Public service is a social production process that uses public power or public resources. The direct needs of citizens and their organizations need to be met through various forms of social production processes. In these social production processes, output is achieved through the distribution and combination of resources. These social production processes are the process of providing services (the services referred to here have nothing to do with whether the output is in physical form). In a society, citizens and their organizations generate total demand for services. The total service supply of this society consists of two parts: civil servants and public services. Public service is only a part of the whole social service as opposed to private service. If a social production process does not use public power or public resources, then it is a pure civil act and belongs to civil service rather than public service. * * * embodies and exercises public power, and public resources are all kinds of resources and funds owned by the state. If a social production process involves * * * in some way, such as financial funds, property rights or concessions, and implements the will of the state to some extent, then it belongs to public * * * services. For example, not only the education provided by * * * and institutions is a public service, but also non-governmental educational institutions are providing public services if they are licensed by * * * or use public resources.
Public services must be what citizens need, meet some direct needs of citizens, and benefit and enjoy citizens. For example, education is what citizens and their ward, that is, their children need. They can get some satisfaction from education and contribute to their life development.
The object of public service is citizens and their organizations. In many cases, the direct needs of citizens are expressed through organizations. Civil economic organizations and social organizations express citizens' economic needs and social needs respectively. Civil economic organizations are various forms of for-profit enterprises, and civil society organizations are various non-profit non-profit organizations. These two forms of organization constitute non-governmental organizations. In China, they are now called private enterprises and non-governmental organizations respectively. * * * The activities carried out and intervened to meet the direct needs of citizens and their organizations are public services. If a * * * institution works for its own needs and serves the * * * organs and staff, then it is not a public service.
Public services meet the basic direct needs of citizens and their organizations. In a society, the needs of citizens and their organizations for services can be unlimited, but all these needs cannot be met by public services. Public services only need to meet the basic direct needs of citizens and their organizations, and the direct needs of other parts are determined by the private service supply mechanism. For example, public services should ensure the supply of basic education and basic social security for every citizen and his ward, and other education and social security can be determined by the private service supply mechanism. In other words, it is the goal of public service to protect the basic rights of survival and development of the socially disadvantaged groups or the poor, while the rich can meet their more or higher needs through the private supply mechanism. In a society, the basic direct needs of citizens and their organizations, the level of public services and the arrangement of priorities are determined by many factors such as the development level, cultural tradition, value orientation, socio-economic system and development strategy of the society.
The types of public services can be divided into: basic public services; Economic public service; Social public service; Public safety service. Basic public services refer to citizens and their organizations engaged in economic and social activities, or activities such as production, life, development and entertainment, which have the basis of intervention, such as water supply, power supply, gas supply, transportation and communication infrastructure, post and telecommunications, meteorology, etc. Economic public service refers to the services provided for citizens and their organizations, that is, enterprises, to engage in economic or production activities through the intervention of some behaviors, such as science and technology promotion, consulting services, policy credit, etc. Social public service refers to the services provided for citizens' direct social needs, such as public education, public medical care, public welfare and environmental protection, through the intervention of certain behaviors. Public safety service refers to the safety service provided to citizens through some intervention means, such as military, police and fire service.
What is a public service enterprise?
Public service is a social production process that uses public power or public resources. The direct needs of citizens and their organizations need to be met through various forms of social production processes. In these social production processes, output is achieved through the distribution and combination of resources. These social production processes are the process of providing services (the services referred to here have nothing to do with whether the output is in physical form). In a society, citizens and their organizations generate total demand for services. The total service supply of this society consists of two parts: civil servants and public services. Public service is only a part of the whole social service as opposed to private service. If a social production process does not use public power or public resources, then it is a pure civil act and belongs to civil service rather than public service. * * * embodies and exercises public power, and public resources are all kinds of resources and funds owned by the state. If a social production process involves * * * in some way, such as financial funds, property rights or concessions, and implements the will of the state to some extent, then it belongs to public * * * services. For example, not only the education provided by * * * and institutions is a public service, but also non-governmental educational institutions are providing public services if they are licensed by * * * or use public resources.
Public services must be what citizens need, meet some direct needs of citizens, and benefit and enjoy citizens. For example, education is what citizens and their ward, that is, their children need. They can get some satisfaction from education and contribute to their life development.
The object of public service is citizens and their organizations. In many cases, the direct needs of citizens are expressed through organizations. Civil economic organizations and social organizations express citizens' economic needs and social needs respectively. Civil economic organizations are various forms of for-profit enterprises, and civil society organizations are various non-profit non-profit organizations. These two forms of organization constitute non-governmental organizations. In China, they are now called private enterprises and non-governmental organizations respectively. * * * The activities carried out and intervened to meet the direct needs of citizens and their organizations are public services. If a * * * institution works for its own needs and serves the * * * organs and staff, then it is not a public service.
Public services meet the basic direct needs of citizens and their organizations. In a society, the needs of citizens and their organizations for services can be unlimited, but all these needs cannot be met by public services. Public services only need to meet the basic direct needs of citizens and their organizations, and the direct needs of other parts are determined by the private service supply mechanism. For example, public services should ensure the supply of basic education and basic social security for every citizen and his ward, and other education and social security can be determined by the private service supply mechanism. In other words, it is the goal of public service to protect the basic rights of survival and development of the socially disadvantaged groups or the poor, while the rich can meet their more or higher needs through the private supply mechanism. In a society, the basic direct needs of citizens and their organizations, the level of public services and the arrangement of priorities are determined by many factors such as the development level, cultural tradition, value orientation, socio-economic system and development strategy of the society.
The types of public services can be divided into: basic public services; Economic public service; Social public service; Public safety service. Basic public * * * services refer to the foundation that citizens and their organizations need to engage in economic and social activities, or activities such as production, life, development and entertainment, and some * * * behaviors are involved, such as water supply, power supply, gas supply, transportation and communication infrastructure, post and telecommunications, meteorology, etc. Economic public service refers to the services provided for citizens and their organizations, that is, enterprises, to engage in economic or production activities through the intervention of some behaviors, such as science and technology promotion, consulting services, policy credit, etc. Social public service refers to the services provided for citizens' direct social needs, such as public education, public medical care, public welfare and environmental protection, through the intervention of certain behaviors. Public safety service refers to the safety service provided to citizens through some intervention means, such as military, police and fire service.
What is the theory of supply and demand?
The theory of supply and demand is a theory derived from the relationship between supply and demand, or the theory of supply and demand. When supply exceeds demand, the price of products or services will fall, and when demand exceeds supply, the price will rise. Of course, some areas still have special circumstances. But very few.
Supply and demand will fluctuate at their respective equilibrium points, but they will not act unilaterally from the equilibrium point.
What does factor market mean? What is included?
Factor market and factor market use commodity trading to contact the demand and supply of production factors. Factors of production are also called production * * * or resources, referred to as elements for short. In a country's economy, the factor market is the same as the commodity market in many aspects. The theory of supply and demand and marginal analysis are also applicable to the analysis of factor market. The difference is that in the commodity market, manufacturers are suppliers of commodities and residents are demanders of commodities. But in the factor market, manufacturers are the demanders of factors, and residents are the suppliers of factors. The prices paid by manufacturers to purchase various factors of production constitute the production costs of manufacturers and also become the income of residents. In traditional economics, factors of production are divided into four categories: land, labor, capital and entrepreneurial talents. Their owners are landlords, laborers, capitalists and entrepreneurs, and their remuneration is land rent, wages, interest and profits respectively. Factor price is determined by supply and demand, but factor demand is derived demand, which depends on the demand of products produced by factors, while factor supply is determined by production cost. However, the price levels of labor and entrepreneurs are also influenced by social and historical factors.
What is a service? What are the characteristics?
The basic feature of service-oriented production is to provide services or services, rather than manufacturing tangible products. The specific operation features are as follows:
Contact with customers.
2. Products are intangible products, which are consumed at the same time of production.
3. It cannot be adjusted by inventory.
The difference between management and manufacturing;
1. Because intangible products can't be adjusted through inventory, capacity management during peak service hours is very important.
2. Different requirements for employees, especially good communication skills.
What is the relationship between production and demand?
Overview of demand price elasticity Demand price elasticity is generally used in economics to measure the change of demand quantity with the change of commodity price. Suppose q is the demand of goods, p is the price of goods, and the price elasticity of demand is calculated as. Ed=-(△Q/Q)/(△P/P) Using calculus: Generally speaking, the price elasticity coefficient of demand is negative because the decline of commodity prices will lead to the increase of demand. Although economists know this, they are not interested in it except analyzing special situations. Please note that the negative sign in front of the formula has no special significance except to ensure that the calculated number is positive. For different degrees of commodity elasticity, we have different names when Ed = 0: 0 is completely inelastic.
What's the difference between consumer market and producer market?
Consumer market refers to the market composed of all individuals and families who buy to meet their own needs. Organizational market refers to the market composed of all organizations that produce, resell or sublet for themselves or buy for organizational consumption. It mainly includes producer market, middleman market and * * * market. Producer market, also called industrial market, refers to the market formed by organizations that purchase for reproduction. Intermediary market refers to the market formed by organizations that buy for resale, mainly including wholesalers, retailers, agents and distributors. * * * market refers to the market formed by * * * procurement.
Industrial market, also known as producer market or industrial market, is composed of individuals or organizations that buy goods and services and use them to produce other goods and services for sale and lease to others. It has the characteristics of small number of buyers, large scale, large fluctuation of producer market demand and general lack of flexibility of producer market demand. It plays an important role in the development of national economy.
Economics exam answer
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Answer:
1~5: CCDAD
6~ 10: BCDAC
1 1~ 15: ACCAB
16~20: ACCDB
Analysis:
1.C
Tight monetary policy is to tighten the economy by reducing the money supply.
Tight monetary policy measures include: raising bank interest rates, raising bank reserve ratio, reducing money supply, issuing national debt, and strictly controlling the amount of credit.
2.C
National income refers to the total value of products or services produced by workers in a country in a certain period of time.
National income balance means that the gross national product is equal to the total market demand.
3.D
First of all, the statutory reserve remains unchanged. Secondly, the central bank buys * * * bonds in the financial market, which leads to the increase of currency in circulation and the market interest rate tends to rise.
In fact, in reality, the central bank's purchase of * * * bonds is one of the means to promote economic growth, and it may not necessarily raise interest rates. On the contrary, it is often accompanied by the downward adjustment of deposit and loan interest, which will increase social investment.
4.A
The discount rate is lowered to reduce the financing cost. Discounting is the cost of withdrawing cash from unexpired bills, and it is also the action when enterprises need cash. When the discount rate is high, if you want to get cash in advance, you have to pay a high cost. Reducing the discount rate can reduce the cost. When the discount rate falls, the trend of interest rate is bound to be downward. If investment increases, savings will decrease and money supply will increase.
5.D
Money demand can be divided into transactional money demand, preventive money demand and speculative money demand.
Transactional monetary demand is the monetary demand formed by residents and enterprises for the purpose of transaction;
Preventive money demand refers to the money demand formed in response to emergencies;
Speculative money demand is due to the uncertainty of future interest rates, and people adjust their asset structure in time to avoid capital loss or increase capital interest.
Consumption is included in the transaction demand.
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Take a break and continue immediately ~ ~
6.B
This question is to examine the understanding of the national income elasticity of money demand.
The national income elasticity of money demand refers to the influence of a percentage point change in national income on the change of money demand. The formula is: t = (△ d/d)/(△ I/I) =-(DD/di) * I/D.
The income elasticity of money demand is less than 1, which means that the increment of money demand is less than the increment of national income.
7.C
This question examines the understanding of the concepts of GDP and GNP.
Products produced by foreign citizens in their own countries should be included in GDP, not GNP；;
On the contrary, the final products produced by domestic citizens abroad should be included in GNP, not GDP.
Since the total value of final products produced by domestic citizens abroad is lower than that of final products produced by foreign citizens at home,
Therefore, the GDP here
8.D
Internal stabilizer refers to some fiscal policies with the function of automatic adjustment of national economy and internal stabilizer, mainly personal income tax, enterprise income tax and various transfer payments.
The internal stabilizer will automatically adjust the economy without making any decision. However, this kind of internal stabilizer plays a very limited role in regulating economy. It can only reduce the degree of depression or inflation, but cannot change the general trend of depression or inflation; It can only automatically play a coordinating role with fiscal policy, and cannot replace fiscal policy. Therefore, although some fiscal policies have the function of internal stabilizer, it is still necessary to consciously use fiscal policies to regulate the economy.
9.A
There are only manufacturers and consumers in the two-sector economy, and the total demand = consumption+investment.
10.C
This is the monetarist explanation of the cause of inflation. According to monetarism, the root cause of excessive aggregate demand is the excessive issuance of money, which leads to inflation.
1 1.A
This question examines the understanding of the expected expansion of Phillips curve.
This problem is not easy to explain in words, and it needs to be explained clearly by establishing a model.
12.C
The deflator of 200 1 compared with 1987 is: (200-150)/150 = 1/3, which means 200 1 price increase/kloc-. ......
What is service marketing?
Service marketing is a series of activities taken by enterprises in the marketing process to fully meet the needs of consumers on the premise of fully understanding and meeting their needs. As an element of marketing mix, service really attracted people's attention in the late 1980s. During this period, due to the progress of science and technology and the remarkable improvement of social productivity, the industrial upgrading and professional development of production are accelerating day by day. On the one hand, the service content of products, that is, the service intensity of products, is increasing day by day. On the other hand, with the improvement of labor productivity, the market turns to the buyer's market. With the improvement of income level, consumers' consumption demand has gradually changed, and the level of demand has also increased accordingly, and it has expanded in a diversified direction. [Editor] Comparison between service marketing and traditional marketing Compared with traditional marketing methods, service marketing is a marketing concept, enterprise marketing is a service, while traditional marketing is only a means of sales, and enterprise marketing is a concrete product. Under the traditional marketing method, consumers buy products, which means that they have completed the sales of a village. Although there is also after-sales service, it only solves the function of after-sales maintenance of products. From the perspective of service marketing, consumers' purchase of products only means the beginning of sales work, not the end. Enterprises pay attention not only to the successful sales of products, but also to the feelings of consumers in the whole process of enjoying the services provided by enterprises through products. This can also be understood from Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory: the highest demand of human beings is respect demand and self-realization demand, and service marketing provides this demand for consumers (or people), while traditional marketing methods only provide simple satisfaction for consumers' physiological or safety needs. With the progress of society and the improvement of people's income, consumers need not only a product, but also a specific or personalized service brought by this product, so that they have a feeling of being respected and realizing their self-worth, which brings customer loyalty. Service marketing is not only a new trend of industry development, but also an inevitable product of social progress. [Editor] Evolution of Service Marketing The marketing activities of mature service enterprises in developed countries have generally gone through seven stages. (1) There is competition in the sales stage, and the sales ability is gradually improved; Focus on sales plan rather than profit; Train employees in sales skills; Hope to attract more new customers, regardless of customer satisfaction. (2) In the advertising communication stage, intentionally increase advertising investment; Designate multiple advertising agencies; Put brochures and various materials at the point of sale; Customers then raise their expectations, and companies often find it difficult to meet their expectations; Output is not easy to measure; Competitive imitation prevails. (3) Understand the new customer needs in the product development stage; Introduce many new products and services, which can be spread; Emphasize the process of new product development; Subdivide the market and build a strong brand. (4) Positioning the enterprise through the strategic analysis in the differentiation stage; Looking for differentiation and defining strategies; Deeper market segmentation; Market research, marketing planning, marketing training; Strengthen brand operation. (5) Customer service training in the customer service stage; Smile movement; Improve the external promotion behavior of services; The profit rate is affected to some extent or even unsustainable; Not supported by processes and systems. (6) Confirmation of service quality gap in service quality stage; Customer letter analysis, customer behavior research; Design of service blueprint; Neglect to retain old customers. (7) Studying customers and competitors frequently in the stage of integration and relationship marketing; Focus on all key markets; Strictly analyze and integrate the marketing plan; Data-based marketing; Balanced marketing activities; Improve procedures and systems; Improvement measures to retain old customers. In 1990s, relationship marketing became the focus of marketing enterprises and pushed service marketing to a new height. [Editor] General characteristics of service marketing (1) Decentralized supply and demand * * * In marketing activities, the supply and demand of service products are decentralized. Not only does the supplier cover all departments and industries of the tertiary industry, but also the services provided by enterprises are widely dispersed, and the demand side involves various enterprises, social organizations and different types of consumers. Because service enterprises generally occupy a small area, have little capital and operate flexibly, they are often scattered in every corner of society. Even large mechanical service companies can only provide services where mechanical damage or failure occurs. The dispersion of service supply and demand requires that service outlets should be widely dispersed and as close as possible to consumers. (2) Single marketing method The marketing methods of tangible products include distribution, agency and direct sales. Tangible products can change hands many times in the market, through wholesale and retail. ......
What is the meaning of service marketing?
Service marketing is a series of activities taken by enterprises in the marketing process to fully meet the needs of consumers on the premise of fully understanding and meeting their needs. As an element of marketing mix, service really attracted people's attention in the late 1980s. During this period, due to the progress of science and technology and the remarkable improvement of social productivity, the industrial upgrading and professional development of production are accelerating day by day. On the one hand, the service content of products, that is, the service intensity of products, is increasing day by day. On the other hand, with the improvement of labor productivity, the market turns to the buyer's market, and with the improvement of consumers' income level, their consumption demand also changes gradually, and the demand level also increases correspondingly, expanding in a diversified direction. General characteristics of service marketing (1) Decentralized supply and demand.
In service marketing activities, the supply and demand of service products are scattered. Not only does the supplier cover all departments and industries of the tertiary industry, but also the services provided by enterprises are widely dispersed, and the demand side involves various enterprises, social organizations and different types of consumers. Because service enterprises generally occupy a small area, have little capital and operate flexibly, they are often scattered in every corner of society. Even large mechanical service companies can only provide services where mechanical damage or failure occurs. The dispersion of service supply and demand requires that service outlets should be widely dispersed and as close as possible to consumers.
(2) single marketing method
The marketing methods of tangible products include distribution, agency and direct sales. Tangible products can be changed hands many times in the market, and products can reach consumers through wholesale, retail and other links. Because of the unity of production and consumption, service marketing can only adopt direct sales, and the intervention of middlemen is impossible, and it is impossible to store it for sale. The singleness and directness of service marketing mode, to a certain extent, limits the expansion of service market, and also limits the service industry to sell its own service products in many markets, which brings difficulties to the promotion of service products.
(3) The marketing objectives are complex and changeable.
Buyers in the service market are diverse, extensive and complex. Consumers who purchase services have different purchase motives and purposes. Buyers of a service product may involve different types of families and individuals with different identities from all walks of life. Even if you buy the same service products, some of them are used for daily consumption, and the other part is used for production and consumption, such as information consultation, post and telecommunications, etc.
(4) The demand elasticity of service consumers is high.
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, people's basic material needs are primary needs, which are easy to produce * * *, while people's spiritual and cultural consumption needs belong to secondary needs, and the demanders will form greater demand elasticity due to their different social environments and conditions. At the same time, the demand for services and tangible products are included in a certain organization and total expenditure, which is one of the reasons for the great demand elasticity. At the same time, the demand for services is greatly influenced by external conditions, such as seasonal changes, climate change and the rapid development of science and technology, which have a great impact on the demand for information services, environmental protection services, tourism services and shipping services. Demand elasticity is the biggest problem faced by service operators.
(5) Service personnel have high requirements for technology, skills and skills.
The technology, skills and skills of service providers are directly related to the quality of service. Consumers' requirements for the quality of various service products are also the requirements for the skills and skills of service personnel. There can't be a single unified standard for the service quality of service providers, only relative standards and buyers' feelings.
Service marketing principle
"Service marketing" is a kind of marketing means to provide services by paying attention to customers and finally realize benign exchange. To implement service marketing, we must first make clear the service target, that is, "who is the customer". Customers in the beverage industry are divided into two levels: distributors and consumers. For enterprises, all dealers and consumers should be regarded as gods to provide quality services. Improve customer satisfaction and build customer loyalty through service.
For manufacturers, in view of the marketing model of the beverage industry, distributors occupy a decisive position. Manufacturers' profits come from distributors in various provinces and cities across the country. Distributors have the right to control market demand. Therefore, our main focus is to deal with customer relationships with distributors around the world and establish cooperative, friendly and mutually beneficial partnerships. You know, they are the greatest wealth of the enterprise, without them, the enterprise will have nothing.
Enterprises must unswervingly establish the idea of serving customers, clearly understand the market development situation, and make it clear that dealers are the god of manufacturers. ......