In the early years of Wanli, four gifted scholars, Chen, Luo, Zhang and Ai, were born. They read a lot of poems, classics and history. Although they are politically frustrated and have low social status, they are physically and mentally connected, and "the same is fun, and the difference is fun."
Chen (1567- 164 1) was born in Linchuan, an ancient prose writer in the late Ming Dynasty. In the second year of Chongzhen (1629), he paid tribute, and in the second year, after having obtained the provincial examination, he was a 68-year-old scholar. He has been smart and studious since he was a child. When I was five or six years old, I could recite The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, University and The Doctrine of the Mean. /kloc-when I was 0/0 years old, I saw a Book of Songs among other people's waste papers. I took it and left in a hurry. I still lived on a high hill and recited it, which made me never forget. In his later years, he got an official position, but unfortunately his ambition was not revealed, so that in the thirteenth year of Chongzhen (1640), he was ordered to protect his old friend Cai, and when he returned to the south with the coffin, he died on the way to Jining. He is the author of The Four Books Reader, The Five Classics Reader, The Book of Changes Interpretation, and The Simple Explanation of Zhouyi. His collections include Taiyi Mountain House Collection, Wu Ji Collection and Hushan Collection.
Luo wanzao (? -1647), the word Wen Zhi, a native of Tengqiao, Linchuan, was an ancient prose writer in the late Ming Dynasty. When I was a child, I worshipped Tang Xianzu as a teacher and read widely. I learned it from him in the seventh year of the Apocalypse (1627). He used to be magistrate of a county in Shanghang County, Zhejiang Province, and director of the etiquette department. At that time, the Ming dynasty was politically corrupt, the country was weak and the people were poor, there was chaos everywhere, and the Qing soldiers entered the customs. He is worried about the country and the people. He has a close relationship with Ai Nanying. After Ai died, he was deeply saddened and died a few months later. Luo Wanzao, Chen, Zhang Shichun and Ai Nanying formed the "Zhang Yu Society", which is also called "Linchuan Four Talents". His knowledge is unparalleled. At that time, Wen Jian was clean and delicate, including the words of a hundred schools of thought. This article is very attractive and can get to the point. His works include Temple Collection and Thirteen Classics, which are included in the Catalogue of Siku Quanshu.
Zhang Shichun (1575- 1644) was born in Linchuan Arrow (now under the jurisdiction of Fengcheng County). The first year of the apocalypse (162 1) was awarded to Confucius, a famous academician in Beijing. Successively served as Tianchang County Magistrate, imperial academy Zheng Xue and Liuzhou Magistrate. Loyal to the Ming dynasty, he wrote to ask for instructions on military affairs, and strongly advocated "restoring the power of the state county to make it for personal use and at his own expense", but it was not adopted, and finally Nanjun was broken. When Chongzhen people reached middle age and Zhang Shichun was appointed as the magistrate of Liuzhou, he was already seventy years old. When I heard that the capital was occupied by Manchu, I fell ill and died in Liuzhou. Zhang Shichun's article attacked the differences and said something meaningful. His works include six volumes of Si Shu Li Shu (included in Si Ku Quan Shu) and twelve volumes of Xi Yi Bao (included in Zhang Yu Series). Other books that have been separated from books and have not been separated from books are listed in Si Ku Quan Shu General Catalogue.
Ai Nanying (1583- 1646), a native of Linchuan Xinji (now under the jurisdiction of Dongxiang), was an essayist and literary critic in the late Ming Dynasty. He was gifted from an early age and received a good family education. Seven-year-old literate, writing seven sages of bamboo forest. As an adult, he is even more studious and well-read, which makes his reputation spread far and wide and can be learned throughout the country. In the fourth year of the Apocalypse (1624), he was promoted. He led the establishment of the Zhang Yu Institution. After the Qing soldiers went south, they went to Fujian to see the Tang King. Chen's "ten things to worry about" was given to the Ministry of War, and later he changed the suggestion. He died in Yanping soon. Ai Nanying and fellow villagers Zhang Shichun, Luo Wanzao, Chen, etc. take it as their responsibility to advocate simple and elegant articles, advocate that poetry should reflect true feelings, and oppose imitating the old saying that "literature must be in Qin and Han Dynasties" and pursuing the difficult style of writing after the Six Dynasties. These ideas became the forerunner of Tongcheng School's literary theory in Qing Dynasty. They also carved four articles for the world. When people lived in them, they called them "Jiangyou Four Families" or "Luo Chen Zhang Ai". The subset of heavenly servants was banned in the Qing Dynasty, and the annotation of Gong Yu was a geographical annotation, which was kept in the catalogue of Sikuquanshu. In addition, he edited more than 1000 volumes of ancient and modern history, but all of them were destroyed by fire.
Qu Yuan-the first great patriotic poet in the history of literature
Chu people were outstanding politicians and patriotic poets at the end of the Warring States period. The name is flat and the word is original. Chu Wuwang Xiong Tong's son Qu Xian's descendants. Danyang (now Zigui, Hubei) people.
Qu Yuan experienced three periods in his life: Chu Weiwang, Chu Huaiwang and King Xiang of Qing Dynasty, and his main activities were in the period of Chu Huaiwang. This period is the eve of China's imminent reunification. "Qin Huang is horizontal, Chu Wang is vertical." Qu was born in a famous family, good at dealing with chaos and rhetoric, and was highly valued in his early years. He was a doctor of Zuotu. In order to realize the great cause of Chu's reunification, Qu Yuan actively assisted in the reform to strengthen the country, and insisted on uniting Qi with foreign countries to resist Qin, which once made Chu rich and strong. However, due to the sharp contradiction between Qu Yuan and the decadent aristocratic group of Chu State in internal affairs and diplomacy, and the jealousy of Shangguan doctor and others, Qu Yuan was later framed by a clique and alienated by Chu Huaiwang.
In the fifteenth year of Wang Huai (the first 304 years), from Qin to Chu, Zhang Yi bribed Shanxi merchants, Zilan, Zheng Xiu and others as spies with huge sums of money, and at the same time deceived Wang Huai with "offering merchants for 600 miles", which led to the breaking of diplomatic relations between Qi and Chu. After being deceived, he became angry from embarrassment and sent troops to Qin twice, both of which were defeated. Therefore, Qu Yuan was ordered to send an envoy to Qi State to rebuild the friendship between Qi and Chu. Once again, Zhang Yi failed to disintegrate the Qi-Chu alliance from Qin to Chu. In twenty-four years, Qin Chu formed an alliance with Huang Ci, and Chu was completely embraced by the State of Qin. Qu Yuan was also expelled from the capital and moved to the Northern Han Dynasty.
Thirty years after Wang Huai, Qu Yuan returned to Du Ying. In the same year, Qin made an appointment with the military attache, was detained by Qin, and finally died in Qin. After Wang Xiang ascended the throne, he continued to implement the policy of surrender. Qu Yuan was once again expelled from Ying Capital and exiled to the south of the Yangtze River, and was displaced between Yuan and Xiang. In the twenty-first year of King Xiang of Qing Dynasty (278 BC), General Qin attacked Yingdu in vain, and Qu Yuan threw himself into the Miluo River in anger and died for his political ideal.
Qu Yuan's works include Li Sao, Tian Wen, Nine Songs (1 1), Nine Chapters (9) and Evocation, with a total of 23 articles. In addition, whether Buju and Fisherman were written by Qu Yuan is still controversial in academic circles. Among them, Li Sao is Qu Yuan's masterpiece and the longest romantic political lyric poem in the history of ancient China literature. Tian Wen is a rare and peculiar poem in ancient and modern times. It asked 172 questions to heaven continuously, involving astronomy, geography, literature, philosophy and many other fields, which showed the poet's bold suspicion of traditional ideas and scientific spirit of pursuing truth. "Nine Songs" is a set of music songs based on folk songs to worship the gods. There are a lot of gods in the poem, most of which are love songs.
Qu Yuan's works record his persistence in the ideal of "beautiful politics" and his struggle against the decadent aristocratic groups in Chu. His ideal of "beautiful politics" is reflected in his works, that is, "cultivating talents and empowering them, but doing things without being equal" (Li Sao). The so-called "promoting talents and empowering" is to select truly talented people to govern the country, oppose the secular world, and limit the monopoly of the old aristocracy on power. He also took the historical stories of Fu Shuo, the slave, Lv Wang, the butcher and Ning Qi, the vendor, as examples to illustrate the rationality of selecting talents regardless of their status. The so-called "following the rope without being rude" means practicing the law, that is, the law is not expensive and limiting the privileges of the old nobles. Qu Yuan's ideal of "beautiful politics" reflects his sharp opposition to the decadent aristocratic groups in Chu, and expresses his progressive demand of getting rid of bad politics. Its ultimate goal is to save the motherland from peril and make Chu embark on the road of prosperity. Related to this, Qu Yuan's works also profoundly exposed the darkness of Chu politics, the decay of Chu aristocratic groups and the fatuity of Chu kings, and showed his fighting spirit of adhering to the ideal of "beautiful politics", insisting on moral integrity and "not regretting his death"; At the same time, it shows his determination to care about the country and the people, love the country and the people, and devote himself to the motherland. Although Qu Yuan was exiled or even exiled, he always thought about the rise and fall of the motherland and the sufferings of the people, hoping that the king of Chu would repent and work hard to become the master of ZTE. He knew that being loyal to honesty and frankness would lead to disaster, but he always "endured but could not give up"; Knowing that he faced many dangers, he could have gone to other countries to find a way out in the era of "using Chu materials", but he refused to leave Chu. It shows his infinite loyalty to the motherland and his personality and will to win glory with the sun and the moon.
Qu Yuan is the first great patriotic poet in the history of China literature. He is an outstanding representative of romantic poets. As an outstanding politician and patriot, Qu Yuan's spirit of loving the motherland and the people, persisting in the truth, preferring to die rather than surrender, and his lofty personality of "winning glory with the sun and the moon" have inspired and nurtured countless Chinese sons and daughters for thousands of years, especially when the nation was in danger. As a great poet, the appearance of Qu Yuan not only marks that China's poetry has entered a new era from collective singing to individual originality, but also his new poetic style-Chu Ci, which broke through the expression form of The Book of Songs, greatly enriched the expressive force of poetry and opened up a new world for China's ancient poetry creation. Therefore, later generations called Chu Ci and The Book of Songs together as The Book of Songs. "Feng" and "Sao" are the sources of the two fine traditions of realism and romanticism in the history of China's poetry. At the same time, Chu Ci, represented by Qu Yuan, also influenced the formation of Han Fu.
In the history of China, Qu Yuan was the most admired and loved poet by the people. According to the records of "Continuation of Qi and Harmony" and "Geography of Sui Shu", Qu Yuan threw himself into the river on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. The custom of making zongzi and racing dragon boats on May 5th in China originated from people's commemoration of Qu Yuan. 1953, Qu Yuan was also listed as one of the "four cultural celebrities" in the world, which was solemnly commemorated by the World Peace Council and people all over the world.
Sun Wu and Sun Tzu's Art of War
Sun Wu, who was born in the late Spring and Autumn Period, is a descendant of Tian family in Qi State. Later, when he arrived in Wu, he was appointed as a general by He Lv, the king of Wu, and led an army to attack Chu. According to legend, The Art of War was written by Sun Tzu, 13.
According to the objective laws of war, Sun Tzu's Art of War formulated relatively systematic strategic and tactical principles. It believes that to win the war, there must be sufficient planning and preparation. It attaches importance to political struggle and thinks it is best to "defeat the enemy without fighting." It is believed that we should fully understand and master the enemy's situation during the war. As the saying goes, "Know yourself and know yourself, and you will win every battle." If you don't know yourself, you will be doomed to fail in every battle. It is pointed out that the most important thing in a battle is initiative. It requires the correct use of troops, emphasizes that "I specialize in dividing the enemy", tries to concentrate my own strength and force the enemy's strength to disperse, thus forming a favorable situation of "taking one as ten" and "attacking less with more" Tactics should be flexible, we should "take it by surprise", war command should "avoid reality and be empty", and we should be calm, decisive and brave. In addition, Sun Tzu's Art of War puts forward some important principles in topography, reconnaissance and military discipline education.
Sun Tzu's Art of War is an excellent military work with a simple dialectical view. It not only has an important position in China's military history, but also has a high reputation in the world's military history.
Xiang Yu-the anti-Qin leader at the end of the Qin Dynasty, known as the overlord of the West Chu.
One of the important anti-Qin leaders at the end of Qin Dynasty, Qin claimed to be the overlord of the western Chu after his death. Xia Xiang (now southwest of Suqian, Jiangsu) was born. Name, word feather. Grandfather Xiang Yan was a famous Chu soldier at the end of the Warring States Period and was killed by Wang Jian, the general of Qin State. Uncle Xiang Liang. After the unification of Qin Dynasty, Xiang Liang killed people, escaped from Wuzhong with Xiang Yu, and secretly organized and trained guests' children with the art of war. Xiang Yu's ability to lift the tripod is extraordinary.
In the first year of Qin Ershi (209 BC), Chen Sheng and Guangwu led an anti-Qin uprising and established the Zhang Chu regime. After hearing the news, the nobles of the original six countries also rose up in succession. In September of the same year, Xiang Yu and Xiang Liang killed each other and took Wu against Qin. Xiang Liang stood on his own feet, and Xiang Yu was the general. After Chen Sheng's death, his ministry will call Pingjiao worship Xiang Liang as the King of Chu. In March of two years, Xiang Liang led the troops to cross the river, and Chen Ying, the commander-in-chief of Dongyang, led the rebels back. After crossing the Huaihe River, General Ying Bu and General Pu led troops to join forces. At one time, their troops reached 670,000, which became the main force of the anti-Qin armed forces at that time. In June of the same year, Xiang Liang established Chu Huaiwang Sun Xin, still known as Chu Huaiwang. Xiang Liang's name is Wu Xinjun. Since then, Xiang Liang led the insurgents to attack Qin Jun in Dong 'a and Dingtao. Xiang Yu and Liu Bang also captured Chengyang and slightly reached Qiu Yong. Soon, Xiang Liang was attacked by general Qin. Xiang Liang was killed, and Xiang Yu and Liu Bang surrendered to Peng Cheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu) and the Party. He also crossed the river to attack Zhao, leaving the king of Qin involved in the army to surround the stag. Chu Huaiwang was appointed general, Xiang Yu as lieutenant, and led the troops to save Zhao. Xiang Yu attacked and killed Qi in the name of plotting against Chu. Wang Huai immediately made Xiang Yu a general and led the whole army to save Zhao. Xiang Yu personally led the whole army to cross the river, cross the rubicon, and attack Qin Jun. After many fierce battles, the Chu army defeated Qin Jun, and when the Chu army rescued Zhao, the armies of the vassal states stood aside. After the war, when the governors and generals met Xiang Yu, they all knelt down and did not dare to look up. They all obeyed Xiang Yu's command. Then, Xiang Yu broke Qin Jun on the sewage again, and got Zhang Han. He was afraid that the Qin Dynasty would not accept surrender and would kill 200,000 soldiers.
When Xiang Yu led the army into Guanzhong, Liu Bang had already entered Xianyang in advance. Because Chu Huaiwang has an appointment, "Wang Zhi is the first to enter the customs", and Liu Bang should be Wang Guanzhong. After Xiang Yu entered the customs, he relied on his 400,000-strong army in an attempt to destroy Liu Bang and dominate the world. Due to Liu Bang's humble words, the two sides made a temporary reconciliation. Xiang Yu immediately went out to slaughter Xixian, and Qin Min was disappointed. In the first year of Emperor Gaozu (206 BC), Xiang Yu thought that he was the righteous emperor, made his capital Chen, enfeoffed the princes, and became the overlord of Western Chu. According to 9 counties of Liang and Chu, Pengcheng is its capital, and Hanwang is named by Liu Bang. Before long, Tian Rong, Han and others sent troops to attack Chu. Liu Bang also decided to go to the Sanqin and advance to the western Chu, so the Chu-Han War lasted for more than four years. At the beginning of the Chu-Han War, Liu Bang took Xiang Yu to Qi, and in April of the second year of the Han Dynasty, he occupied Pengcheng. Xiang Yu immediately returned to Li for rescue and defeated the Han army. Liu bang retreated to Xingyang.
Since then, Chu and Han have been at loggerheads for a long time in Xingyang. Although Xiang Yu has won a series of battles, his political and military weaknesses are increasingly exposed. Not only in Guanzhong, but also in Pengcheng, he lost the favorable strategic terrain, could not establish a solid rear, and was always at a disadvantage in fighting on two fronts. Xiang Yu's improper and unfair enfeoffment of princes prompted those princes who were dissatisfied with the enfeoffment to fall to Liu Bang, making him increasingly isolated politically. In addition, although Xiang Yu fought bravely, he was not good at employing people, so that he repeatedly made mistakes in politics. In December of the fifth year of the Han Dynasty, the Chu army was besieged in Gaixia (now southeast of Lingbi, Anhui Province), and the people had almost no food. The Han army sang Chu songs all around, Xiang Yu and drinking, and generously lamented. Then he broke through with more than 800 followers, lost his way to Yinling and returned to Dongcheng, leaving only 28 followers. Han will pursue with 5000 soldiers, and Xiang Yu will lead the troops eastward until Wujiang River (now Anhui County) commits suicide. Hanwang Liu Bang buried Xiang Yu in his old city with him.
Brief introduction of Han Feizi
Han Fei (280 BC-233 BC) was a nobleman in South Korea, who was "fond of learning the name of criminal demons" and later called him Han Feizi. He and Reese are both disciples of Xunzi. At that time, South Korea was very weak and was often bullied by neighboring countries. He repeatedly put forward plans for prosperity to the king of South Korea, but they were not adopted by the king of South Korea. Han Fei wrote a series of articles, such as Lonely Anger and Five Cheats, and was later included in a book, Han Feizi. Ying Zheng, King of Qin, read Han Fei's article and praised it. In 234 BC, Han Fei came to Qin as an envoy of South Korea and wrote a letter to the king of Qin, urging him to attack Zhao first and slow down Korea. Reese was jealous of Han Fei's talent and tried to frame him with Yao Jia. Han Fei was forced to commit suicide by taking poison.
Han Fei pays attention to the study of history and thinks that history is constantly developing and progressing. He believes that if today's world is still praising "the Tao of Yao, Shun, Tang and Wu", "it will be a smile of the new saints". Therefore, he advocated that "we should not take it by surprise to repair the ancient times", "things are different when the world is different" and "things are different when things are different" (everything is wrong), and policies should be formulated according to today's reality. His view of history provided a theoretical basis for the reform of the landlord class at that time.
Han Fei inherited and summarized the thoughts and practices of legalists in the Warring States period, and put forward the theory of absolute monarchy and centralization. He advocated that "things are in the quartet and in the central government; Sages insist on everything, and all directions will work "(everything is wrong, property rights are right). The power of the country should be concentrated in the hands of the monarch ("saint"), and the monarch must have the power and influence to govern the world. "The master of thousands of riders is the king of thousands of riders, so those who control the world and levy princes will also use their power" (everything goes wrong, the master of people). To this end, you mainly use various means to eliminate hereditary slave owners and nobles, "disperse their party" and "seize their auxiliary" (everything goes wrong, the main road); At the same time, select a group of feudal officials who have been trained by practice to replace them. "The prime minister must start from the state department, and the valiant soldier must be sent away" ("Han Fei Zi Xian Xue"). Han Fei also advocated reform and the rule of law, demanding "abolishing the former king's teaching" (Han Feizi Tian Wen) and "teaching by law" (Han Feizi Wu Note). He stressed that a "law" must be strictly enforced, and no one can be an exception, so that "the law is not expensive", "I don't avoid officials after punishment, and I don't leave behind good ones" ("everything is enough"). He also believes that only by imposing severe punishment can people obey, society be stable and feudal rule be consolidated. These propositions of Han Fei reflected the interests and demands of the emerging feudal landlord class, and provided a theoretical basis for ending the vassal regime and establishing a unified centralized feudal country. After Qin Shihuang unified China, many political measures were the application and development of Han Fei's theory.