According to 1993 (No.74) import and export system (hereinafter referred to as the system), 1992 (No.4) import and export law and 1997 (No.7) uniform tariff law, the Minister of Industry and Trade issued 65439 on July 25th.
import license
1. Jordan implements a license management system for some imported goods. At present, the commodities that need to apply for import licenses are:
(1) The value of imported articles carried by passengers exceeds 2,000 dinars without a valid import certificate;
(2) foreign cigarettes;
(3) Imported commodities specially arranged by the committee formed according to the decision of the Cabinet, including industrial milk powder and used tires;
(4) all kinds of biscuits;
(5) mineral water;
(6) Commodities that can only be imported with the prior permission of the Ministry of Industry and Trade are regarded as import licenses;
(7) In order to comply with financial arrangements and monitor the trade balance with the Syrian Arab Republic, the following commodities must comply with the import notice issued by the Ministry:
1 various clothes and cloth shoes
All kinds of biscuits, chocolates and sweets.
Mosaic slate, except swimming pool tiles
4 toilet paper
5 mixed drinks and gas drinks
A square plate made of iron and plastic.
2. Commodities that do not need to apply for import license.
(1) Goods brought in temporarily
Unless the goods temporarily exempted from import license requirements have gone through customs clearance procedures for local consumption, the import license requirements should be put forward according to the system and laws.
(2) Disabled vehicles:
Handheld vehicles for the disabled do not need an import license, and are exempt from the additional import fee stipulated in Article 12 of this system.
(3) Goods stored in the customs warehouse.
Goods stored in warehouses under customs supervision with the consent of the General Administration of Customs are delayed in issuing import licenses until they are released according to the Customs Law. The parties concerned shall apply for an import license in accordance with the provisions of this system and this Order.
(4) Crude oil and its by-products:
Jordan Petroleum Smelting Company does not need to obtain an import license to import crude oil and its by-products from the agreed countries, except mineral oil.
3. Application and issuance of import license
According to the Ministry of Industry and Trade 1, the Ministry of Industry and Trade is the only issuing authority for import licenses, and any individual or organization needs to apply for a license from the Ministry of Industry and Trade. The import license is valid for one year, counting from the date of issuance; At the request of the importer, the validity of the license can be extended for one year.
The import license includes the following contents:
(1) name of importer;
(2) Types of imported goods;
(3) The quantity and value of the imported goods;
(4) the origin of the goods;
(5) Port of shipment;
(6) the place of customs clearance;
(seven) the date of issuance and validity of the license;
(8) Other contents required by the Ministry of Industry and Trade.
Goods that can only be imported with prior approval.
As shown in the following table, in some cases, the import of certain commodities requires the prior approval of the relevant authorized authorities or institutions before applying for import licenses.
Table 5: Commodities that can only be imported with the prior permission of relevant parties.
Second, the mode of payment.
letter of credit (L/C)
According to Article 20 of Import and Export Regulation No.74 1993 issued by the Ministry of Industry and Trade, if you want to import goods from abroad, you must open a letter of credit through a bank. The procedures for importers to apply to banks for opening letters of credit are as follows:
1. Fill in the documentary credit application form;
2. Pay a deposit equivalent to 20% of the amount of the letter of credit;
3. Submit insurance policies for imported goods;
4. For goods whose entry is restricted by the state, if necessary, the approval documents of the competent import authority of the goods must be submitted;
5. When signing a trade financing agreement with a bank, there are differences between banks in the content of the agreement.
When China officially became a member of the World Trade Organization, there were the following comments abroad: "China decided to abandon mercantilism and integrate into globalization"; "From now on, the World Trade Organization finally has something different from the United States and developed countries!" ; "The eight minutes in Doha finally gave the people of China 15 years of efforts an appropriate compensation." China people's feelings about China's accession to the WTO can be described as "mixed feelings of sadness and joy", and they feel a kind of heaviness; However, foreign dignitaries seem to have a vague anxiety and worry about China's entry into WTO. Domestic research institutions are looking at China's agriculture with compassion, worrying about where hundreds of millions of farmers will go.
At present, it has been 180 days since China joined the WTO, which can be described as "wet behind the ears". We can't record the rapid social and economic changes in China during this period. We can only reflect China's "WTO entry effect" from the macro-economy, the government's WTO entry and the capital market. It seems that Premier Zhu Rongji's intuition of "sweet before bitter" is correct. From the macro-economic point of view, the praise that China may become the engine of Asian economic growth after its entry into WTO may be a compliment, but China's economy does show signs of acceleration; From the perspective of the transformation of government functions, sunshine is infiltrating into this field; Judging from the stock market, China's entry into WTO will bring a strong "state-owned disease", and the capital market has reached the crossroads of survival or destruction.
After joining the WTO 180 days, the "WTO effect" made China behave like a child who was not deeply involved in the world, a little stiff but persistent; Confused but firm. China's socio-economic development trajectory moves quietly, and history always begins with an event. 200 1 1 1 We may not be too excited to sleep at night in February. Maybe we will wake up after 20 years, and "WTO entry" is such an important milestone in China's modern history.
First, spring heating: analysis of the current macroeconomic effects of WTO
Premier Zhu once said after China's accession to the WTO: "I am worried that China's accession to the WTO is contrary to many people's imagination, and it is not bitter first and then sweet." . From 180 days after China's entry into WTO, China's macro-economy seems to feel the warmth of the wind. China's economy is picking up. China's economy has felt such warmth, so all macroeconomic indicators are gratifying. In May, the total retail sales of consumer goods nationwide increased by 9.3% year-on-year, which is the fastest month since this year. At the end of May, the savings balance of Chinese residents was 8.04 trillion yuan, up by17.6% year-on-year; China's industrial added value in May was 2.61700 million yuan, an increase of 12.9% over the same month of last year, setting a record for the highest monthly growth since 1998. It is estimated that the growth of foreign trade and foreign investment can maintain double digits in the first half of the year; However, the growth of fixed asset investment may be as high as 23% or more. In addition to the decline of consumer price index, the economic growth of China has been accelerated obviously since the accession to the WTO 180 days, which fully confirms Premier Zhu's intuition that the effect of China's accession to the WTO is "sweet first, then bitter", and the "bitter later" mentioned by the Prime Minister has yet to appear with the passage of time.
1, foreign trade "beating waves into the sea": eliminating control and optimizing the growth track of foreign trade
At the end of 200 1, almost all countries expressed extreme pessimism about foreign trade. We see that the export growth forecast of all think tanks is only about 6%. At that time, we dismissed it as "collective irrationality of economists", and the conservative export growth figures in 2002 were 10% and1-May. As we expected, foreign trade "is not afraid of floating clouds to cover its eyes". In addition to the obvious improvement of the world economy, the recovery of foreign trade is directly related to the WTO.
According to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, since June 5438+1 October 2002 1, China has reduced the import tariffs on more than 5,000 commodities, and the overall tariff level has dropped from1in 2006 to 15.3%. At the same time, anti-dumping regulations, countervailing regulations, safeguard measures regulations, goods import and export management regulations, technology import and export management regulations and other related supporting regulations of foreign trade law have been promulgated one after another, and the foreign-related legal system has been continuously improved. This improvement has led to the recovery of imports, which are orderly.
According to statistics, from June to May, 2002, the total value of China's foreign trade import and export reached $22 15 billion, an increase of/kloc-0.21%over the same period last year. Among them, exports11600 million dollars, imports105.5 billion dollars, and accumulated trade surplus105 billion dollars. These data not only dispel the doubt that China may lose to foreign products after its entry into WTO, but also make people have stronger confidence in the international competitiveness of China's goods and services. In the first five months of this year, China's exports of mechanical and electrical products continued to maintain rapid growth, with a cumulative export of 55.5 billion US dollars, an increase of 23%, accounting for 48% of the total export. The export growth of traditional commodities was flat. According to customs statistics, during1-May, China's general trade imports continued to rise, and processing trade imports grew rapidly. The import and export of processing trade was $654.38+008 billion, an increase of 654.38+07%. Among them, imports were 44 billion US dollars, up 22%, accounting for 42% of the total imports in the same period; Exports reached US$ 64 billion, up by 14%, accounting for 55% of the country's total exports in the same period. This vaguely reflects that the possibility of China becoming the world manufacturing center after China's entry into WTO is gradually emerging, and the status of processing trade may still be underestimated by us.
2. Foreign capital "flows to high quality": Multinational companies are optimistic about the future of China.
2/kloc-0 At the beginning of the 20th century, the flow of foreign capital depends not only on the return of capital, but also on the risk. Therefore, international capital is increasingly "flowing to quality", and China's accession to the WTO has greatly enhanced the confidence of multinational companies in investing in China. Over the past six months, China has completed the revision of three basic laws on attracting foreign investment, promulgated relevant regulations on foreign investment in the fields of telecommunications, insurance, finance and distribution of audio-visual products, and announced the timetable for canceling the geographical restrictions and customer restrictions on foreign banks operating RMB business. At the same time, in the field of opening service trade, many new laws and measures have been introduced, such as the Regulations on the Administration of Foreign-invested Telecommunication Enterprises, the Regulations on the Administration of Foreign-funded Financial Institutions and the Regulations on the Administration of Foreign-funded Insurance Companies. A series of corresponding measures have also been taken in the fields of investment, intellectual property protection and transparency of implementation.
Although it is only a short period of half a year, the effect of China's entry into WTO has begun to appear, and transnational capital is pouring into China at an unprecedented speed. Long Yongtu, Vice Minister of China's Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, said: "Foreign direct investment is pouring into China at an unprecedented speed. Statistics from the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation show that from June 65438 to May this year, China newly approved the establishment of 1 16 12 foreign-invested enterprises, an increase of 23% over the same period last year; The contracted foreign investment amounted to US$ 27.9 billion, a year-on-year increase of 7%; The actual amount of foreign capital used was US$ 654.38+US$ 06.9 billion, a year-on-year increase of 654.38+02%. As we expected in last year's annual report, the actual foreign investment this year is expected to exceed the $50 billion mark, and the growth rate will remain above 10%.
Second, sunlight transmission: analysis of WTO effect of current government reform
The reason why a pearl becomes a pearl is that it starts from a dust or an artificial nucleus, is gradually wrapped by moist pearl liquid layer by layer, and finally becomes a bright pearl, which is almost the whole secret of gradual reform. So far, we may not be able to draw a definite conclusion about China's 20-year reform road and the dream of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, but China's achievements are obvious to all. It has been 24 years since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978. Following the reform of rural land use right and urban enterprise property right, China is currently in the final stage of economic system reform and the primary stage of government management system reform. Looking at the practice in the past 20 years, we can find that our reform has always adhered to the most basic principle, that is, the principle of gradual progress.
The ongoing reform in China has a long duration, a large scope and a strong implementation, which is rare at all times and at home and abroad, and we can be completely proud of it. But it also brings a problem, because there is no successful example of reform in this way in history, and almost all major problems need creative solutions. Especially at present, the reform has begun to involve major economic systems and government management systems, and the rest are almost all major issues that "affect the whole body." At this point, the gradual reform has reached a crossroads. The vested interests began to change from the driving force of reform to resistance. Mr. Deng Xiaoping said: "Of course, the mistakes we made in the past are related to the thinking and style of some leaders, but ... the problem of system is more important. A good system can make bad people unable to do anything at will, and a bad system can make good people unable to do good enough, or even go to the opposite side. " Under the closed system, the possibility of system evolution leading to imbalance is much greater than that under the open background. Although there is a "thrilling leap" between opening up and growth, after all, the sunshine brought by opening up makes the government feel the pressure and motivation to learn, follow and participate in the formulation of rules in all aspects of global social economy. And joining the WTO is undoubtedly such a sunny move. Counting 180 days after China's entry into WTO, the role of WTO in promoting government reform is still remarkable.
1, "Some Rules" for Rule Makers: Progress in Rule Cleaning and Reconstruction
China, who knows China, is worried. What is China, who doesn't know China? In fact, the reason why China's entry into WTO is called "government's entry into WTO" is of far-reaching significance. The first person who feels the pain of standardization of legal framework may be the person who makes the rules, not the person who is subject to the rules. The relationship between the government and the WTO is first manifested in that the laws and regulations formulated by the government should conform to the overall principles of the WTO. It is said that the WTO agreement signed by China has hundreds of pages, only a few of which are related to economic issues, and the rest are related to laws and regulations. We can't think that China's accession to the WTO means that China's legal framework will be completely reformed, but major changes are inevitable. This revision is threefold: The first revision is that some laws and regulations in China were left over from the planned economy era, and some were left over from the transition period. Most of these laws and regulations are confidential "red-headed documents", and many of them restrict and restrict the development of market economy. The reason why they still play a "residual cold" in government management is nothing more than the possibility of touching the interests of vested interests, which seems quite obvious. The second revision is that in the past, different special laws were promulgated for different ownership subjects, domestic subjects and foreign subjects, and there were some differences and even contradictions among these laws. Excessive "fatherly care" for the state-owned economy, "friendly" treatment for foreign-funded enterprises and indifference to private enterprises will not be tolerated in the future legal framework. The third revision is the coordination of laws and regulations between the central authorities and local governors. Some administrative regulations formulated by some local governments have obvious characteristics of protecting local interests, departmental interests and monopoly interests, which directly lead to market segmentation, regional monopoly and fair competition. For the government and the private sector, there is no universal and standardized legal framework, and there is almost no soil for the market economy to survive.
According to incomplete statistics, according to the requirements of WTO, the central ministries and local governments need to amend or abolish thousands of laws and regulations. Take Shanghai as an example, there are 2027 economic-related administrative examination and approval projects in Shanghai. At present, more than 1000 items have been streamlined. For another example, in order to adapt to the rules of the World Trade Organization, the State Economic and Trade Commission recently abolished 13 departmental rules in the form of Order No.24, and recently cleared up 1 13 departmental rules promulgated before 2006, with 5438+0, of which 19 is to be abolished. At the same time, according to the needs of China's entry into the WTO, the State Economic and Trade Commission is also working hard to revise and improve some new laws and regulations: The Provisions for Foreign-invested Enterprises to Engage in Direct Selling Business is in the stage of legislative investigation, and the Interim Measures for the Administration of Tariff Quota of Fertilizer, the Measures for the Administration of Import of Important Industrial Products, the Provisions for Foreign-invested Enterprises to Engage in Direct Selling Business and the Provisions for Foreign-invested Enterprises to Engage in Direct Selling Business are in the stage of legislative investigation. The Interim Measures for the Administration of Coal Export and other economic and trade laws and regulations are being drafted. The Interim Measures for the Administration of Foreign-invested Commercial Enterprises will be submitted to the State Council for deliberation this year, and the Regulations on the Administration of Commercial Franchise is seeking opinions from relevant parties.
Of course, there are some regrets in the reform of laws and regulations. For example, the tax reform, at present, the income tax rate of domestic-funded enterprises in China is 33%, while many foreign-funded enterprises now enjoy only 15%. This is obviously unsustainable. Although Xiang Huaicheng said that foreign-funded enterprise income tax and domestic-funded enterprise income tax will be merged. However, there is no timetable for unifying the income tax of domestic and foreign-funded enterprises at present, and the reform without a timetable is undoubtedly disappointing. For example, in financial reform, the entry of foreign financial institutions is relatively orderly, but private finance is still blocked, and there is no consistent financial access framework inside and outside. For another example, regarding the express delivery industry, despite the complicated background, the government management framework is still unclear. After more than 20 years of reform, we bid farewell to personality worship and planned worship, but it seems that we have not completely bid farewell to ownership worship so far. I believe that the reform in this area is still full of glory.
2. Say goodbye to the habit of "commanding economy": the decision-making process tends to be sunny.
Studies have shown that the reason why the former Soviet Union collapsed so quickly under external shocks, while China showed amazing resilience, except that the government's ability to control social and economic operations during the transition period is quite different, it may also be related to the "planned economy" of the former Soviet Union and the "command economy" of China. The transition from a planned economy to a market economy is a huge sacrifice; And blindly ordering the economy to transform into a market economy will cost the public and the government much less. However, for more than 20 years, the stereotype of "command economy" has not been eradicated. After joining the WTO 180 days, many ministries and local governments have begun to reduce the project approval authority and realize the functional transformation. Since the beginning of this year, the State Economic and Trade Commission has taken the initiative to cancel the administrative examination and approval authority for 30 types of projects, which is close to a quarter of its previous administrative examination and approval authority for 122 economic affairs projects. Just a few days ago, Beijing announced the cancellation of 2 1 approval items involving the approval of fixed assets investment projects, reducing the number of approval links for fixed assets investment projects from more than 80 to about 30.
While the government departments are gradually giving up the habit of approving everything, the decision-making process has also begun to become sunny. The State Economic and Trade Commission formulates hundreds of policies and regulations every year, which used to be conveyed step by step in the form of "red-headed documents", and only local economic and trade commissions and enterprises directly under the central government can see them. Ordinary enterprises and institutions simply have no access to policy information. Starting this year, the State Economic and Trade Commission officially issued the Announcement of the State Economic and Trade Commission of People's Republic of China (PRC) at home and abroad, publishing policies, regulations, notices and other related information formulated and issued by the State Economic and Trade Commission, which provided convenience for all sectors of society to timely, comprehensively and accurately understand and master the national economic and trade laws, regulations and policy information. The Beijing Municipal Government has established and improved the procedures and accountability measures for administrative examination and approval, defined the rights and responsibilities of each link of administrative examination and approval, standardized the examination and approval behavior, and improved the transparency of the examination and approval work. For another example, from the beginning of this year, the land agreement transfer will gradually transform into public auction. In the past, the space for developers to obtain land through ties with government officials is rapidly shrinking. Monopoly departments also feel that due to the great influence of WTO, such as telecommunications, electric power, aviation, petroleum and petrochemical, automobile production and other fields are brewing and restructuring. Although this reorganization still has the strong incompleteness that monopolists abolish monopoly by themselves, monopoly is no longer an untouchable iron curtain.
However, even in the southeast coast, the legalization of government administration may take at least three to five years to complete. Take Beijing as an example. In the past, the approval procedures for fixed assets investment projects in Beijing were complicated, involving more than 30 departments and complicated links. Now, Beijing has established a "one-stop" service hall with convenient transportation, complete facilities, perfect service functions and perfect internal management in all districts and counties of the city 18, providing a good environment for investors and the masses to handle affairs. Take Shenzhen as an example. At present, they have decided to solve the "nine legalization" of government institutions and administrative actions. That is, the organization, function and establishment of government agencies are legalized. Legalization of administrative procedures. Legalization of administrative examination and approval and legalization of administrative fees. Legalization of administrative punishment. Legalization of government bidding and procurement. Legalization of government investment behavior. Legalization of administrative law enforcement responsibility. Legalization of government internal management.
So far, the government's farewell to the examination and approval by power is still faltering, and the transformation of government functions is still fruitless. For example, the existing economic management departments are in urgent need of integration, so it seems necessary to merge the macro-management functions of the Economic Commission, the Planning Commission and the Industrial Bureau to form a Ministry of Commerce serving all enterprises, not just state-owned enterprises. For another example, the enterprise management functions of the Economic and Trade Commission and the Industrial Bureau should be phased out. In recent years, the Economic and Trade Commission seems to have become the "receiver" of the abolished ministries. At present, it is necessary to change its role from the management of enterprises to the investor of enterprises, and through the authorization of the National People's Congress, the functions of managing state-owned assets and state-controlled enterprises will be concentrated in the state-owned assets management committee. The most alarming thing about sunny decision-making is that we should pay special attention to the fact that ministries and commissions compete with national laws with their own red-headed documents, and the tendency of self-authorization and self-expansion of power must be effectively restricted.
3. Positive "takenism": obeying and benefiting from international practices.
The real "takenism" is to fully understand and abide by international rules, and actively participate in the formulation of rules while obeying and benefiting from these practices. So is China. In 2002, the world economic situation eased obviously by 200 1, but many countries still adopted beggar-thy-neighbor approach in foreign trade, implemented trade protectionism in the domestic market and implemented dumping policy in the international market. In the past, because we were not a member of the WTO, it was often difficult to take effective countermeasures against these problems. We suffered huge losses, but there was often nothing we could do. But this year, the situation has changed significantly. According to the relevant rules of the World Trade Organization and the requirements of domestic enterprises, the State Economic and Trade Commission accepted a total of two anti-dumping complaint cases 12, involving members 14, of which five cases have been finalized, two cases have been made preliminary rulings, and the remaining five cases are under preliminary investigation, saving domestic enterprises about 6 billion yuan. In addition, according to the new situation after China's accession to the World Trade Organization, with the approval of the State Council, the State Economic and Trade Commission formally established the Industrial Injury Investigation Bureau.
At the same time, some government departments in China began to take some new measures and set up some WTO-related institutions. For example, the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation has set up the World Trade Organization Department, the China Municipal Government's WTO Notification Advisory Bureau, and the Import and Export Fair Trade Bureau. The establishment of these institutions has provided the necessary institutional guarantee for ensuring the balance of rights and obligations after China's accession to the WTO.
Starting this year, China will fully implement the reform of income tax sharing. Except for a few enterprises in special industries, most corporate income tax and all personal income tax will be shared by the central and local governments. This reform is another major reform of the fiscal and taxation system after the 1994 tax-sharing reform, which is conducive to breaking the market blockade and market protection and promoting the central fiscal reform to gradually integrate with international practices. At the same time, the Ministry of Finance plans to establish a government accounting system and a non-profit organization accounting standard system, hoping to establish a brand-new accounting standard system composed of three parts (government accounting, non-profit organization accounting and enterprise accounting) in a few years, which is in line with China's national conditions and coordinated with international practices. In order to improve the international comparability and transparency of China's macroeconomic statistics and push China's statistical system closer to international standards, Dai Xianglong, governor of the People's Bank of China, in his capacity as the managing director of the China region of the International Monetary Fund on June 5438+1 October/kloc-0, 2002, wrote to the managing director of the International Monetary Fund on behalf of the China government, informing him of China's decision to join the IMF's general data dissemination system. These measures will undoubtedly help to eliminate the misunderstanding and even artificial distortion of China's social and economic development, and also make China's international image healthier.
China's accession to the WTO is first and foremost the government's accession to the WTO. In the past six months, the reform carried out by our government to meet the requirements of the WTO has achieved some results, but on the whole, there are obvious "three lags" in its progress: First, the speed of opening up is obviously lagging behind that of opening up. After all, China's economy is now dominated by state-owned, foreign-funded and private enterprises. If the speed of opening to the outside world is obviously faster than that of opening to the outside world, there will be a danger that local forces will combine with foreign capital and comprador will prevail. Second, the transformation of government functions will obviously lag behind the reform of government institutions. In recent years, the trend of merger and establishment of government agencies has never stopped, but the efficiency of government governance and government functions have not fundamentally changed. Functional transformation is the foundation, and institutional demolition is the purpose. In this regard, we should be alert to the danger of putting the cart before the horse. Third, the systematic reform that touches the "hard core" of gradual reform obviously lags behind the sporadic and easy-to-start reform, which makes the WTO effect only a partial and sporadic embodiment and has not formed a big climate. This shows that government reform is actually the most difficult reform. What we are facing now is difficult government reform. For some reforms that touch our own interests, we can only "break the ice" by facing up to the "three lags" in line with the "three noes" idea of "not afraid of powerful people, not entangled in the past, and not taboo about system reform". Here, we think of Mr. Deng Xiaoping's words: "When we propose reform, it includes political system reform. Now every step forward in the economic restructuring, we deeply feel the need to face up to the structural reform.