Russian: россискаягосударств.
English: Russian National Library
1795 On May 27th, Queen Catherine II officially approved the building designed by architect Egor sokolov for the Imperial Library, and construction began. The queen's decree has a complete description of bidding, building materials, workers' employment and funds. The museum is located at a main intersection near Neva Street in the city center, adjacent to the Palace and not far from the bustling commercial street. The idea of establishing a public library has been brewing for a long time. /kloc-the tradition of book collection in the 0/8th century can be traced back to the early history of Russia, and the library is a symbol of aristocratic wealth. However, private library collection is of little significance to the formation of Russian intellectuals and aristocratic enlightenment. When the library became a part of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Arts in the first half of the18th century, the situation changed. Aware of the needs of the times, and considering that she is the heir of Peter the Great's reform, the discerning Catherine II thinks that Russia, which lacks mass education, urgently needs public libraries, and this Russian library for public use is also the national repository. The National Library is a powerful symbol of the Russian Empire, which conforms to the ideas of the Enlightenment. Russian librarians have continued their desire to preserve Russian publications and manuscripts, Russian archives and excellent cultural works from generation to generation. 18 1 1 year, and appointed the first curator a.n. Olenin (1763- 1853). Some basic principles he formulated are still valid today-"for the benefit of people who love learning and enlightenment" and "social enlightenment of Russian citizens" are Olenin's principles. 18 14 65438+10/4, the library is open to the public. In fact, the public library in Petersburg has become the second university in Russia, and most of the immortal figures who have brought honor to Russian science, literature and art are its graduates.
1864, Vladimir Mezhov, a famous bibliographer in the Russian Department of the Library, contacted censors of books, newspapers and other institutions, seeking to make laws to give 1 copy to every publication in the library. As a result of their efforts, 90% of Russian publications were collected from 1864, making the Russian collection the largest in the library.
Since the 65438+1950s, the number of donors has gradually increased, and the library has also managed to obtain a law that allows donors not to pay postage. Every year, the annual report of the library will disclose the list of donors, and newspapers often comment on it, which not only increases the visibility of the library, but also expands the donation team. There was hardly a reading room at that time, but readers flocked to it. Under the leadership of visionary kolff, the library has made great progress. Libraries serve not only experts and scholars, but also those who have no chance to receive education. The purchase, exchange and donation increased the library's collection by 1000 to 2,000 volumes every year, and the library also gained a lot in the Crimean War. With the social reform, in the second half of the19th century, the readership further expanded, the number of businessmen, petty bourgeoisie and farmers increased rapidly, and the number of female readers also increased significantly, from 18% at the end of the 9th century to 28-30% in the 20th century. Most of them are students, accounting for 33% at the beginning of the 20th century. By 19 10, middle school students and college students have become readers of the library. The museum has truly become the second university and research center for Russian scholars, which is under the Ministry of Education at this time. With the increasing number of collections, the health and protection of collections have been put on the agenda. 1934 set up a group, mainly taking sanitary measures, and later gradually evolved into a repair center. 1948, the laboratory was established in the library. In 1950s, laboratory and health/restoration were merged into specialized institutions. At the same time, the setting has also developed, which is divided into: research room, health/pest control group and repair group. Since then, some machines have been developed instead of completely manual operation. With people's attention, the composition of pulp has also changed around the world. Protective measures have also changed. The laboratory tests the durability and biological stability of materials in libraries, archives and museums, and puts the newly designed equipment and facilities into use. The level of professionals has improved, the ranks have expanded, and training and qualification certification have been strengthened. Among the five standards for document protection formulated by the state, three were formulated by the Russian National Library as the host.
According to the order of the Ministry of Culture, the library has implemented the "National Collection Protection Plan", which has generally improved the protection level of the Russian National Library. This involves methods, organization, coordination, training, standard and normative documents, providing experts to inspect the collection and personally participating in the restoration, so a large number of personnel are needed (66-80). 1994- 1997, the center held two international conferences, six training courses and a postgraduate course, and provided methodological consulting support to libraries in various countries. Formulate and implement a complete library collection protection policy;
Put forward the protection theory;
Specific policies for the development of the library;
Collect standard documents in the field of books;
Develop new protection methods and measures;
Establish scientific protection methods;
Continue to establish three regional protection centers and coordinate their functions;
Improve the information, methods and practical support for the protection of collectibles;
Conduct training and education. From 1795, the imperial library began to collect artworks, and these artworks were concentrated in the technology department in the middle of19th century. Due to the expansion of the special collection, the photo department was established in the 1950 s.
/kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, only Oriental Group collected publications in oriental languages and scripts in Russia. Before the revolution, the collection was mainly foreign oriental language materials. After the 1930s, a large number of publications in oriental languages emerged in the Soviet Union, so in 1953, the Ministry was divided into two parts: the Ministry of Domestic Languages and Documentation of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Asian and African Studies, which became independent comprehensive specialized libraries, cataloguing and providing services respectively. :: Ministry of Social Development
Strategic Development Department, Reproduction and Translation Department
Selection and selection department
Ministry of mechanization and automation
Bibliographic reference department
Map Department: The collection of this department began in18th century, when book printing developed rapidly in Russia. It can be said that Peter the Great is its primary stage, and its collection scope includes military topographic maps. There are thousands of foreign design drawings about early St. Petersburg. In addition to delivery, a considerable part of this collection comes from various organizations and even government departments. Such as monasteries, Russian Geographical Society and military topographic mapping departments. At present, the collection is about180,000 pieces. Newspaper department: responsible for collecting domestic and foreign newspapers for nearly two centuries, and providing services and preservation. There are 39 professionals in this department, who are responsible for studying collections, implementing bibliographic control and providing information and bibliographic services.
Photo Department: Due to its special collection, this department was established in 1950s. Responsible for carving artworks for various calligraphy and painting collections: woodcuts, lithographs, popular prints, posters, photos, book tickets, art postcards, practical artworks cataloguing, holding art exhibitions and publishing picture albums.
Public relations service department: 1936, a department established for research/public relations in the field of consulting/bibliographic services. This paper mainly discusses a series of public affairs such as exhibitions, tour guides, conferences and lectures, and discusses scientific methods. Asian and African Literature Department: 1953 was established as an independent comprehensive library department. At that time, the collection of ethnic minorities in the Soviet Union and the Oriental collections were placed in the Soviet Domestic Literature Department and the Asian-African Literature Department under the Oriental Department respectively. In addition to rich works in Chinese, Japanese, Hindi (including Sanskrit), Arabic and Hebrew, the Asian-African Department also collects works in Asian and African languages such as Korean, Vietnamese, Mongolian, Persian and Turkic. This department not only collects, processes and circulates the above-mentioned books and periodicals, but also carries out research work. He also published16-17th Century History of Semite Studies in Europe, Bibliography of Modern Arabic Literature, Bibliography of Indian zhina Phonology, etc.
Printing music score and recording department: one of the authoritative departments in Russia, responsible for collection, processing, cataloging, reference and research. This department is responsible for editing two retrospective joint catalogues:17-20th century national printed books and music catalogue and16-20th century foreign printed books and music catalogue. Bibliography and Regional Studies Department: It consists of National Bibliography Group, Bibliography and Literature Research Group, Historical Bibliography Group and Regional Bibliography Group.
Research and Methods Department: It consists of library management group, reading sociology group, library cause and library service group and collection analysis group.
Manuscripts Department (Slavic Manuscripts, Western Manuscripts, Oriental Manuscripts,18-20th Century Manuscripts)
Library Department: Research Cooperation and Methods Group, Library and Russian National Library History Group, Sociology Group and Information Analysis Group.
Genealogy Institute and Legal Information Center
Federal Preservation Center 2001On March 23rd, the government passed and approved the constitution of the National Library as a federal institution.
function
The Russian National Library provides various services, including information, bibliography, cataloging, interlibrary loan and international book exchange. All library materials, catalogues and central reference libraries are free for users to use in the reading room, and there are other services that are charged or free. Total number of employees: 1596 (1998 438+0).