level finance first", as examples:
Zhejiang province is a big agricultural province for a long time, with a large population and few resources, and the per capita cultivated land is only 0.55 mu. However, in recent years, the number of counties that have entered the top 100 counties in China has increased year by year, and the number of counties and cities that have entered the county economic growth has soared. One of their important experiences is to vigorously develop the non-public economy, constantly activate the main players in the market competition, and let all the vitality conducive to the development of productive forces compete to generate. Miracles of zero resources, big manufacturing, big opportunities, big foreign trade, big market and big development are constantly emerging. For example, Haining has become the world-famous leather capital without animal husbandry, Tongxiang and Xiuzhou have built the largest woolen sweater market in China, Jiashan has become a strong county in wood industry economy, and Pinghu has become the first county in China's clothing export without chemical fiber and cotton resources.
Nanhai's GDP in 2000 was 33.856 billion yuan, and its fiscal revenue was 6.76 billion yuan (reaching 654.38+0.08 billion yuan in 2002). Their experience is to vigorously develop the non-public economy on the basis of expanding the public economy. 1992 after the county was withdrawn and the city was set up, according to the spirit of Comrade Xiaoping's southern tour speech, we grasped the transformation of public ownership economy on the one hand and the development of non-public ownership economy on the other, and promoted the scale of non-public ownership economy. The total economic output of by going up one flight of stairs and South China Sea expanded rapidly, forming large industries such as aluminum profiles, building ceramics, textiles and leather, which occupied a large market share in the country. By 1997, the total income of the non-public economy reached 27.5 billion yuan. After the 15th National Congress put forward the conclusion that "the non-public economy is an important part of the socialist market economy", Nanhai implemented the strategy of "revitalizing the city through science and technology", encouraged and supported the "second venture" of the non-public economy, and put forward the strategy of promoting modernization through informationization, globalization, socialization and legalization, and vigorously promoted the knowledge economy and environmental economy. The overall quality and strength of the non-public economy in the South China Sea have been further improved. From labor-intensive to technology-intensive, from small enterprises to multinational groups, many non-public enterprises have completed the transformation of "reinventing themselves" and achieved a leap from quantitative expansion to qualitative. At present, some products of Nanhai occupy considerable output and market share in China, such as aluminum profiles and building ceramics, accounting for about 40% and 30% of the country respectively. The non-public economy accounts for more than 90% of GDP and contributes 85% to finance.
Take Shaodong County in Hunan Province, gongyi city County in Henan Province and Changyuan County in Henan Province as examples:
In 200 1 year, Shaodong County's GDP was 6610.70 billion yuan, and its fiscal revenue was 242 million yuan. The comprehensive strength of county economy ranks fifth in the whole province, which has aroused people's concern about "Shaodong phenomenon". Their characteristic is that the private economy is unique. The county's private economy has become the main body of the county economy, ranking first in the province. The added value created by the private economy accounts for 85% of the county's GDP, the tax revenue provided accounts for 68% of the county's fiscal revenue, and the number of employed people accounts for three quarters of the county's labor force. Individual industrial and commercial households have developed from small households with hands on shoulders to more than 2,000 general agents and distributors of famous brand products in China 1000. Private industries are developing in the direction of scale and intensification, and enterprise products are developing in the direction of "high, refined and cutting-edge". Shaodong has more than 80 markets, large and small. Why can we build one and prosper the other? The answer is to rely on private capital to make investors not only the main body of investment, but also the main body of income and risk.
In 2002, gongyi city's non-public economy achieved a total output value of 22.5 billion yuan, contributing more than 88% to economic growth, with an added value of 7.43 billion yuan, accounting for 60.6% of GDP, and paid taxes of 280 million yuan, accounting for 47% of township fiscal revenue. The laid-off workers absorbed accounted for more than 65% of the re-employed workers, and the rural surplus labor force was directly resettled1430,000, accounting for the employment of industrial enterprises in the city. It is worth noting that in 1997, they innovated nearly 100 collective enterprises by "picking the red hat", which quickly promoted a series of institutional innovations such as investment system and investment promotion system, and activated economic development. Through the innovation of "private+science and technology", they also established a cooperative relationship with the Chinese Academy of Sciences, set up a government science and technology advisory group, and established a Industry-University-Research base to guide and support non-public enterprises to establish their own technological innovation system. Through the support of policies, science and technology and projects, a number of key enterprises have grown rapidly, forming a characteristic economic pattern of "one town with one product" or "several towns with one product".
Changyuan county used to be a typical agricultural county, industrial county, poor financial county and key flood control county. Historically, this is a flooded area, with no resources on the ground and no mineral deposits underground. The county is located in the marginal zone between Xinxiang, Puyang, Kaifeng and Heze, Shandong, and has no obvious location advantage. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the state, provinces and localities have not set up factories in Changyuan, and industrial investment is almost zero. Surprisingly, the county's GDP in 2002 increased from less than 700 million yuan in192 to 3.3 billion yuan, with an average annual growth rate of 19%, and its economic strength advanced 48 places in the province. What is even more amazing is that the four pillar industries supporting Changyuan economy have grown up in this place called "zero resources": cranes, bathroom materials, anti-corrosion buildings and cooking. What is the reason? Because enterprises in Changyuan, especially the non-public economy, are very active. The data shows that 60% of the county's GDP, 95% of industrial added value, 6 1% of total tax revenue, 80% of farmers' per capita cash income and 70% of total urban construction investment come from the non-public economy. They don't levy "excessive taxes" on enterprises, they put water on fish; In terms of market access, all industries are open to non-public enterprises except those prohibited by the state; It is also proposed that entrepreneurs should have "political honor, social status, economic benefits and commercial backing", which has created a good development environment for the growth of the non-public economy.
Three. Gaps and deficiencies
From the above comparative analysis, it can be seen that all counties and cities with strong comprehensive economic strength have made great progress in the non-public economy and become the main driving force for economic growth. The non-public economy has learned to swim in the sea of market economy since its birth. In the face of the continuous improvement of the market economic system framework and the arrival of the new strategic opportunity period, only by unswervingly developing and expanding the non-public economy can we activate the market players and catch up in the new round of competition. So, where is our gap?
1, small amount, small scale
The number of non-public enterprises in our city is small, the scale is small, and the ability to absorb labor is not strong. Most of them have little registered capital. There are only 48 enterprises with a registered capital of more than100000 yuan, and most of them are concentrated in urban areas, and there are even fewer counties.
2. Uneven development
The number of individual industrial and commercial households, the number of private enterprises, registered capital and other indicators account for the bulk of the city; The development of county non-public economy is relatively slow, and the gap between counties is very obvious.
3. The management system is not smooth
From the municipal level, the Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal Government have set up a non-public economy office in the Municipal Administration for Industry and Commerce, which is specifically responsible for the management and services of the non-public economy, such as reporting statistics, registration, etc., but the staff is only 4-5, and the strength is obviously insufficient; From the county level, the non-public economic management and service functions of eight counties (districts) are specifically undertaken by the Industrial and Commercial Bureau, and the township enterprise bureau is responsible for three counties. Only Weibin District has established a special management organization. Management and service can't keep up, and the system is not smooth, which affects the development of non-public economy to some extent.
4. The problem of financing difficulty is outstanding.
Influenced by the current macro-financial policy focusing on state-owned enterprises, the operating capital of the non-public economy mainly comes from its own primitive accumulation, while the investment won by other means is quite limited, and the potential for expanding reproduction is limited. It is difficult for the non-public economy to obtain loans and mortgage guarantees. Most of the medium and long-term investments in the non-public economy are mainly obtained through informal and small-scale equity financing. Such financing is small in scale, high in cost and high in risk, which makes the investment lack stability and sustainability. Narrow financing channels and single financing methods have seriously restricted the greater development of the non-public economy.
5. The development environment is not relaxed enough.
Mainly in three aspects. First, the existing policies and regulations supporting the development of the non-public economy are not implemented in place. For example, the enrollment of children of non-public enterprises owners and employees, social security and other issues still need to be further effectively solved. Second, the access conditions are high, and there are too many pre-approval conditions and links for the registration of individual and private enterprises, and some of them have to be audited by multiple departments, which restricts the development of the non-public economy. Third, the phenomenon of "three chaos" still exists. Some departments regard individual and private enterprises as "Tang monk meat", arbitrarily increase the burden on enterprises, and even use their power to artificially set obstacles and deliberately make things difficult for business owners, which has caused adverse effects.
6. The management mode of non-public enterprises is backward and the management level is not high.
At present, most private enterprises are family-owned enterprises, and family management is implemented. Family management is reasonable in the early stage of enterprise development, but with the expansion of enterprise scale, family management will hinder the establishment and perfection of modern enterprise system, and easily lead to contradictions between family members' interests and business objectives, between family members and between family members and other employees of the enterprise, thus leading to extensive management. On the other hand, the lack of talents has become an important obstacle to the development of enterprises. At present, most individual and private enterprises lack outstanding talents, especially high-level management talents and scientific and technological talents with technical development capabilities. At the same time, the quality of many private owners is not high, and the idea of "small wealth means security" is serious. Some even take drugs, gamble and evade taxes, which affects the healthy development of the non-public economy.
Fourth, countermeasures and suggestions.
The report of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China achieved four breakthroughs on the issue of non-public ownership economy: First, the concept of "unshakable" was clearly put forward for the first time; Second, the concept of "support" was used for the first time; The third is to publicly announce the relaxation of market access; Fourthly, the idea of "perfecting the legal system for protecting private property" was put forward seriously. This paved the way for the full development of the non-public economy and cleared the institutional obstacles. Facing the new situation and new tasks at the beginning of the century, we should, in accordance with the "unshakable" requirements, further push the county-level non-public economy in our city to rebuild new advantages and reach a new level, dare to catch up, implement the catch-up strategy, strive to create an external environment for fair competition among various market entities, and strive to improve the overall quality of the non-public economy.
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