In the past 20 years, the progress of data collection and calculation has spawned new urbanism. Some scholars call it Internet Urbanism, which describes the data-driven solutions brought by the information provided by interconnected infrastructure and things. Broadly speaking, this coincides with the concept of smart city. The standard definition of smart city is: an innovative city that uses information and communication technology to improve people's quality of life, urban operation and service efficiency, while ensuring that it meets the needs of contemporary and future generations in economic, social and environmental aspects.
Smart city solutions of all sizes tested around the world usually take economic growth, transportation, energy, hydropower, environment and safety as their goals. In recent years, in the face of natural disasters, western society has also begun to pay attention to topics such as citizen participation, social equality and urban resilience. In this environment, we can see a trend, that is, the people who dominate urban construction and social design are no longer architects and urban designers, but more large high-tech companies, who have a lot of means to capture and analyze data. They can use data collection and analysis tools to meet various challenges in the city to improve management efficiency. Google, Cisco, IBM, Alibaba, Tencent, Baidu and other well-known technology giants have entered this field. With the competition of a large number of technology companies entering smart cities, a large number of sensors have been installed in cities.
However, the concept of smart city itself has gradually blurred, because it relies too much on technology and data and ignores the fundamental social problems. In most discussions about smart cities, what is lacking is the feedback and participation of ordinary citizens and end users in the solution process. This leads to information asymmetry between individuals and decision makers and operators.
South Korea's Songdo Smart City Project is a relatively failed example. Although it has the most advanced technology and cooperates with the top technology giants in the industry, it has never been able to gather popularity, which is far from the original intention of the city design. In areas with abundant natural resources and rapid economic development due to external investment, the distribution of benefits is often highly uneven, and vulnerable groups bear greater costs in the development process. In the long run, this is not conducive to the management of resources enjoyed by * *. For example, Google's smart city development project in Toronto is facing various challenges and problems, and this project was cancelled last month.
On the contrary, "Smart City 2.0" proposed by 20 17 brings another perspective. This theory emphasizes people-oriented technology and the possibility of using technology to make citizens and end users participate in design and planning. Projects using this new theoretical framework focus on citizen participation and collaborative creation, and propose a new digital tool and development process, which integrates the needs of different community groups and promotes a fair development process.
In addition, Sherry Arnstein, an American planning theorist, once put forward a concept called "citizen participation ladder", which divided public participation into eight steps and divided the degree of citizen participation in decision-making. The concept of citizen participation was put forward by Richard Adler, a scholar in the field of education, in the 1960s. It is defined as a way for citizens to participate in community life to improve the living conditions of others or help shape the future of the community. The early concepts provided a good theoretical framework for the project, allowing the team to explore how to apply these ideas and concepts to the construction of smart cities driven by 4G in 2 1 century.
Cities should not be a technical problem, but a social cooperation problem. We should think about how to develop new digital tools to promote the interaction and cooperation of different participants in the process of urban construction, and how to use public opinion data from users to negotiate various conflicts of interest of different social groups, so as to solve some social problems by designing spatial connections * * * to enjoy spaces and mixed-function communities.
Early attempts to engage in public participation through digital tools, such as the multiplayer video game "Participation in Chinatown" proposed by the Participation Laboratory of Emerson College in Boston in 20 10, are aimed at getting the residents of Boston Chinatown to participate in the overall planning. Because it is an experimental attempt, the game can hardly play a substantive role except adding interesting processes to the traditional community participation process. But people can see how the theoretical data of crowdfunding uses gamification tools when planning projects.
The second example of gamification tool is a game called Block by Block jointly launched by game company Mojang and UN-HABITAT in 20 12. By using popular video games to improve community participation in public space planning, community residents are required to express and visualize their ideas by modeling in the game environment. Block by Block not only allows people to exchange design ideas through participation, but also assures participants that their opinions can be realized to a certain extent, providing opportunities and motivation for long-term cooperation.
20 13 CoUrbanize, founded in Boston, is different from the instrumentalization and gamification methods that emphasize the innovation process. It focuses more on promoting the interaction between the main stakeholders of various development projects and digitizing some traditional functions for the participants of urban development, thus reducing some costs, such as holding community meetings, broadcasting and receiving feedback from residents.
The last case was set up in Neighborland of 20 1 1, which is similar to coUrbanize, and it is also a digital platform that attracts government agencies, developers and non-profit organizations to participate on a single project basis. In the long run, Neighborland has a comprehensive toolkit for typical participation tasks in planning, which can provide technical support for repeated community activities and small-scale planning projects. This company has been operating for nearly 10 years, so it has achieved many successful cases in the United States.
The CIVIS design and consulting team of MIT put forward a community-level open digital platform named CoDAS(Co-Design Ang Sila), which is a digital platform that combines the scale and convenience of the network with interpersonal interaction in the physical space. As a real-time information platform based on geographic information, CoDAS allows residents or organizations with the same goal and willing to participate in facility construction to participate in collective decision-making. Therefore, the platform provides a basis for dialogue among different stakeholders.
The core idea of CoDAS is to use technology to concentrate personal views, localization experience and all kinds of whimsy on the same goal of building a development community. AI decision-making supported by combining front-end gamification interaction and back-end data analysis. CoDAS helps to provide timely feedback about the city in all aspects of urban life. On the one hand, people's collective wisdom is used to encourage collaboration, on the other hand, the ability to collect data on a large scale is used to support platform operators to carry out analysis. It enables residents to know the information of community development, encourages residents to participate in this process, and promotes continuous dialogue among local residents, tourists, developers, management agencies and planning and design agencies. By involving a large number of stakeholders as * * co-creators in the design process of * * *. CoDAS aims to provide communication efficiency between different groups and achieve fair results in design and development. Realize the * * * resource arrangement after development and during use.
In order to verify the validity of the idea, a verification experiment was done in a small town called Angsila, Thailand. Onsila is a tourist attraction in Chonburi, located at 9 1 km southeast of Bangkok. With the development of tourism in Li Wu Province in the spring, new Internet of Things infrastructure is being explored to adapt to the local development.
At present, the challenge is how to meet the new needs of tourists while retaining the local culture and agricultural ecological characteristics. The unique fishing village culture of Ansila, including local handicrafts and rich mangrove ecology, are the two most valuable local elements impacted by the emerging tourism industry.
The experimental area is a 35-acre newly developed village, close to one of the oldest historical fishing village communities in Thailand. It plans to develop into a vibrant mixed community, featuring tourist hotels, local residents' houses, seafood markets, restaurants, workplaces and community centers to adapt to generations and diverse communities.
The complex demographic structure and cultural background make the design both interesting and difficult. Between profitable development opportunities and protecting local tensions, the design aimed at negotiating and meeting the needs of opposing interests is challenged. In this case, by using the collective wisdom of the public, we can provide analysis, research and insights for professionals. In this process, CoDAS, as a digital platform at the community level, aims to make residents understand the information of community development, encourage residents to participate in this process, help to incorporate public opinions into decision-making tools, greatly benefit the development process, and promote sustainable dialogue among local residents, tourists, developers, management agencies and planners.
The goal of CoDAS is to create functions and spaces that can accommodate harmony and different needs, and to integrate local historical background, customs and culture into the newly developed tourism industry. Therefore, according to the social structure and unique land supply conditions of Ansila, it provides a complex design problem. In this case, as designers, we can evaluate the benefits of design and development by negotiating different opinions.
CoDAS is composed of digital and physical components, which creates an interface for communication between developers, designers and citizens, and invites a large number of local public organizations to participate in the collaborative design and development process. By collecting public opinion data, analyzing the data and using the data, detailed design opinions are provided for Party A, which is helpful to the whole process of design decision-making.
When users first connect to the CoDAS chat bot, the platform will learn the basic information of users from the information submitted by users, and then classify each user with the collected data. The control panel on the web page can count the total number of participants and allow information to be filtered according to different combinations and age groups. Record and display the progress of the project, allowing you to browse its survey questions and focus on analyzing the collected data. Project planning and design is an iterative process. In this process, the public's preference and feedback will help architects and urban managers to understand the local potential demand, improve the design scheme, and understand some public views on the existing public space. Due to the active participation of the community, the functions of the community have become more diversified.
CoDAS also tries to combine two unique parts of urban development: short-term participatory design and long-term post-residential management. On the one hand, it provides valuable public opinions for designers through the collected data and the participation of local communities, thus helping them to optimize the proposed solutions. This method can better rebalance and control resources. On the other hand, in the management process after use, CoDAS can promote the communication between the physical environment and the existing social network, thus establishing and maintaining a long-term relationship.
Urban development and design projects will not be permanently terminated with the completion of construction, and the enthusiasm for participation will extend to post-development management. By attracting local stakeholders to participate in the design and management process, CoDAS will help promote complex cooperation and competition.