Basic Introduction Chinese Name: Housing English: Housing Chinese Pinyin: zhùfáng Meaning: Housing introduction for people to live, live or work, functional classification, problems faced, housing depth, total floors, security system, connotation, significance, secondary housing reform, three housing systems, housing types and functional classification bedroom introduction.
A place for residents to sleep and rest. Living room (hall)
Space for residents to receive visitors, entertain, gather/rest, etc. kitchen
A space for residents to cook. lavatory
Space for residents to bathe and wash their hands. Utilization area
The actual use area of the room does not include the area of walls, columns and other structural structures and insulation layers. Xing Tao
Complete sets of housing types composed of different use areas and living spaces. Floor height
The vertical distance between upper and lower floors or floors and the ground. That is, the height of a one-story house. 1987 issued the "modular coordination standard for residential buildings", which clearly stipulates that the parameters adopted for the height of brick-concrete residential buildings are: 2.6m, 2.7m, 2.8m ... indoor clear height.
The vertical distance between the floor or floor and the bottom of the upper floor or ceiling. The relationship between clear height and floor height can be expressed by formula: clear height = floor height-floor thickness. That is, the difference between floor height and floor thickness is called "clear height".
Indoor clear height adjustment:
According to the Code for Residential Design 1999 issued by the Ministry of Construction on March 25th, the indoor clear height refers to the vertical distance between the floor or ground and the bottom of the upper floor or ceiling. Among them, the indoor clear height of bedroom and living room (hall) should not be less than 2.40m, the local clear height should not be less than 2. 10m, and its area should not be greater than 1/3 of the indoor usable area. When the space in the sloping roof is used as a bedroom and living room (hall), the indoor clear height of 1/2 area should not be less than 2 2. 10/0m. The indoor clear height of the kitchen and bathroom should not be less than 2.20m. The clear distance between the lower surface of the horizontal drainage pipe of the kitchen and bathroom and the floor and ground should not be less than 1.90m, and it will not affect the opening of the door and window sash. uptown
The width of the house is the width of the house. In the "Modular Coordination Standard of Residential Buildings" issued by 1987, there are strict regulations on the design of residential bay. The following parameters are commonly used in the opening of brick-concrete houses: 2. 1m, 2.4m, 2.7m, 3.0m, 3.3m, 3.6m, 3.9m and 4.2m Facing the problems, the current regulation and control of the real estate industry focuses on curbing investment and speculation, which is a palliative rather than a permanent cure. Simple suppression will lead to a decrease in supply. Under the current interest pattern, it will affect the finance of * * *, which is unsustainable. There is a lot of hot money in the society, which exists objectively (nearly one trillion in Wenzhou alone), and it will come back if there is any trouble. Once back, the house price is still out of control. Therefore, the fundamental solution is to increase the supply of housing, but only increasing the supply of affordable housing and commercial housing still cannot solve the problem of middle-income people. We must consider reforming the housing system and adding a third supply channel to fundamentally solve the housing problem of urban residents. The depth of the enclosure refers to the actual length of the enclosure. In the "Modular Coordination Standard for Residential Buildings" implemented by 1987, the common parameters of the depth of brick-concrete residential buildings are clearly defined: 3.0m, 3.3m, 3.6m, 3.9m, 4.2m, 4.5m, 4.8m, 5. 1m, 5.4m, 5.7m, 6.7m .. platform
A part of the owner's roof or the bottom floor of a house that extends outside the door for residents to engage in outdoor activities. roof-deck
Generally speaking, it refers to the large balcony made of the roof platform or other floors in the house due to the structural requirements of the building. Because of its large area and no roof above it, it is called a terrace. corridor
Horizontal traffic space in residential apartments. Closet closet
Floor-to-floor storage space composed of the interior and walls of the house. niche
Use local space with wall thickness to store daily necessities. wall cupboard
Storage space on the upper part of the shell. Duplex apartment
The internal space spans two or more floors. corridor
Horizontal traffic space outside the residential suite. The house is overhead.
Refers to buildings that support objects overhead on the ground floor, and the overhead part is generally a passage, water area or slope. loft
Refers to the hidden building located on the natural floor, which is added or built by using the upper space of the house or the herringbone roof truss, and the use area is smaller than the construction area, regardless of the level. balcony
Refers to a building built beside a road with a part of the ground floor as a sidewalk. Unit residence
Refers to dividing the whole architectural design into several parts that can be sold or rented independently and various parts with specific functions. Such as commercial housing, demolition and resettlement houses, comprehensive buildings and other types. Flags or streamers used in ancient China.
Refers to independent houses with the same structure and different levels. porch
Generally speaking, it refers to a building that connects the building wall, has a retaining structure and a countertop as a passage. Generally do not have the corresponding conditions to constitute a "house". colonnade
Buildings for people to pass through, such as corridors and cloisters, have roofs, verandahs, columns or two walls. Undereaves gallery
Under the eaves, there is a roof, a balcony and a prominent part as a passage connected with the building. Choose a gallery
Pick the wall of the house, with a roof, a fence (such as a railing), a passage, and no pillars. antechamber
Refers to the connection between buildings, with a roof, a balcony, and some form of passage. On the ground, it is called a porch or corridor, a cloister; Above the ground and above the second floor are called overhead corridors. porch
Refers to the protruding passage in front of the building, with roof and balcony. Such as doorways, rain shields, awnings, etc. balcony
Generally speaking, it refers to a space with permanent cover, enclosure structure, table top, which is connected with the house and can be used for outdoor activities and drying clothes. According to its closeness, it can be divided into non-closed balcony and closed balcony; According to its relationship with the main wall, it is divided into concave balcony and convex balcony; According to its spatial position, it is divided into bottom balcony and pick balcony. Closed balcony: closed in original design and completion. Non-closed balcony: the balcony that was not closed after the original design or completion. Concave balcony: a balcony recessed into the outer wall (column) of a floor. Convex balcony: the balcony with the external wall (column) of the floor picked out. Balcony on the ground floor: the balcony on the first floor of a house. Balcony: The total number of balcony floors above the second floor (including the second floor) of the house is the sum of the upper ground floor and the lower ground floor. The number of floors where the house is located refers to the level of the house. The number of floors above the outdoor terrace of the lighting window is represented by a natural number, and the number of underground floors is represented by a negative number. 2.20 meters above (including) the calculation of the number of floors of the building. The ground floor of a house.
Generally calculated according to the above indoor floors; If the lighting window is in the semi-basement above the outdoor terrace and the indoor floor height is above 2.20m (inclusive), the number of floors above the ground shall be calculated. The underground floor of a building
Refers to the number of basement floors with lighting windows below the outdoor terrace and indoor floors above 2.20m (inclusive). Natural layer
Generally speaking, it refers to the standard floor with a height of more than 2.28 meters and the residence with a height of more than 2.70 meters. Technical layer
Refers to the natural ground of a building, which is used to install water, electricity, heating, sanitation and other equipment. Accessory layer (interlayer)
Refers to the interlayer between natural layers. False layer
Refers to the informal layer above the natural layer, the height of which does not exceed 2.20 meters, regardless of the number of layers, such as the roof layer. Refuge floor
A floor used as a fire escape in a high-rise building. Natural floor
Number of floors divided by floor and floor structure. sandwich
The middle floor between the top floor and the entrance. index level
Residential floors with the same layout. Structure (equipment) transfer floor
The upper and lower parts of the first floor of a building have different plane use functions, and the upper and lower parts of this floor adopt different types of structures (equipment), which are converted through the floor, so this floor is called the structure (equipment) transfer floor. Security system "homestead" and "welfare housing distribution" are both concrete forms of housing security system. They are systems that guarantee "everyone has a house to live in" at a low level of productivity. Relying on the market to allocate housing resources does not mean that everyone can only rely on their own income to buy a house to live in, nor does it mean that everyone can only rely on market competition and independent decentralized decision-making to obtain housing. Under the condition of market economy, in order to ensure that everyone has a house to live in, * * * should implement some special policies and measures to help those groups who rely solely on the market to solve their housing difficulties. This policy system is collectively called the housing security system. Housing security system, unemployment security, old-age security and medical security are all components of the social security system. Housing housing security system, simply put, is that in the social development, people who can't afford to buy a house should ensure that they have a house to live in. This is the lowest goal of civilized society. Because housing is a necessary condition for human survival. This is a "public product" that * * must provide in a market economy. Under the condition of China's socialist market economy, there are many forms of housing security. Villagers build their own houses on the collectively divided "homestead". Citizen classification solution: high-income people buy commercial housing for the market; Low-and middle-income people buy affordable housing or buy "second-limited housing"; The lowest-income people rent low-rent housing provided by * *. Connotation From a realistic point of view, China's housing security has the following connotations: (1) Housing accumulation fund. (2) Housing monetary subsidies. (3) Affordable housing. (4) low-rent housing. (5) "two limited rooms". That is, the highest price, limited area of ordinary commercial housing. The above aspects are only in terms of general housing security. China is a big country with unbalanced development. Starting from the specific national conditions, housing security needs special circumstances and special policies. For example, how to solve their housing problems in the process of transferring a large number of rural surplus labor to cities and towns; In the old city reconstruction and real estate development, a large number of housing demolition caused some low-income relocated households to be unable to buy back new commercial housing; Housing problems in old industrial bases with high social unemployment rate and obviously lagging housing improvement speed. These problems are all aspects that need our in-depth study and improvement as soon as possible. The core content of the second housing reform in China is to establish that housing is a quasi-public product, and the basic direction is to provide housing services dominated by * * *. To sum up, it is "three sets of housing systems, three ways of land supply and three teams participating" (three-thirds system). Three sets of housing systems Three sets of housing systems refer to the affordable housing system for low-income people, the public housing and public rental housing system for middle-income families, and the commodity housing system for high-income families. The corresponding three types of land supply methods are * * * allocation, "four fixed and two competitive" bidding land and "bidding, auction and hanging" of commercial housing. Among them, setting land price, building standard, tax rate, 5% profit rate, competitive housing price and competitive construction scheme are the necessary conditions to realize the second housing reform, and the fundamental purpose is to solve the sandwich problem of the middle class. There are many kinds of houses, mainly divided into high-grade houses, ordinary houses, apartments and townhouses. Houses (1) are classified according to the building height, which are mainly divided into low-rise houses such as low-rise, multi-storey, small high-rise, high-rise and super-high-rise buildings, mainly referring to (one household) detached houses, (two households) vertical houses and (many households) townhouses. Compared with multi-storey and high-rise houses, low-rise houses have the most natural affinity (often with special residential courtyards) and are suitable for children or the elderly. There is little interference between residents and a pleasant living atmosphere. Although this kind of residence is loved by residents, it is limited in the total supply due to the objective conditions such as land price and utilization efficiency, high politics and supporting facilities, scale and location. Multi-storey residence is the most representative urban collective residence, which mainly depends on the vertical traffic of public stairs. Compared with middle and high-rise buildings (small high-rise buildings) and high-rise buildings, it has certain advantages: 1) In terms of construction investment, multi-storey buildings do not need to increase the investment in elevators, high-pressure pumps and public walkways like middle and high-rise buildings. 2) In terms of apartment design, multi-storey residential apartment design space is relatively large and living comfort is high. 3) In structural construction, multi-storey houses usually adopt brick-concrete structure, so the construction cost of multi-storey houses is generally low. However, there are also some shortcomings in multi-storey residential buildings, mainly as follows: 1) The living conditions of the bottom and top floors are not ideal, the safety and lighting of the residents at the bottom floor are poor, and the bathroom is prone to overflow and smell; The top floor residents are inconvenient to get on and off because there is no elevator. In addition, the roof has poor heat insulation and water resistance. 2) Innovation is difficult. Due to the stereotyped design and construction technology, it is difficult to innovate in the structure, building materials selection and spatial layout of multi-storey houses, resulting in the disadvantages of "one thousand buildings on one side". If we want to innovate, we need to increase investment and lose the advantages in price and cost. There are many plane types of multi-storey houses, the basic types are stairs, corridors and independent units. Small high-rise residential buildings mainly refer to collective residential buildings with floors 7 to 10. From a height point of view, there is a multi-storey residential atmosphere, but it is also a low high-rise residential, so it is called a small high-rise. For this small high-rise launched by the market, it seems to be a middle road between multi-storey and high-rise. Compared with multi-storey buildings, this small high-rise building has its own characteristics: 1) The floor area ratio of buildings is higher than that of multi-storey buildings, which saves land, and the investment cost of real estate developers is lower than that of multi-storey buildings. 2) The building structure of this kind of small high-rise residence mostly adopts reinforced concrete structure. From the plane layout of building structure, plate structure is mostly used, which has a large design space in terms of apartment type. 3) Because of the design of the elevator, the floor is not very high, which increases the comfort of living. However, due to the limitation of floor area ratio, the price of small and high-rise buildings is generally higher than that of high-rise buildings in the same lot, which requires developers to spend more time on improving quality. (2) According to the structural form of the building, it is mainly divided into brick-wood structure, brick-concrete structure, steel-concrete frame structure, steel-concrete shear wall structure, steel-concrete frame-shear wall structure and steel structure. (3) According to the classification of architectural forms, it is mainly divided into low-rise houses, multi-storey houses, medium-high-rise houses, high-rise houses and other forms of houses. (4) According to the types of houses, they are mainly divided into ordinary units, apartments, duplex houses, duplex houses, garden houses, small-sized houses (super-small-sized houses) and so on. (5) According to the classification of housing policy attributes, it is mainly divided into low-rent housing, purchased public housing (reformed housing), affordable housing and housing cooperatives to raise funds to build houses.