Export trade: general trade, processing trade, compensation trade, agreement trade and border trade;
Bilateral trade, multilateral trade, entrepot trade and transit trade.
What is entrepot trade? Entrepot trade, also known as intermediate trade or entrepot trade, refers to the buying and selling of import and export goods in international trade, not directly between producing countries and consuming countries, but through third countries. This trade is entrepot trade for transit countries. The traded goods can be transported by the exporting country to a third country, where they are not processed (changing packaging, sorting, classification, etc.). Not regarded as processing) and then sold to consumer countries; It can also be transported directly from the producing country to the consuming country without going through a third country, but there is no trade relationship between the producing country and the consuming country, but the transit country trades with the producing country and the consuming country respectively. Re-export trade refers to the distribution center, warehouse and warehouse of goods, which belongs to re-export trade and indirect re-export trade.
The occurrence of entrepot trade is mainly due to the geographical, historical, political or economic factors of some countries (or regions), and their position is suitable as the sales center of goods. These countries (or regions) import a large number of commodities, some of which are consumed by their own countries or regions, and then exported to neighboring countries and regions. Such as Singapore, Hong Kong, London and Rotterdam. Is an internationally famous entrepot with a large amount of entrepot trade. Through entrepot trade, they can not only get considerable entrepot profits and income from warehousing, transportation, loading and unloading, taxation and so on, but also promote the development of local finance, transportation, telecommunications and other industries.
Conditions of entrepot trade: entrepot trade refers to the trade mode in which the import and export trade between the two countries is completed by transferring goods in a third country through middlemen. This trade mode is indirect export by the producer and indirect import by the consumer, so it is indirect trade mode. For a third country, it re-exports the imported goods, so it is re-export, also called entrepot trade. The entrepot trade has a history of hundreds of years, and London, Rotterdam and Singapore are famous entrepot trade ports. Post-war entrepot trade developed rapidly in Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan and other places, and became an important part of foreign trade in these areas.
Entrepot trade generally has two conditions for the country where the middleman is located:
(1) Natural conditions, that is, the port of the transit country must be a deep-water port, with strong leaf swallowing ability and superior geographical location, which is located at the transportation hub between countries or on major international routes;
② Artificial conditions: transit countries are required to adopt special preferential tariff policies and trade policies, such as free ports and free trade zones, so that transit costs will not be too high. At the same time, it is required that the infrastructure, transportation, finance and information service systems in this area are well developed to facilitate entrepot trade.
Entrepot trade mode: entrepot trade has many forms. According to the different circulation channels of goods, entrepot trade can be divided into entrepot trade and single processing trade:
(1) entrepot trade refers to the buying and selling relationship between exporters and importers through intermediaries. Then the goods are transported directly from the exporting country to the importing country. In this case, the goods are not cleared for import and export in the third country, and the middlemen only participate in the processing of transaction documents. This way of handling documents is actually the re-export of goods ownership. Re-export trade mode appears more in the early stage of re-export trade development. Due to the lack of experience and communication equipment, entrepot trade is completed through the import and export of two kinds of goods. With the development of entrepot trade, the way of document processing trade has gradually developed, which can avoid the complicated procedures of goods in third countries, save freight, insurance and handling fees, reduce risks, shorten delivery time, help importers seize the opportunity of goods sales, and thus obtain greater profits. Therefore, the way of document processing trade gradually replaces the way of entrepot trade and becomes the main way of entrepot trade today. Entrepot trade can be divided into pure entrepot trade and processing entrepot trade according to whether the goods are processed in transit places.
② Pure entrepot trade. The so-called pure entrepot trade refers to the re-export of imported goods through middlemen in transit third countries without processing. Of course, middlemen can classify, mix, package and label imported goods in local bonded warehouses. These activities have not changed the shape, nature, structure or use of the original imported goods, so they do not belong to the processing scope.
(3) Processing entrepot trade refers to the trade mode that goods are imported into transit countries after customs clearance, and then exported to importing countries after red processing and value-added. To process the goods to a certain extent, so that the processed goods and the original unprocessed goods will change in shape, nature, structure or delivery. The atmosphere can not only benefit from re-export, but also benefit from the processing of this trade mode. Processing entrepot trade needs a lot of labor, low wages, good infrastructure and insurance warehouses or bonded areas, so as to make the processing cost of goods low and have international competitiveness. Processing entrepot trade can process and assemble the whole batch of goods; You can also purchase some spare parts from China and assemble them with the original equipment into large-scale equipment for export.
The difference between entrepot trade and indirect trade: indirect trade is the symmetry of "direct trade", which refers to the behavior of commodity producing countries and commodity consuming countries buying and selling commodities through third countries. Among them, the producing country is indirect export; Consumer countries are indirect imports; The third country is entrepot. Re-export trade refers to the trade between producing countries and consuming countries through a third country. Even if the goods are directly transported from the producing country to the consuming country, as long as there is no direct trade relationship between them, they are all traded by a third country.
Entrepot trade is the entrepot trade of transit countries. The traded goods can be transported by the exporting country to a third country, where they are not processed (changing packaging, sorting, classification, etc.). Not regarded as processing) and then sold to consumer countries; It can also be transported directly from the producing country to the consuming country without going through a third country, but there is no trade relationship between the producing country and the consuming country, but the transit country trades with the producing country and the consuming country respectively. Re-export trade refers to the distribution center, warehouse and warehouse of goods, which belongs to re-export trade and indirect re-export trade.
The occurrence of entrepot trade is mainly due to the geographical, historical, political or economic factors of some countries (or regions), and their position is suitable as the sales center of goods. These countries (or regions) import a large number of commodities, some of which are consumed by their own countries or regions, and then exported to neighboring countries and regions. Such as Singapore, Hong Kong, London and Rotterdam. Is an internationally famous entrepot with a large amount of entrepot trade. Through entrepot trade, they can not only get considerable entrepot profits and income from warehousing, transportation, loading and unloading, taxation and so on, but also promote the development of local finance, transportation, telecommunications and other industries.