1943 memorabilia
65438+1October 9-World War II: Wang Ching-wei's government declared war on Britain and the United States.
65438+1October 9-Wang Jingwei's government and Japan signed the Japan-Wang Agreement on Returning Concessions and Abolishing Extraterritorial Rights.
65438+1October 1 1- The United States and Britain decided to give up their special rights in China.
65438+1October 15- World War II: Japanese troops leave Guadalcanal Island.
65438+1October 15- The Pentagon opens.
65438+1October 23-British troops occupied Tripoli.
February 2, World War II: Germany surrenders in Stalingrad. 90,000 people were captured. The battle of Stalingrad is over.
World War II: General dwight david eisenhower was appointed Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe.
February 18-Song Meiling gives a speech in the US Congress.
The Gestapo of Germany arrested members of the White Rose Resistance.
April 19-Jewish uprising in Warsaw, Poland.
World War II: German and Italian troops in North Africa surrender to the Allies.
May 15-* * Production International announced its dissolution.
/kloc-may 0/6-Warsaw uprising was suppressed.
May 17-The United States begins to build ENIAC.
June 10-* * Production International was officially dissolved.
July 5, World War II: The Battle of Kursk, the largest tank battle in the world, begins.
World War II: Allied forces landed in Sicily.
On July 25th, a coup took place in Italy and Benito Mussolini was arrested.
July 27-World War II: The British Air Force attacked Hamburg, killing 35,000 people.
August 17-World War II: Allied forces completely occupy Sicily.
19 In August, at the Quebec conference, Roosevelt and Churchill signed a secret agreement with Britain and the United States to develop atomic weapons.
August 23rd-The Battle of Kursk ended.
September 3-World War II: Allied forces land in Italy.
September 8-World War II: Italy surrenders.
65438+1October 13- World War II: Italy declared war on Germany.
165438+1October 1- World War II: American troops landed in Solomon Islands.
165438+1October 5-Japan and Manchukuo, Wang Jingwei Nanjing National Government and other eight countries held the Great East Asia Conference.
165438+ 10/5-heinrich himmler, the leader of the German SS, ordered the persecution of Gypsies.
165438+1October 22nd-World War II: China-US-UK Cairo Conference.
165438+1October 22nd-Lebanon declares its independence.
165438+1October 28th-65438+February 1- Tehran conference.
65438+February 24th-Eisenhower was appointed Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces.
Shanghai modern history information
Shanghai, referred to as Shen for short, is one of the municipalities directly under the Central Government of the People's Republic of China. Located in the alluvial delta of the Yangtze River in the east of China, near the East China Sea and the south bank of the Yangtze River estuary. At present, China is the fastest-growing city and one of the most economically developed cities. It is considered as the commercial and financial center of China. By the end of 2005, Shanghai has become the largest cargo port in the world, with a throughput of 443 million tons.
ancient times
About 6000 years ago, the west of Shanghai became land, and the east became land for 2000 years. In the Spring and Autumn Period, it belonged to Dongwu territory, and in the Warring States Period it belonged to Chu State. It was once the fief of Huang Xie, the king of Chunchu, so Shanghai was nicknamed "Shen". During the Jin Dynasty in the 4th and 5th centuries A.D., residents in Songjiang (now Suzhou River) and coastal areas mostly made a living by fishing. They created a bamboo fishing tool called Hu, and because the river was called blasphemy at that time, the downstream of Songjiang was called Hu, and later Hu was changed to Shanghai. "Shanghai" is named after Shanghai Pu, a tributary located in the lower reaches of Songjiang (Wusong River). Huating County (Songjiang) was established in the middle of Tang Dynasty. At the end of Song Dynasty, Shanghai Town was established. 1292 (yuan) is located in Shanghai county. In the heyday of the Ming Dynasty, Shanghai City was built in 1553 for the Japanese invaders, belonging to Songjiang House in Nanzhili, which is the largest cotton spinning center in China. Following the Ming system in the Qing Dynasty, it belonged to Songjiang Prefecture in jiangnan province and set up Jiang Customs.
Modern Times
Shanghai, 1888 opened.
1933 after the first opium war in Shanghai, according to the Sino-British treaty of nanking signed by 1842, Shanghai became one of the five foreign trade ports, allowing British Shanghai to set up concessions. After the opening of the port, modern Shanghai became the most prosperous port, economic and financial center in the Far East and "the only international metropolis in modern Asia". At that time, the four districts of Huangpu, Jing 'an, Hongkou and Yangpu in Shanghai today were mainly the Shanghai Concession (mainly Britain and the United States), Changning District was the cross-border road-building area of the Shanghai Concession, and Luwan and Xuhui District were mainly the Shanghai French Concession. At that time, Shanghai Concession enjoyed completely independent administrative and judicial power. The existence of the Concession made Shanghai unaffected by the war, enjoyed the actual independent status and full international ties, and brought prosperity to modern Shanghai. However, Hongkou and Yangpu District were later designated as Japanese defense zones and became the sphere of influence of the Japanese army, which suffered as much as the Chinese community during the Battle of Songhu.
In the early years of the Republic of China, Zhabei and Heather (Flower Street) outside the concession belonged to Jiangsu Province. 1928, the government of the Republic of China established the Shanghai Special City outside the concession, which was directly under the jurisdiction of the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China. At the same time, it was merged into Shanghai County, Baoshan County 17 town in Jiangsu Province. In July, 1930, it was renamed Shanghai. Japan's war of aggression against China broke out in 1937. After the Battle of Songhu, the Japanese army defeated the China army and occupied all areas of Shanghai except the concession by force. The French Concession in Shanghai and the half of the Shanghai Concession south of Suzhou River experienced more than four years of isolated island period. After the outbreak of the Pacific War, Japan declared war on Britain and the United States, and then the Japanese army invaded the concession. Shanghai was occupied by Japan until 1945 when Japan surrendered unconditionally. After World War II, Shanghai was occupied and taken over by the Republic of China according to the Cairo Declaration issued by China, the United States and Britain. From 1842 to 1945, Shanghai lost its unique position and became a part of the Republic of China. Until1May, 949, Shanghai was taken over by the National Government of the Republic of China.
From 65438 to 0946, a large-scale civil war broke out between the government forces of the Republic of China and the forces led by China (see China Civil War). 1949 In May, China's armed forces, the China People's Liberation Army, defeated the government forces of the Republic of China to occupy Shanghai, and at the same time imposed military control on Shanghai, during which a large number of personnel, property and institutions were evacuated.
Modern Times
1949, People's Republic of China (PRC) established Shanghai as a municipality directly under the central government. Later, it became the industrial center of China. After China's reform and opening up in 1960s and 1980s, Shanghai's position as the economic center of Chinese mainland was challenged by many cities in the south, especially the special economic zones. But since 1960s, Shanghai has become the most important economic, financial and trade center in China. 1993 the development and opening up of Pudong has accelerated the development of the city. At present, the annual per capita GDP6% of 6% has increased by more than 6%.
On the map 1949 Shanghai covers an area of 636 square kilometers. 10 in 1958, Shanghai and10 counties in Jiading, Baoshan, Songjiang, Jinshan, Chuansha, Nanhui, Fengxian, Qingpu and Chongming in Jiangsu Province were placed under the jurisdiction of Shanghai, and the jurisdiction of Shanghai was expanded to 59 10 square kilometers. By the end of 2003, the area of Shanghai was 6340.5 square kilometers. It has jurisdiction over three islands: Chongming Island, Changxing Island and hengsha island, of which Chongming Island covers an area of 1000 square kilometers, making it the third largest island in China at present.
Chronology of major events in Shanghai
Before the Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty 1842, 1842-1862,1863-191year,/.
Introduction to date events
1On August 29th, 842, treaty of nanking signed the Sino-British treaty of nanking, which stipulated that Shanghai, Ningbo, Fuzhou, Xiamen and Guangzhou should be opened as foreign trade ports (hereinafter referred to as "five ports"), and British people could live and do business in these five places.
1843165438+1October 17 The arrival of Buffel, the first British consul in Shanghai, means that Shanghai has officially opened its port since then.
The Wang Xia Treaty was signed on July 6th, 2003. The content of this contract signed by China and the United States refers to the Sino-British treaty of nanking.
1844 10 On October 24th, the Huangpu Treaty was signed. The content of this contract signed by China and France also refers to the Sino-British treaty of nanking.
1845165438+1October 29th, the first land charter (also known as "land charter") was promulgated. This land contract is regarded as the legal basis for the existence and operation of the Shanghai Concession, which was agreed by Shanghai Daotai and the British Consul in Shanghai. Its main purpose is the policy of isolated living between China and foreign countries, which determines the living scope of Britain.
1846 Road Wharf Committee, as the first organization established by foreigners in Shanghai, mainly solves the problem of road construction in the concession, and is the embryonic form of the Ministry of Industry.
1848165438+1October 27th, the British Concession was first extended to Suzhou Creek in the north and Zhoujingbang in the west. (Now Tibet Road)
On April 6th, 1849 French Concession was established.
On April 1853 and 12, the Western Congress of Shanghai Concession passed a resolution to organize a volunteer team. The influence of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement spread to Shanghai. In order to maintain public order in the concession, foreigners in the concession spontaneously organized a volunteer team at the initiative of the British, French and American consuls, which was the first armed team of foreigners in Shanghai.
1On September 7th, 853, the Knife Society occupied the county seat of Shanghai, burned down the office building of the Shanghai county government and customs, killed the Shanghai magistrate and imprisoned the Shanghai Daotai.
1On April 4th, 854, during the battle between Mud City and Bangguo, the Qing army tried to attack and occupy the island rebel army in the county town through the concession, and the neutral concession, with the assistance of the British and American navies, forcibly prevented the Qing army from crossing the border.
1854 July 1 1 The second land law was promulgated.
Ministry of industry established
1855 February 17 Knife Club withdrew from Shanghai County.
1858 65438+1On October 26th, the Tianjin Treaty was signed, and the opium trade was legalized. At that time, Shanghai gradually became the most important opium import port in China.
1860 August 17 Taiping Army attacked Shanghai for the first time.
186265438+1October 1 1 Taiping Army attacked Shanghai for the second time.
1 862 may1day, Shanghai French concession industrial and commercial office was established. In order to maintain the independence of the French Concession in Shanghai, French Consul Tang Ai announced that the French Concession had withdrawn from the Ministry of Industry and was replaced by the Ministry of Industry of the French Concession in Shanghai.
1August 862, the Taiping Army attacked Shanghai for the third time.
1862165438+10 Shanghai Free City Plan was put forward by foreign businessmen in Shanghai. Its main content is to make Shanghai a free trade city, which is not bound by any country or individual. The plan was reported by the consuls of various countries to the ambassadors in China, but was eventually rejected by the ambassadors on the grounds that they should not interfere in China's internal affairs.
Chronology of major events in Shanghai
Before the Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty 1842, 1842-1862,1863-191year,/.
Introduction to date events
1863 September 2 1 merger of American concession and British concession.
1 May, 8641day, Shanghai Mixed Court was established.
1866 In March, the third land charter was promulgated, and the bill to amend the land charter was passed at the taxpayer meeting. Local officials in China did not participate in the revision of the articles of association at all, and were only informed afterwards.
1866 Shanghai volunteer fire brigade (also known as "fire brigade") was established.
1869 the articles of association of the joint hearing of pidgin officials were announced.
1869 In September, the mission in Beijing approved the third land charter submitted by consuls from various countries and the charter of the Shanghai French Concession Industrial and Commercial Office.
1870 the volunteer corps is directly managed by the Ministry of industry and information technology.
1874 Siming office incident After the 1970s, the development of the French Concession accelerated day by day, and the demand for land increased sharply. Siming office is located in the center of the French Concession, which is the hometown gathering and public cemetery of Ningbo people living in Shanghai. In order to build roads, the French Concession forcibly seized the property of Siming office on the pretext of endangering health, and riots broke out, killing and injuring several people. In order to avoid public anger, road construction was shelved one by one.
1882 consular court established.
1893 Shanghai American concession was formally demarcated.
1894 The Sino-Japanese War broke out and the situation in Shanghai was tense. Due to the influence of various countries in Shanghai, Japan temporarily declared Shanghai a neutral zone and promised not to spread the war to Shanghai.
1896 July 2 1 The Sino-Japanese Beijing Treaty was signed, which was equivalent to the original treaty of nanking, and one of the articles stipulated that Japanese could set up factories at trading ports. Since then, the process of industrialization in modern Shanghai has been accelerated.
1897 in the incident of rickshaw pullers in Shanghai, the Ministry of Industry stipulated that rickshaw pullers' licenses should be donated, and rickshaw pullers protested to the authorities, and riots broke out one after another.
1898 the second CCBA incident in Siming took advantage of the plague in Shanghai at that time, and the French concession authorities brought up the issue of road construction again, which clashed with CCBA people and 12 people were killed. Finally, the Health Department of the Ministry of Industry was established.
1898 the fourth land charter was adopted.
1900 August 17 The Boxer Rebellion broke out at the beginning of Shanghai's settlement, and its influence continued to expand. Foreign forces in Shanghai began to organize their own defense forces.
1905 Li Huang incident Because the citizens misjudged Li Huang's case, people in Shanghai rioted and besieged the inspection institute.
1906 the us court in China was established in Shanghai.
1907 China people joined the Volunteers for the first time.
1910110/0 An epidemic broke out in Shanghai in October, and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology implemented the public hygiene rules, which caused an uproar.
In the Revolution of 1911 (19 1 1), the Qing Dynasty was doomed, Shanghai was once in anarchy, and the judicial power of the mixed court was completely controlled by the consul.
Chronology of major events in Shanghai
Before the Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty 1842, 1842-1862,1863-191year,/.
Introduction to date events
19 1265438+1October12 Before and after the founding of the Republic of China 19 12 China is in the process of dynastic change, the old forces in the Qing Dynasty have not been completely eliminated, and the new forces in the Republic of China are not yet mature. From the central government to the local government, the warlords are separated, the government is almost paralyzed, and the society is in chaos. At the same time, however, the concession in Shanghai enjoys a special peace like a country within a country. Even, the concession has further accelerated its development in economy and population, from 19 12 to 1936, which is a highly prosperous stage for the concession in Shanghai.
19 14 The outbreak of World War I had a hidden influence on the Shanghai Concession. First of all, the power balance of foreign powers in the Shanghai Concession was broken, Germany was excluded from the power institutions and social life of the Shanghai Concession in an informal way, while Japan seized the opportunity to fill the vacancy left by the Germans step by step. Secondly, although countries in the Shanghai Concession are always intrigued, to the outside (China), they are always a whole (white). The outbreak of World War I exposed their internal divisions, Germans and Austrians became enemies, and the dignity of white people was in crisis.
1915 65438+127 October put forward the draft of preferential promotion. After the Revolution of 1911, the original means of concession expansion of the Qing government of various powerful countries were somewhat restrained, and the concession expansion also stopped. Now, with the rapid development of franchising economy, the problem of expansion has been raised again. The draft of preferential promotion was published in the bulletin of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology on March 4th of that year. However, affected by the expansion of the first world war that broke out last year, this expansion plan ran aground again.
China declared war on Germany. China's declaration of war on Germany has both advantages and disadvantages. Disadvantages, the initial willingness to declare war is not owned by China itself, but induced by foreign envoys such as Britain and the United States, which shows that China has lost such a basic sovereignty as declaring war. Although the declaration of war is passive, from another perspective, China, which has been in the position of being invaded and colonized, now declares war with other aggressor countries, which means that China has gained some conceptual equality while declaring war, and it also means that the aggressor countries have recognized China to some extent.
19 19 At the end of World War I, the Paris Peace Conference was held, and the representative of China raised the issue of concession at the peace conference, but it failed.
1 919 may1day, the volunteer fire brigade changed from voluntary participation to employment, and began to employ China people. At the same time, China people also organized their own street federation.
1965438+On May 7, 2009, the boycott of Japanese goods broke out, and the volunteers guarded the concession.