1. threshold: refers to the sum of the stimulation intensity and time when the cell membrane reaches the threshold potential.
2. Threshold stimulation: The minimum stimulation that can change tissues and cells is called threshold stimulation.
3. Internal environment: Physiologically, the liquid around the somatic cells of multicellular animals, that is, extracellular fluid, is called internal environment. 4. Internal environment stability: refers to the physical and chemical properties of the internal environment, such as temperature, pH, osmotic pressure and the relative constancy of various liquid components.
State.
5. Neuroregulation: It is an adjustment way that affects physiological functions through reflection, and it is one of the most important physiological functions of the human body.
This way of adjustment.
6. Humoral regulation: refers to a way in which some special chemicals in the body affect physiological functions through humoral channels. 7. Self-regulation: refers to the adaptability of tissue cells to environmental stimuli independent of nerve or body fluid factors.
Reaction.
8. Reflex: refers to the regular response of the body to the internal and external environment with the participation of the central nervous system. 9. Unconditional reflex: refers to natural, limited, fixed and low-level reflex activity. 10. Conditioned reflex: refers to the reflex formed through acquired learning and training, with unlimited quantity, which is an advanced reflex activity. 1 1. Feedback: The information sent by the controlled part in turn affects the activities of the control part.
12. positive feedback: the feedback information sent by the controlled part promotes the activities of the controlled part, and finally makes the activities of the controlled part
The change consistent with its original activity direction is called positive feedback.
13. negative feedback: the feedback information sent by the controlled part adjusts the activities of the controlled part, and finally makes the activities of the controlled part move towards.
Change in the direction opposite to the original activity. This is called negative feedback.
(2) Basic functions of cells
1. Transmembrane potential: When the ion channel on the membrane is opened and charged ions flow through the membrane, electricity is formed on both sides of the membrane.
Bit, called transmembrane potential.
2. Resting potential: At rest, there is an external positive and internal negative potential difference on both sides of plasma membrane, which is called resting potential. 3. Action potential: On the basis of resting potential, appropriate stimulation can trigger cells to produce conductive membrane potential.
This fluctuation is called action potential.
4. Threshold potential: When the action potential is generated, the minimum membrane potential is to depolarize the membrane, which is called threshold potential. 5. Local potential: it is formed by the active reaction caused by the superposition of depolarization electric tension potential and the opening of a few ion channels. 6. endplate potential: at the neuromuscular junction, the influx of sodium ions on the endplate membrane is greater than that of potassium ions because ACH binds to the receptor.
Depolarization potential formed by ion outflow.
7. Local current: Due to the potential difference, the current generated by the action potential is divided into adjacent parts, which is called local electricity.
Flow.
8. Polarization: Generally, in the presence of static potential, the state of positive and negative outside the cell membrane potential is called polarization. 9. Depolarization: The process of resting potential reduction is called depolarization.
10. Reverse polarization: If the membrane potential becomes positive after depolarization to zero potential, it is called reverse polarization. 1 1. repolarization: the process of restoring the direction of resting potential after depolarization of plasma membrane is called repolarization.
12. hyperpolarization: the process or state of increasing resting potential is called hyperpolarization.
13. Excitation-contraction coupling: the intermediate mechanism connecting the electrical excitation and mechanical contraction of muscle cells. 14. Isometric contraction: When contracting, only the muscle tension increases and the length remains unchanged.
15. Isotonic contraction: When contracting, the muscles just shorten and the tension remains unchanged.
16. Single contraction: When skeletal muscle replicates a short stimulus, action potential can occur, followed by contraction and relaxation.
Zhang called this form of contraction simple contraction.
17. Incomplete tonic Contraction: If the stimulation frequency is low, the last contraction falls in the diastolic phase of the previous contraction, which
This process is called incomplete tonic contraction.
18. Complete tonic contraction: If the stimulation frequency is high, the last contraction falls in the contraction period of the previous contraction, which is too high.
Page 1/4
This process is called complete tonic contraction.
19. set point: refers to a working point set by the automatic control system, so that the activities of the controlled part can only work at this set point.
Make a small change nearby.
(3) Blood
1. Hematocrit: The volume percentage of blood cells in blood is called hematocrit.
2. Blood coagulation: refers to the process that blood changes from a flowing solid state to an immobile liquid state, and its essence is in plasma.
The process by which soluble fibrinogen becomes insoluble fibrin.
(4) Blood circulation
1. Cardiac cycle: The first contraction and relaxation of the heart constitute a mechanical activity cycle, which is called cardiac cycle. 2. Stroke output: the amount of blood discharged from a ventricle by a heartbeat, which is called stroke output. 3. Ejection fraction: the percentage of ejection volume to ventricular end-diastolic volume is called ejection fraction.
4. Cardiac output: the amount of blood discharged from a ventricle every minute, which is called the output per minute. Cardiac output for short. 5. Working cells: Common myocardial cells (atrial muscle and ventricular muscle) have stable resting potentials and mainly contract.
Capable, called working cells.
6. Autonomic cells: It is possible that special myocardial cells (sinoatrial node cells and Purkinje cells) form a special transmission system in the heart.
Most cells have no stable resting potential and can automatically generate rhythmic excitement, which is called autonomic cells. 7. Fast response cells and slow response cells: according to the speed of depolarization phase of action potential of myocardial cells and their different generators.
Cardiomyocytes can be divided into fast response cells and slow response cells. The former includes atrial myocytes, ventricular myocytes and
Purkinje cells; The latter includes sinoatrial node cells and atrioventricular node cells.
8. Intermittent contraction: after the effective refractory period of ventricular muscle, external puncture is performed on the ventricle before the next sinus node excitement comes.
When excited, it can produce a contraction in advance, which is called periodic contraction.
9. Compensatory interval: After a period of contraction, there is a relatively large ventricular diastolic period, which is called compensatory interval 10. Blood flow: the amount of blood passing through a certain section of a blood vessel per unit time is called blood flow, also called volume velocity. 1 1. Central venous pressure: The blood pressure of the right atrium and thoracic vein is usually called central venous pressure. 12. Microcirculation: refers to the blood circulation between arterioles and venules.
13. Effective overpressure: the difference between the force for promoting liquid filtration and the force for reabsorption is called effective filtration pressure.
(5) Respiratory physiology
1. External respiration: the process of gas exchange between pulmonary capillary blood and the external environment.
2. Internal respiration: the process of gas exchange between tissue capillary blood and tissue cells.
3. pulmonary stretch reflex: Inhalation inhibition or inspiratory excitation reflex caused by lung expansion or lung collapse. 4. Respiratory center: In the central nervous system, the group of neurons that produce and regulate respiratory movement is called respiratory center. 5. Oxygen capacity: In 1000ml blood, the maximum amount of O that Hb can bind is called Hb oxygen capacity, that is, blood oxygen capacity. 2
6. Oxygen content: 1000ml of blood, the amount of O actually combined with Hb is called Hb oxygen content, that is, blood oxygen content. 2
7. Blood oxygen saturation: The percentage of Hb oxygen content and oxygen capacity is Hb oxygen saturation, that is, blood saturation. 8. oxygen dissociation curve: it is a curve showing the relationship between blood PO and Hb oxygen saturation. 2
9. Specific compliance: compliance per unit lung volume.
10.V/O ratio: refers to the ratio of alveolar ventilation (v) per minute to pulmonary blood flow (q) per minute. 11.p50: the oxygen partial pressure when the oxygen saturation of HB reaches 50%.
(6) digestion and absorption
1. basal joint rate: rhythmic slow depolarization potential produced by smooth muscle of digestive tract on the basis of resting potential. 2. Mucus-bicarbonate barrier: a barrier composed of gastric mucus and bicarbonate against gastric mucosal injury. Gastric mucosal barrier: it is composed of the apical membrane of gastric epithelial cells closely connected with adjacent cells, which is harmful to gastric mucosa.
Protective barrier.
4. Gastric emptying: refers to the process in which chyme is discharged from the stomach into the duodenum.
2/4 pages
5. Segmented exercise: rhythmic contraction and relaxation exercise mainly composed of annular muscle of intestinal wall.
6. Acceptable relaxation: When swallowing food, the food stimulates the receptors in the pharynx and esophagus, which reflexively causes the stomach body and fundus.
Muscle relaxation.
7. Intercellular pathway: substances in the intestinal cavity enter the cells from the top membrane of intestinal epithelial cells, and then enter the cells from the basement membrane.
The process between cells.
8. Active transport: Transmembrane transport of substances with inverse concentration gradient and potential gradient, which consumes energy. 9. Passive transport: Transmembrane transport of substances along concentration gradient and potential gradient itself does not need to consume energy.
(7) Energy metabolism and body temperature
1. Oxygen heat price of food: The heat consumed by 1L O when a food is oxidized is called the oxygen heat price of this food. 2
Respiratory quotient: The ratio of exhaled CO to inhaled O in a certain period of time is 22.
3. basal metabolism: refers to the basic state (the human body is awake and very quiet, and is not affected by muscle activity, mental stress and food.
State of matter and ambient temperature).
4. Basal metabolic rate: refers to the energy metabolism per unit time in the basic state.
(VIII) Generation and excretion of urine
1. glomerular filtration rate: the amount of ultrafiltrate produced by both kidneys per unit time. Normal person is 125ml/min. 2. Filtration fraction: the ratio of glomerular filtration rate to renal plasma flow in normal adults is 19%. 3. Effective filtration pressure: refers to the difference between the driving force to promote ultrafiltration and the ultrafiltration resistance. Its pressure level depends on three kinds.
The size of the force, that is, the ratio of ball to effective filtration pressure = (glomerular capillary venous pressure+cystic fluid colloid osmotic pressure)-(blood
Plasma colloid osmotic pressure+renal capsule pressure).
4. Renal plasma flow: The influence of renal plasma flow on glomerular filtration rate is not through changing effective filtration pressure, but through changing filtration.
Cross the balance point. Renal plasma hemorrhage can be calculated by glomerular filtration rate and red blood cell volume.
5. Renal glucose threshold: When the blood glucose concentration reaches 180mg/ 100ml (blood), some renal tubules have absorbed glucose.
Limit, urine began to appear glucose, glucose concentration is called renal glucose threshold.
6. Bulb tube balance: The reabsorption of solution (especially sodium ion) and water by proximal tubule changes with the change of glomerular filtration rate.
That is to say, when the glomerular filtration rate increases, the reabsorption of sodium ions and water by proximal tubules also increases, and vice versa.
Elephants are called tube balance.
7. Water diuresis: After drinking a lot of clear water, the osmotic pressure of the crystal decreases, the release of antidiuretic hormone decreases, and the renal tubule is opposite to water.
The phenomenon of increased urine volume caused by decreased reabsorption.
8. Osmotic diuresis: With the increase of solute concentration in renal tubular fluid, osmotic pressure increases, which hinders renal tubular reabsorption of water.
Causing an increase in urine output.
9. Clearance rate: How many milliliters of a substance contained in plasma can be completely cleared by both kidneys within 1min. This quilt
The number of milliliters of plasma that completely eliminates the substance is called the clearance rate of the substance.
10. Urinary retention: If the efferent nerve (pelvic nerve) or sacral spinal cord innervating the bladder is damaged, micturition reflex cannot occur.
Cysts become loose and expand, and a large amount of urine stays in the bladder, leading to urinary retention.
1 1. Urinary incontinence: If the upper segment of the spinal cord is damaged, the activity of the sacral urination center cannot be controlled by the upper center, although the spinal cord is discharged.
The reflex arc of urine reflex is complete, and urinary incontinence may occur at this time.
(9) Neurophysiology
1. Synapse: The place where the end of a neuron makes functional contact with other neurons.
2.EPSP: The change of local depolarization potential of postsynaptic membrane under the action of some neurotransmitter is called excitatory postsynaptic potential.
3. Neurotransmitter: refers to the information transmission substance synthesized by neurons and released by presynaptic terminals, which can specifically act on postsynaptic membrane receptors and produce postsynaptic potentials.
4. Conditioned reflex: a substance synthesized by neurons and acting on specific receptors, but not directly transmitting information between neurons, but enhancing or weakening the information transmission function of transmitters.
3/4 pages
5. Receptor suspension: When the release of neurotransmitters is insufficient, the number of receptors will gradually increase and the affinity will gradually increase, which is called receptor up-regulation.
6.M-like effect: Activation of M receptor can produce a series of autonomic nervous effects, including inhibition of heart activity, contraction of bronchial and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, bladder detrusor and iris ring muscle, increased secretion of digestive gland and sweat gland, and vasodilation of skeletal muscle. These effects are collectively called muscarinic effect, referred to as M-like effect.
7. Presynaptic inhibition: The synaptic transmission inhibition caused by the decrease of transmitters released by presynaptic membrane through axon-axon synapses is called presynaptic inhibition, and its essence is a depolarization inhibition.
8. Postsynaptic inhibition: the inhibitory intermediate neurons are excited and release inhibitory transmitters, which makes the postsynaptic membrane that forms synaptic connection with the intermediate neurons produce IPSP, thus making the postsynaptic inhibitory neurons show inhibition. This inhibition process is called postsynaptic inhibition.
9. Thalamic projection: the connection between thalamic nucleus and cerebral cortex fibers.
10. specific projection system: thalamic specific sensory substitution nucleus and its neural pathway projecting to cerebral cortex are called specific system.
1 1. Nonspecific system: The nonspecific projection nucleus of thalamus and its neural pathways projecting to cerebral cortex are called nonspecific projection system.
12. Ascending excitation system: When the sensory conduction pathway passes through the reticular structure of the brain stem, the lateral branches are sent back to neurons for many times, and the ascending system is formed through polysynaptic connection. After thalamic transposition, the ascending impulse is diffused and projected to a large area of the cerebral cortex, which makes the cerebral cortex in an excited state to maintain awakening.
13. Pain: an unpleasant feeling caused by harmful stimuli, often accompanied by emotional and defensive reactions. 14. Involvement pain: Some visceral diseases often cause distant body surface pain or hyperalgesia, which is called involvement pain.
15. Spinal cord shock: refers to the phenomenon that people and animals temporarily lose their reflex activity ability and enter an unresponsive state after the spinal cord is cut off from the high center.
16. Traction reflex: refers to the reflex activity that causes the contraction of the pulled muscle on the same side when the skeletal muscle is pulled by external force. Stretch reflex includes tendon reflex and muscle tension.
17. Tonic denervation: After cutting off the brain stem between the superior and inferior colliculus of animals, animals appear hypergravity muscles (extensor muscles), which are characterized by stiff limbs, such as column, head and tail elevation and stiff spine. This phenomenon is called denervation rigidity.
(10) Endocrine
1. Permissible effect of hormones: There is also a special relationship between hormones, that is, one hormone has a direct effect on a specific organ, tissue or cell, but its existence is the necessary basis for another hormone to exert its biological effect. This relationship is called permissive effect. 2. hypothalamic regulatory peptide: A peptide secreted by peptidergic neurons in hypothalamic pituitary stimulation area that can regulate pituitary activity, collectively called hypothalamic regulatory peptide.
3. Neurosecretion: Neuroendocrine cells release hormones into the blood circulation to play a role.
4. Long-distance secretion: After the hormone is secreted into the blood, it is transported to the distant target tissue through blood circulation to play a role. 5. Stress response: When the body is subjected to a certain degree of noxious stimulation from internal and external environment, social and psychological factors, it not only causes specific changes directly related to the stimulation, but also causes a series of non-specific adaptive reactions not directly related to the stimulation. This nonspecific reaction is called stress reaction.
6. Emergency response: In an emergency, the adaptive response of the sympathetic-adrenal medullary system is called emergency response.