The national governance system and governance capacity are an organic whole and complement each other. Only a scientific national governance system can breed a high level of governance capacity, and the continuous improvement of national governance capacity can give full play to the effectiveness of the national governance system. Solving all kinds of problems in China and achieving all the established goals depend on the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. The so-called modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity is to make the national governance system institutionalized, scientific, standardized and procedural, so that national governors can be good at using the rule of law thinking and legal system to govern the country, thus transforming Socialism with Chinese characteristics's institutional advantages in all aspects into the effectiveness of governing the country. Promoting the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity requires us to update the governance concept in time, deepen the reform of the governance system, enrich and improve the governance system, and strive to improve the governance capacity.
Renew the basic concept of national governance
The communiqué of the plenary session repeatedly mentioned the concepts of state governance, government governance and social governance. From rule, management to governance, what is surging under careful consideration is an ideological revolution in which the state, society and citizens pay attention to opposition, interaction and linkage, and then win-win good governance together; It is a national experiment of government, market and society, from the structural change of configuration to the functional change of reality to the final subjective change; It is a great attempt of reform, development and stability, from the negative sum game of avoiding mutual losses to the zero-sum game of strictly limiting one choice, and then to the positive sum game of pursuing harmony and mutual benefit.
Although management and governance are not diametrically opposed, there are at least the following significant differences: First, the main body is different. The subject of management is only the government, and the subject of governance also includes social organizations and even individuals. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Central Committee has repeatedly stressed the need to "accelerate the formation of a social management system with party committee leadership, government responsibility, social coordination, public participation and the rule of law", which has actually embodied the concept of pluralistic governance. This change means that the government is not only the subject of governance, but also the object of governance; Society is no longer just the object of governance, but also the subject of governance. Second, the sources of power are different. The management power of the government comes from the authorization of authority. Although power authorization is fundamentally people's authorization, people's authorization is indirect after all. A considerable part of the power of governance is directly exercised by the people, that is, the so-called autonomy and governance. Third, it operates in different ways. The operation mode of management is unidirectional, mandatory and rigid, so the legitimacy of management behavior is often questioned, and its effectiveness is often difficult to guarantee. The operation mode of governance is compound, cooperative and inclusive, and the rationality of governance behavior is paid more attention to and its effectiveness is greatly increased.
The structural transformation from monistic one-way governance to pluralistic interactive governance means that we no longer follow the old road of rule by man ideologically, and also eradicate the possibility of invisible existence of rule by man in political ecology, and finally make the rule of law that only stays in words unfounded. The basic way of state governance, government governance and social governance must be the rule of law, and the modernization of state governance, government governance and social governance depends on the rule of law in various fields. We should use the advantages of predictability, operability and relief of the rule of law to condense social knowledge in the transition period, so that different stakeholders can seek common ground while reserving differences and pursue the maximization of their own interests according to law. Efforts will be made to promote the formation of a good legal environment for handling affairs according to law, finding ways to solve problems and resolving contradictions by law, and to promote the operation of all work on the track of the rule of law. It is necessary to extensively carry out legal governance activities and improve the level of legalization of social management. It is necessary to improve the ability of leading cadres to deepen reform, promote development, resolve contradictions and maintain stability by using the rule of law thinking and the rule of law. It is necessary to establish a power operation system with scientific decision-making, firm implementation and strong supervision, improve the system of punishing and preventing corruption, build a clean politics, and strive to make cadres honest, the government clean and politically clear. It is necessary to form a scientific and effective power restriction and coordination mechanism, strengthen the innovation of anti-corruption system and mechanism, and improve the normalization system of work style construction. It is necessary to deepen the reform of the judicial system, speed up the construction of a fair, efficient and authoritative socialist judicial system, and safeguard people's rights and interests. It is necessary to safeguard the legal authority of the Constitution, deepen the reform of the administrative law enforcement system, ensure the independent and fair exercise of the procuratorial power of judicial power according to law, improve the operational mechanism of judicial power, and improve the judicial guarantee system for human rights.
Enrich the value goal of national governance.
There is no doubt that order stability is the value goal of governance, but it is only the primary value, not the only value. First, governance should be conducive to stimulating social vitality. Realizing people's free and all-round development is the fundamental value goal pursued by Marxism. Under the current conditions of multiple interests and cultural diversity, state governance should not only ensure that public interests and mainstream moral values are not infringed, but also respect differences, tolerate diversity, consider individuals according to actual conditions, especially guarantee individual freedom recognized by the Constitution, recognize legitimate and reasonable pursuit of individuality, make citizens and social organizations full of vitality, and keep society in a dynamic, balanced and stable state. Second, governance should help expand people's democracy. The plenary session emphasized upholding the people's dominant position and developing socialist democratic politics. People's democracy is the life of socialism. National governance should be based on ensuring that the people are the masters of the country, adhere to and improve the system of people's congresses, the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the China Producer Party, the system of regional ethnic autonomy and the system of grass-roots mass autonomy, pay more attention to perfecting the democratic system, enrich the forms of democracy, and give full play to the advantages of China's socialist political system. It is necessary to promote the people's congress system to keep pace with the times, promote the extensive and multi-level institutionalized development of deliberative democracy, and develop grassroots democracy. It is necessary to mobilize all kinds of social organizations and citizens to participate in government governance or autonomy. Trade unions, youth leagues, women's federations, federations of industry and commerce, federations of students, federations of youth, associations for science and technology, federations of literary and art circles, journalists' associations, disabled persons' federations, CCPIT and other people's organizations should play a greater role in guiding the behaviors of corresponding groups, safeguarding rights and interests, and resolving contradictions. Neighborhood committees and village committees should assume more responsibilities in urban and rural community governance, grassroots public affairs and public welfare undertakings; Cultivate and expand social intermediary institutions, and strengthen their position and role in maintaining social credit system and reducing transaction costs. Third, governance should help to achieve social justice. Fairness and justice are the inherent requirements of Socialism with Chinese characteristics. One of the important tasks of state governance is to create a fair social environment and promote the formation of a just social system.
On this issue, the role and responsibility of the government are crucial. Government actions must oppose the "four winds", eliminate corruption, enhance public trust, and create a fair and just social situation with fair and just governance actions. Fourth, being in power should be conducive to enhancing people's well-being. The plenary session stressed that it is necessary to take the promotion of social fairness and justice and the improvement of people's well-being as the starting point and the end result, so that all sources of creating social wealth can fully flow in, and the fruits of development can benefit all people more fairly. The hardship of people's livelihood is one of the key factors of social instability, so it is a deep-seated state governance to seek the benefits of people's livelihood, solve the worries of people's livelihood and solve the most direct and realistic interest problems that people are most concerned about, which has the effect of getting twice the result with half the effort. The government has the primary responsibility to improve people's livelihood, especially to fulfill its basic responsibilities, but at the same time, it should also expand the purchase of public services from social forces, and improve the quality and efficiency of people's livelihood through the transformation of government functions and the expansion of governance subjects. Institutions that undertake people's livelihood functions such as education, medical care and social security should put public welfare in the first place, adhere to social responsibilities, and effectively come up with policies and measures to facilitate the people and benefit the people.
Grasp the strategic points of national governance
The main contents of China's state governance in the transitional period are: first, maintaining social and market order; The second is to prevent and deal with social risks such as natural disasters and man-made disasters; The third is to reconcile and handle social disputes and conflicts; The fourth is to serve and manage special groups such as migrant workers, women and children left behind in rural areas; The fifth is to guide and supervise the "virtual community" based on the Internet and similar fields. These tasks are complicated and tedious. If you focus on things, it will only get twice the result with half the effort. Therefore, we must analyze the strategic path to achieve effective governance and find the commanding heights, breakthrough points and focus points of national governance. First, the commanding height of governance is ethical shaping. Governance directly affects people's behavior, but behavior is influenced by thoughts. Therefore, guiding ideology, building advanced culture and shaping social ethics are the more fundamental governance strategies. In this sense, vigorously advocating socialist core values centered on prosperity, democracy, civilization, harmony, freedom, equality, justice, rule of law, patriotism, professionalism, honesty and friendliness is not only an important content of cultural construction, but also the commanding height of governance. It is necessary to deepen the reform of cultural system around building a socialist core value system and a socialist cultural power, speed up the improvement of cultural management system and cultural production and operation mechanism, establish and improve a modern public cultural service system and a modern cultural market system, and promote the great development and prosperity of socialist culture. Second, the starting point of governance is source governance. At present, social contradictions caused by land requisition, demolition and historical issues are diverse and frequent. Apart from various objective reasons, an important reason is that some cadres have not established the concept of bringing more benefits to the people when dealing with the interests of the government and the masses. Practice has proved that only by allowing the broad masses to benefit from the principles and policies of the party and the government can social contradictions be reduced from the source. The plenary session pointed out that in order to achieve more and fairer benefits to all people, we must speed up the reform of social undertakings, solve the most direct and realistic interests that the people are most concerned about, and better meet the needs of the people. It is impossible to eliminate the gap between the rich and the poor at this stage, but we must make great efforts to solve the gap between the rich and the poor caused by violations of laws and regulations, which requires opposing privileges and promoting the realization of rights, opportunities and rules fairness. For the low-income groups who have difficulties due to physical defects, intellectual level and other reasonable differences, it is necessary to effectively solve their social security problems. Third, the breakthrough of governance is group prevention and group governance. National governance focuses on the grassroots and depends on the masses. We should actively adapt to the new requirements of economic and social development, be good at relying on grassroots organizations and the masses, and improve the ability and level of preventing and resolving social contradictions. We should let the masses organize and solve their own problems through mass autonomy. It is necessary to improve the new urban and rural community management service system with urban and rural community party organizations as the core, mass autonomous organizations as the main body and extensive participation from all walks of life, and strive to build urban and rural communities into a platform for government social management, a support for residents' daily life, and a foundation for social harmony and stability. We should focus on expanding orderly participation, promoting information disclosure, strengthening deliberation and consultation, and strengthening power supervision, and strive to let the masses better exercise their democratic rights and improve their self-management and self-service level. It is necessary to give full play to the advantages of people's organizations, mass organizations and social organizations, attract and unite the forces of all parties, and promote the resolution of contradictions and disputes. Fourth, the focus of governance is the rule of law. The rule of law is the basic way of governance. Bringing the prevention and resolution of social contradictions into the orbit of the rule of law is a long-term mechanism to achieve social stability, order, harmony and vitality. Leaders and public officials at all levels must firmly establish the awareness of the supremacy of the Constitution and legal authority, constantly improve their ability to discover and apply laws according to law, and effectively unify the first priority of development, the first responsibility of stability and the first requirement of handling affairs according to law. They must not break through the bottom line of the law because of "maintaining stability", they must not accommodate personal illegal demands because of fear of petitioning, and they must never sacrifice the universal justice ruled by rules because of personal justice.
Solve the coordination and matching of national governance
At present, the diversity of governance subjects has been recognized, but there are still three important theoretical and practical problems: First, what is the status of state power in the governance subject system. Some people think that when social organizations and individual governance cannot or is ineffective, the government should follow up, that is, government governance should be in the position of filling the gap; Others think that government governance should be in a dominant position. In my opinion, it is not appropriate to talk about the position or dominant position of filling vacancies. The plenary session pointed out that economic system reform is the focus of comprehensive deepening reform, and the core issue is to correctly handle the relationship between the government and the market, so that the market can play a decisive role in resource allocation and better play the role of the government. This means that the government must make concessions in the field of economic construction. However, there is a difference between social governance and economic construction, and it is inappropriate to position government governance to make up the gap, just like positioning the government to adjust the economy. In maintaining order, resolving risks and dealing with crises, the government must strive to grasp the initiative to prevent and resolve social contradictions, rather than wait until social forces and individuals can't handle them. To test the level of governance, we should not only look at the ability to deal with emergencies, but also look at the effect of preventing and resolving contradictions and disputes under normal conditions. Practice has proved that the key to effectively prevent small incidents from turning into major incidents lies in improving the mechanism of investigation and early warning of contradictions and disputes and resolving them. It is necessary to organically combine source management, dynamic management and emergency response. At the same time, we should also pay attention to giving full play to the advantages of grassroots cadres and the strength of group prevention and group governance. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the central government has not mentioned "government-led" but "government-responsible" when expounding the social management system. This statement inspires us not to dwell on the issue of "leadership", but to study the issues of functions and responsibilities. Second, how to achieve matching and cheap cooperation in multi-agent governance. The plenary session stressed that it is necessary to pay more attention to the systematicness, integrity and synergy of reform. Cooperative governance is nothing new. China began to implement the policy of "comprehensive management of social security" in the 1980s. The so-called comprehensive management is essentially cooperative management. Nowadays, comprehensive management has expanded from "social security" to "social management". However, in practice, there are still some problems in cooperative governance, such as coordination, matching and operating costs. Because of different cooperative governance matters, different subjects will take the lead. If the government takes the lead, it may be easier to coordinate, but the cooperation of some social organizations may be problematic; If social organizations take the lead, how and to what extent the government cooperates needs to be discussed in depth. At the same time, cooperative governance should also consider the cost, which should not only mobilize various forces, but also be as cheap as possible. Reasonable cost sharing mechanism and financial supervision mechanism need to be further improved. Third, how can social organizations improve their governance capabilities? Governance ability refers to whether governance is effective or not. The problem of failure, the government exists, and social organizations must also exist. Therefore, we should attach great importance to the governance capacity building of social organizations. First of all, social organizations themselves should improve their level and be strict in self-discipline; Secondly, the government should support and help social organizations to improve their governance capabilities; Thirdly, the government and individuals should also supervise the governance behavior of social organizations.
Innovate the ways and means of national governance
The key to promoting the modernization of national governance system and governance capacity lies in innovation. The new governance methods that can be actively tried are: first, non-confrontation and "soft law". The specific requirements are: change control into guidance and change rigidity into flexibility. Taking the management of occupying roads in cities as an example, at present, some places have standardized the establishment of "convenience management service points", taking into account the convenience of citizens' lives, the legitimate rights and interests of operators and the cleanliness of cities, and achieved win-win results. In the aspect of soft law, we should pay more attention to the role of social autonomy rules such as incentive legal norms, village rules and regulations. Second, contract and cooperative supervision. The specific requirements are: changing orders into consultations and changing command into guidance. For example, public security organs at all levels in Shandong Province have explored a new governance mechanism of "joint defense of contract security insurance" which combines community security prevention with compensation for personal and property damage, and achieved good results. Third, provide services or social welfare. The specific requirements are: change supervision into service and change compulsion into profit orientation. For example, what if the floating population is unwilling to register? The method adopted by Jiangsu Province is the "registration points system". After a certain number of years, after reaching the required points, migrant workers can enjoy housing security, schooling for their children and other benefits, and eventually become local citizens. Fourth, marketization and competition mechanism. The specific requirements are: changing government-run enterprises into private enterprises and monopoly into competition. Taking pollution control as an example, the administrative punishment of environmental pollution can not be lost, but the governance mode of "emission trading" turns the administrative relationship between the government and enterprises into a market economy transaction, which makes enterprises consciously improve their enthusiasm for pollution control, thus controlling the total amount of pollutants discharged in a certain area. Fifth, procedures and technical means. The specific requirements are: changing entities into programs and changing "artificial control" into "computer control". Pay attention to using procedural skills to deal with problems that are difficult to distinguish between entities. We should make full use of modern scientific and technological means to broaden the boundaries of governance, improve the efficiency and accuracy of governance, and put an end to the phenomenon of "making an exception" and "entering through the back door" caused by factors such as power, human feelings and money.