In the process of understanding and transforming objective things, people not only have various psychological processes such as cognition, emotion and will, but also show everyone's unique psychological characteristics, which constitute people's psychological differences. Those stable and frequent psychological characteristics that people form in daily life are called personality psychological characteristics. Psychological characteristics of personality include temperament, ability and personality.
1 1. What are the four temperament types that people often say, and what are their main performance characteristics?
It is often said that the typical psychological characteristics of the four temperament types are:
Courage: frank and enthusiastic, energetic, impatient, impulsive, witty and quick-thinking, but with poor accuracy, strong emotions and exposure, but not for long.
Bloody: lively and enthusiastic, full of vigor, quick in action, witty and flexible, good at communication and adaptable.
Mucous substance: quiet and steady, slow to respond, taciturn, introverted, not easy to get excited, stable and not easy to shift attention, calm and firm, good at self-control.
Depression: withdrawn behavior, slow response, quick response to things, good at observing details that others easily ignore, and slow but long-lasting emotions. Profound experience and introverted personality.
12, can temperament determine people's social value?
Temperament is a dynamic feature of psychological activities, which cannot determine people's social value. What a person does and how to do it is determined by motivation, desire and belief. Any temperament type has both positive and negative aspects, and the social value of human behavior cannot be evaluated only by temperament type. Any temperament type may become a noble person or a person harmful to society.
What is the ability?
Ability directly affects the efficiency of activities, and the smooth completion of activities is a psychological characteristic of personality. For example, keen observation, stable attention, good memory, profound thinking, etc., ability is gradually formed and developed in practice through the role of environment and education on the basis of heredity. At the same time, it is closely related to one's subjective efforts.
14, what is personality?
Personality refers to a person's stable attitude towards reality and personality characteristics accustomed to behavior, which is the basic characteristic of how a person often treats people, things and himself. It is a unique combination of the essential attributes of a person's psychological outlook and the main aspect that distinguishes people. Once a person's character is formed, it will run through all his behavior activities steadily. So we can predict his performance in a certain situation according to his personality characteristics. Personality shows a person's quality, moral behavior and world outlook, and he has the core significance in personality. Although temperament and ability are both personal characteristics, they cannot reflect the essence of a person's character by the speed of his movements and the level of his ability. Personality is a person's stable attitude and behavior towards objective things. How to look at objective things, and how to look at objective things, show personality in essence. It has direct social significance. Such as loyalty, firmness, diligence and courage, have a positive effect on society; Hypocrisy, treachery, laziness and selfishness all have a negative impact on society. The reason why personality has the core meaning in personality is that other aspects of personality, such as temperament, how to express ability and the degree of performance, are all based on personality.
15, what is the relationship between personality and temperament?
Personality and temperament belong to two different conceptual categories. However, due to the complex relationship between personality and temperament, people often confuse them in real life. For example, some people describe the temperament characteristics of liveliness, impatience and slow heat as personality. And describe the personality characteristics of "honest and steady" and "meticulous" as temperament. In fact, the two are both different and closely related. Personality is formed under certain social conditions and in a specific living environment. In the personality structure, outlook on life, values and moral quality play a major role, so under different social life conditions, people's personality characteristics are obviously different. Temperament is determined by the characteristics of neural activity types, and it is more congenital, so people's temperament may show the same characteristics under different living conditions. Temperament affects the formation and development of personality, and personality can cover up and improve temperament.
16. What is the relationship between personality and ability?
Personality and ability are closely related. First of all, personality characteristics have a certain restrictive effect on the development of ability. For example, good personality qualities such as seriousness, diligence, enthusiasm, modesty, firmness, self-confidence, sense of responsibility and enterprising spirit can all promote the formation and development of ability. At the same time, excellent personality traits can often make up for the lack of certain abilities. As the saying goes, "Diligence can make up for mistakes", "Stupid birds fly first and enter the forest early" and so on are just the compensation function of diligence, a personality trait, and a defect in the team's ability. Bad personality traits, such as carelessness, laziness, indifference to eyes, perfunctory, arrogance, will hinder the development of ability, and even the decline of ability. Secondly, personality and ability are often formed in the same activity. People participate in various psychological activities in every activity, and a series of changes such as physical strength, intelligence and personality occur at the same time.
17. What are the characteristics of a person's personality?
Personality is made up of many components or characteristics. The structure is very complicated. Usually, the structure of personality is divided into four aspects, namely, personality characteristics of attitude towards reality, will characteristics of personality, emotional characteristics of personality and rational characteristics of personality.
18, what are the personality characteristics of the attitude towards reality?
Attitudes towards society, the collective, others, labor, work and oneself are the personality characteristics of realistic attitudes. Such as compassion, diligence or laziness, self-discipline or indulgence.
19, what is the will of character?
People's will is manifested in the regulation and control of their own behavior, and the personality characteristics corresponding to people's will are called the will characteristics of personality, including the following aspects:
(1) consciousness. Have a clear understanding of the purpose and significance of your actions, and make your actions obey and consciously determine the purpose. On the contrary, personality characteristics are impulsive, blind, rash and arbitrary.
(2) Decisive. Refers to the ability to identify the situation and make correct decisions in an emergency. On the contrary, the personality is arbitrary or indecisive.
(3) Perseverance. Adhere to the expected purpose. Persevere in overcoming difficulties and obstacles, not afraid of setbacks and failures, and never give up until you reach your goal. On the contrary, personality traits are often manifested as vacillating actions, unable to bear setbacks and difficulties, frustrated and depressed in the face of difficulties. Therefore, I have accomplished nothing in my career.
(4) self-control. This is a personality trait, which is manifested in dominating and controlling one's own behavior. Such as calm, calm, etc. The opposite personality characteristics are willfulness, frustration, cowardice and impulsiveness.
20. What are the emotional characteristics of personality?
The emotional characteristics of personality are manifested in four aspects, specifically:
(1) Explain the extent to which emotions affect people's behavior and the extent to which emotions are controlled by will. For example, some people are energetic and passionate. And some people's emotional experience is relatively weak, and their emotions are calm and indifferent.
(2) Personality characteristics of emotional stability: the degree to which a person's emotions fluctuate and fluctuate due to changes in external conditions. If someone is in the face of major events, his mood is relatively stable and easy to control; But some people are easily excited, have weak emotional control and have great emotional ups and downs.
(3) Personality characteristics of emotional persistence. It is manifested in the time of emotional activities and the long-term impact on the body, work and life; If you encounter the same sad event, some people will last for a short time and have a short-term impact on their health, work and life.
(4) Personality characteristics of dominant emotions. Refers to the stable performance of different dominant emotions in a person, such as some people are often happy, some people are often depressed, some people are often quiet, and some people are often uneasy and excited. Different dominant emotions obviously reflect different personality characteristics.
◆ Classic quotations of psychology
First of all, the history of psychology
History of Psychology/Li Hei
1. Psychology has a long past, a short history and an uncertain future. If psychologists can define different research objects and study them separately in the way required by this research object-without exaggerating the idea that it can finally explain everything-then psychology can stop.
2. The author points out that the leaders of adaptive psychology take the latter ideological route. The problems of species and objects are interrelated. If the species are very different, then the study of different species requires different individuals to adapt to psychology. On the contrary, if the species difference is small, the same individual learning rule can be applied to all individuals regardless of the species difference.
3. Freud's psychotherapy-psychoanalysis-gave birth to many contemporary psychotherapy. To some extent, it can be said that Freud's unconscious psychology is a supplement to Feng Te's psychology, but unconscious psychology has a much greater influence than Feng Te's psychology, and its life span is much longer.
History of Modern Psychology/Schultz
1. There are indeed great men in history, and their existence is beyond doubt. Great people grow up in their time and region. They are symbols and products of historical events, and they are representatives and voices of history. If there is no need for a new response, his new ideas will be out of date and impossible to implement. But at the same time, there are also major events, which are intertwined and influence each other.
The spirit of the times seems to play a major role, because no matter how great a man is, if he is too far away from the atmosphere of his time, then he and his views will be unknown.
The basic ideas of 3.65438+7th century cultivated the philosophy of new psychology, that is, the spirit of mechanism, and imagined the world as a "huge machine". What we are discussing is the spirit of the times from17th century to19th century, which provides knowledge soil for cultivating psychology.
4. Humanistic psychology opposes imagining people as machines and allowing subjective experience (consciousness) as a legal part of psychological research objects. Consistent with this, it denies completely objective and mechanical research objects and allows subjectivity to enter science.
Second, the content psychology school
Essays on Human and Animal Psychology/William Feng T.
1. This step from association to strict wisdom is undoubtedly the longest step in psychological evolution. It is impossible for any higher animal below human beings to cross this extremely important step because of the general characteristics of its physiology and body tissue.
2. Muscle movement reflex means that every feeling with strong enough intensity and not offset by the opposite influence has a muscle movement track.
3. The generation of dreams is related to the sensory stimulation during sleep, which causes the activities of some ideas in memory, thus generating dreams. The mechanism of sleepwalking is the same, but in the sleepwalking state, the attack not only causes the activity of ideas, but also causes the activity of will. Dreams are a temporary mental illness, but dreams are normal for ordinary people, and everyone will have this temporary mental illness.
4. The anthropomorphic view does not regard the psychological process as the psychological process itself from an objective point of view, but imposes the observer's point of view on the psychological process and projects the observer's imagination and motivation to animals. This is one of the biggest disadvantages of personification.
5. Emotion and will are closely intertwined and closely linked with ideas. The distinction between these processes only exists in the abstract process of psychological research and has no realistic basis. Emotion can be transformed into impulse, impulse can be transformed into volitional behavior, and the object pointed by volitional behavior becomes the source of ideas.
Third, behaviorist psychology.
Human learning/R.L. Thorndike
1. Psychology is the human contact system. Learning is contact. In essence, purpose, like other things, is mechanical. I have read the facts reported by psychologists about adaptation, structure, integration, purpose and tension. As far as all these facts that affect the thinking process or emotions or activities are concerned, in my opinion, they can be simplified as connections.
2. Psychologically speaking, what lies between internal reactions is the reaction of emphasis and inhibition, the reaction of differentiation and connection, the reaction of welcome and rejection, and the reaction of guiding and cooperating with other reactions. Physiologically, thousands of related neurons are also moving, and they are also receiving and transmitting information to each other. They don't just stand by and watch, or pitifully capture some information from sensory neurons and then transmit it to motor neurons as soon as possible.
3. If a nerve conduction unit is not ready to conduct, but forced to conduct under compulsory conditions, learners will feel disgusted; If a nerve conduction unit is ready to conduct such conduction, but it is not, the learner will feel annoyed; If a nerve conduction unit is ready to conduct such conduction, and it is indeed such conduction, learners will be satisfied.
Measurement and Evaluation of Psychology and Education/R.L. Thorndike, E.P. Hagen
1. Maybe people will say that knowledge is necessary, but knowledge alone is not enough to make an informed decision. Regarding measurement, the more appropriate and accurate the information, the better the decision. This proposition depends on faith to some extent. People believe that the more you know about the situation, the better people can cope with it. Explain that ignorance is not a blessing but a curse. Of course, information cannot be equated with intelligence. Knowing more about the situation and knowing it accurately can't guarantee that a person is smart.
2. The information user must collect and combine the information obtained from measurement and other sources, and he must also provide the value basis for the final decision. The wisdom of decision makers is decisive. In the final analysis, although measurement can provide useful information input, relevant information users still play a key role.
3. Measuring tools and procedures can provide people with an important set of tools to improve information and promote decision-making. Many evidences prove that the traditional decision-making basis can be said to be subjective, biased and unreliable. Although the means of educational psychological measurement is not perfect, the credibility and effectiveness of the information needed for decision-making can be greatly improved by carefully designing and formulating the means of educational psychological measurement.
Science and Human Behavior/Berkhos Frederick Skinner
1. Once a habit or lifestyle appears, it seems that the social system will maintain itself reasonably.
2. Benign cultural practices are often the characteristics of group morality, which can survive and thus make these practices last forever. The resulting behavior will affect the success of this group in the competition with other groups or with non-social environment. Some cultural practices can be said to have genetic survival value, while others are fatal. In short, a particular culture is a behavioral experiment. It is a series of special conditions for many people to grow up and live. These conditions have produced various behavior patterns, namely cultural characteristics.
3. For human beings, a small part of happiness, kindness, sadness, fear, love and hate in emotional experience is a secret. But people don't need to assume that the events that happen inside the organism will have unique properties for personal reasons. A secret event may be distinguished by its limited accessibility, but as far as people know, it does not have any unique structure and nature. The problem of secrecy will eventually be solved with the progress of technology.
4. In this case, if a group is unhappy, it is more likely to survive; Or if most members of the group succumb to slavery, then the group is more likely to survive.
Beyond Freedom and Dignity/Berkhos Frederick Skinner
1. both value judgment and moral norms should belong to the category of scientific research. The value judgment of "you should tell the truth" is actually a statement of the fact that if you tell the truth, you can get positive reinforcement; The moral principle of "don't steal" just says: If you steal, you will be punished.
2. If an easily reinforced behavior is excessively suppressed, it may lead the suppressed person to betray the punished group. Facts have proved that prohibition of alcohol can not control the supply of alcohol, and isolation of the opposite sex may lead to harmful homosexuality.
3. The traditional humanistic research fails to recognize this point, and mistakenly thinks that the good and evil expressed by people in language are their inherent values and moral feelings. Therefore, blindly using subjective conscience and sense of good and evil to explain people's value and morality will inevitably lead to a dead end of "spiritualism".
Social Learning Theory/albert bandura
1. Psychology can't help telling people how to spend their lives, but it can provide people with the means to influence personal changes and social changes. In addition, it can help them evaluate the alternative lifestyles and the consequences of social management, and then make value choices.
2. The value of psychological theory is ultimately judged by the role of its methods and steps in influencing psychological changes. On the other hand, other sciences are evaluated according to what knowledge they use to make predictions and possible contributions to technological innovation.
3. A complete behavior theory must be able to explain how those behavior patterns are obtained and how their performances are constantly regulated by self-generation and external interaction.
4. The ability of sexual behavior is rooted in symbolic activities. The ability to use symbols provides an effective tool for human beings to deal with the environment. People process and preserve the acquired experience in the form of representation through language and imaginary symbols, so as to know the future behavior.
Fourth, Gestalt Psychology School.
Sensory analysis/ernst mach
1. In my opinion, it is time to further study the psychological process accompanying this voluntary exercise. Because, for the subject of reflective movement, the difference between voluntary movement and reflective movement is that the subject thinks that the decisive factor of voluntary movement is the appearance of its inherent expected behavior.
Children's innocence makes us relaxed and happy, and almost always gives us the impression of genius. However, this impression usually disappears soon, and we realize that adults are used to returning to freedom, and children are characterized by lack of fixity. In fact, if children gain the ability to adapt to the environment beyond adolescence and the freedom to break the rules, they can become geniuses.
We know from self-observation that there are abundant superficial life in human beings. The appearance is different from the general feeling, because the strength of the appearance is very small, but it is mainly unstable. The appearance of this kind of life fully illustrates the relationship between various parts of the organism, and some of its beginnings are indeed in the low stage of animal evolution series. However, there must be a tense relationship between all parts of an organ, and there is such a relationship, which is similar to the relationship between all parts of the whole organism.
Cognition and Fallacy/ernst mach
1. I am always willing to wander in fields close to my major, especially philosophy, because as a "weekend hunter", I am extremely interested in these fields. In this process, if I am lucky enough to find that my scientific position is being known by scientists such as Arvinarius and Shu Pei. The position of Qi Heng and others is different from their young colleagues such as Cornelius, Peter von, Peter Chute and Schubert Sodell, and also different from some famous scientists, so this lies in the nature of contemporary philosophy, that is, my point of view leads me to completely get rid of other important philosophers.
I have made it clear that I am not a philosopher, but a scientist. So, in any case, if I am often rashly counted among philosophers to some extent, then this mistake is not my fault. In my opinion, the transcendental field is closed. Moreover, if I frankly emphasize that its residents can't even arouse my curiosity, then the huge gap between myself and many philosophers becomes obvious. But obviously, I don't want to be a scientist who blindly entrusts himself to a single philosopher, and Moliere's doctor may ask his patients like this.
I value our agreement because Andy achieved the same result completely independently. For him, it seems to be the only correct method and the most effective method in teaching to put forward the historical method and the generation method of physics theory. These are ideas that I have advocated for more than 30 years.
Principles of Gestalt Psychology/Kaufka
1. When people talk about personality, they always think of the self in this culture-that is, the self determined by this social framework. People already know that ego is a part of "me", and its nature depends on the kind of "person" it belongs to. However, the product of the cultural-social framework is very important for self-development.
2. The difference between the city and the countryside is the gestalt power of the group. The strength of group gestalt varies greatly in different civilizations. The stronger the group, the more dependent the behavior and all states of these components are on the relationships of other components.
3. An action may release a kind of pressure in a self-system, which was separated from other parts of the self at that time and was completely under the command of the actor, so the result of this action may change the whole life of this medium. The smallest action may have a great impact.
4. The dynamic situation is very complicated. In this dynamic situation, the power of self-object may play an important role in controlling the executors. It doesn't seem to be an appropriate explanation to think that escape comes from the pre-existing state of timidity and that fighting comes from the pre-existing state of attack.
Principles of Topological Psychology/Kurt Lewin
1. Because the statement of human internal organization is based on dynamic relations, the region equivalent to the highest degree of dynamic unity is taken as the element of reasoning. The parts of these areas are closely related, and the change of each part can cause the change of other parts. Therefore, these areas are movement units or gestalt.
2. For modern mathematics, it doesn't matter what the nature of things in mathematical space is, what matters is only the possibility of some kind of relationship and some kind of activity. So as far as mathematics is concerned, we can use the spatial concept of mathematics to describe psychological facts. In order to solve whether psychological facts or facts with psychological influence reveal the relationship of space, we must first go back and discuss the concept of space in mathematics.
3. There is no completely fixed relationship between the marginal layer or the central layer of the internal area of personality and the degree of connection and the difficulty of expression. This relationship depends on the state and nature of people at that time.
4. An organization with personality can last for a long time. However, changes in the general environment, such as falling in love with others, being influenced by others, or other important events, can also cause long or short organizational changes. The degree of dynamic connection between different parts of personality is almost equal in the whole area of personality, otherwise, some areas will be almost completely isolated from other areas and develop relatively independently, which can be seen in normal people and seems to be the cause of some mental diseases.